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![Geological map of the Kahramanmaras area [16].](publication/346703002/figure/fig1/AS:1083903183982643@1635434065569/Geological-map-of-the-Kahramanmaras-area-16_Q320.jpg)
![Surface ruptures along the EAFZ [18].](publication/346703002/figure/fig2/AS:1083903183986711@1635434065639/Surface-ruptures-along-the-EAFZ-18_Q320.jpg)
![Locations of field tests [8, 10].](publication/346703002/figure/fig3/AS:1083903183986718@1635434065704/Locations-of-field-tests-8-10_Q320.jpg)
![The VS profiles implemented by MAM test in the study area [8].](publication/346703002/figure/fig4/AS:1083903183982652@1635434065796/The-VS-profiles-implemented-by-MAM-test-in-the-study-area-8_Q320.jpg)
![The VS profiles implemented by MAM test in the study area [8].](publication/346703002/figure/fig5/AS:1083903183986722@1635434065841/The-VS-profiles-implemented-by-MAM-test-in-the-study-area-8_Q320.jpg)
Assessment of seismic site classification (SSC) using either the average shear wave velocity (VS30) or the average SPT-N values (N30) for upper 30 m in soils is the simplest method to carry out various studies including site response and soil-structure interactions. Either the VS30- or the N30-based SSC maps designed according to the National Earth...
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Citations
... 32 and 33) (TK4625) (AFAD-TADAS, 2023). Naji et al. (2020) assessed the seismic site classification with the average shear wave velocity (AVS30) in the subsurface soils of Kahramanmaras applying the classification proposed by the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). Fig. 33 shows the distribution of AVS30 in the city. ...
... In the east, where AVS30 is large, the peak period was as low as 0.05 sec, which is significantly lower than that in the area in the red box. The distribution of damage based on the seismic site classification with AVS30 by Naji et al. (2020) seems to have a certain level of accuracy. However, the damage distribution in this earthquake may also be correlated with the type of structure, such as the number of floors of a building, etc. ...
In response to the significant earthquakes that struck Turkey and Syria on February 6, 2023, a collaborative reconnaissance team, consisting of researchers and engineers from Japan and Turkey, was formed by the Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, the Architectural Institute of Japan, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, and the Japanese Geotechnical Society. This coalition conducted an in-depth on-site investigation from March 28 to April 2, two months after the catastrophic seismic events. In Islahiye, a landslide resulted in the formation of a landslide dam. Another landslide occurred in Tepehan on a relatively gentle slope formed of limestone, with possible correlations to fault movements. Iskenderun encountered not just building collapses on soft ground, but also instances of the tilting of buildings and ground subsidence attributed to the liquefaction of reclaimed coastal soil. Golbasi witnessed significant liquefaction-induced damage to structures with shallow foundations on soft ground, involving tilting and settling. However, a more comprehensive investigation is required to accurately map the extent of the liquefied soil layers. Antakya and Kahramanmaras emerged as regions where building damage coincided with surface ground vibrations. Despite severe building collapses, Antakya's relatively stable ground showed an average S-wave velocity exceeding AVS30 400 m/s. This suggests potential wave amplification due to underlying geological structures. Kahramanmaras displayed notable building damage concentrated in alluvial fan formations.
... Kahramanmaras city was evaluated for seismic site classification and a map was developed by Naji et al. (2020Naji et al. ( , 2021. The Kahramanmaras basin is a major geological structure developed from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates over the Bitlis Suture Zone, resulting in the deposition of thick alluvial sediment of undisturbed gravel, silt, and clay. ...
An Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred at a depth of 17.9 km and with epicenter coordinates 37.174°N 37.032°E near the city of Nurdağı in the Gaziantep province of Türkiye at about 4:17 AM local time on February 6, 2023. As a result of this sequence of earthquakes and aftershocks, around 28,500 buildings partially or completely collapsed, while another 66,000 buildings were severely damaged in Türkiye. In Syria, more than 22,000 buildings were affected by the earthquakes, with 2,850 partially/completely collapsed or severely damaged. As of March 8, the total official death toll due to these earthquakes was reported to be 45,968 confirmed deaths in Türkiye and 7,259 in Syria. In Türkiye alone, more than 100,000 people were reported as injured. The province of Hatay in Türkiye was severely impacted by this sequence of ground shaking, including an Mw 6.4 earthquake that occurred on February 20, two weeks after the main event. Around half of the buildings in the affected regions of Türkiye were constructed before 2000, i.e., before modern principles of earthquake design were implemented in the Turkish Seismic Code. Fragility functions developed for the building stock in the area showed that collapse under large shaking was possible for these relatively older buildings. However, several collapses of buildings constructed after 2000 were also observed. The performance of infrastructures was generally acceptable, with most bridges, roads, and tunnels remaining operational and no significant issues with the power grid and water supply infrastructure. In terms of good performance, the 12 seismically isolated hospitals in the earthquake-impacted region were operational after the earthquakes and, more importantly, allowed these healthcare facilities to serve their emergency response functions in the aftermath of the extraordinary destruction. Their operational performance greatly contrasted with the observed collapses of some hospitals that were not seismically isolated. This project encompasses the joint products of the StEER and EERI LFE program's response to this event: Preliminary Virtual Reconnaissance Report (PVRR).
... The GISs provide an analytical function that is time-consuming for developing model entry data at different spatial scales [10,11]. A GIS is an organization of data that people interact with to integrate, analyze, and visualize data, to identify relationships, patterns and trends, and to resolve complicated issues; GIS has been used by many researchers to analyze various data [12][13][14][15]. ArcGIS was designed to capture data, store, update, process and present data, and to conduct analyses [16]. ...
The aim of this study is to analyze and model the geotechnical characteristics of soils in Erbil city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The study used GIS to analyze the geotechnical properties of soils by collecting data from 102 boreholes in three different depth levels (1.5 m-3.5 m, 3.5 m-6.5 m and 6.5 m-9.5 m) to visualize and analyze soil characteristics such as fines content, moisture content, soil plasticity, shear strength parameters, compressibility, Standard penetration test (SPT), and bearing capacity. The paper also establishes the prediction of SPT-N value and bearing capacity based on geotechnical properties of soils using ANN methods and made correlations between SPT values and shear strength parameters with the bearing capacity of the soil. The results analyzed via GIS indicated that the soil classification was silty clay with a small amount of sandy gravel (CL) in most of the study area. According to the SPT-N values, most of the soils in Erbil City ranged between 33 and 50; a higher SPT value generally indicates denser and stronger soil. The value of the shear strength parameter for the maximum friction angle of the soil layers was found to be 36°, and the predominant cohesion was approximately 100 kPa. The compression index of soils ranged between 0.11 to 0.31. The results showed that the ANN models were able to accurately predict the geotechnical parameters of the soil types in the study area. In addition, the use of GIS and ANN techniques allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the geotechnical characteristics of the soils in Erbil, providing valuable information for future construction and development projects.
... In addition, it will also be able to use as a tool for risk management in emergencies. 10 ...
... Zeminlerin sıvılaşma risk haritalarının CBS ile çıkarılmasına yönelik çalışmalar son yıllarda artmaktadır [8][9][10]. Das vd., yaşanan büyük depremlerden dolayı sıvılaşma gözlemlenen Agartala (Hindistan)'da Standart Penetrasyon Test (SPT) yapılan 97 sondaj noktasından alınan verilerle sıvılaşma potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. ...
... Naji vd., çalışmalarında, ortalama kayma dalgası hızı veya ortalama SPT-N değerleri kullanılarak, sismik saha sınıflandırılması, saha tepkisi ve zemin yapısını gösteren haritalar üretilmiştir. Bu haritalar gelecekteki deprem ve sıvılaşma gibi sismik olaylar için olası konumları tahmin etmek için etkin bir şekilde kullanılabilecektir [10]. Bir başka çalışmada, esas olarak Suudi Arabistan Krallığı'ndaki Cidde Şehri için SPT ile ilişkili 214 sondaj deliğinden elde edilen veriler kullanılmış ve sıvılaşma potansiyeli haritaları geliştirilerek, bölgenin sıvılaşma değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır [11]. ...
... Several studies have used integrated geophysical and geotechnical investigations to characterize its suitability of the near-surface materials for road, building constructions, and foundation [10][11][12][13]. On this regards, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) are widely used to measure the shear wave velocity (Vs) of near-surface materials as these methods are reliable, noninvasive, and low-cost procedures in engineering applications to identify potentially unsuitable geological conditions, determine small-strain stiffness of soil and rock, foundation instability analysis, and know site classes [14][15][16]. ...
... Several studies have used integrated geophysical and geotechnical investigations to characterize its suitability of the near-surface materials for road, building constructions, and foundation [10][11][12][13]. On this regards, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) are widely used to measure the shear wave velocity (Vs) of near-surface materials as these methods are reliable, noninvasive, and low-cost procedures in engineering applications to identify potentially unsuitable geological conditions, determine small-strain stiffness of soil and rock, foundation instability analysis, and know site classes [14][15][16]. ...
Site characterization is a prerequisite for the successful and economic design of engineering structures and earthworks by providing geological information for any proposed project. Until now, no detail study has been carried out on the site characterization and classification using shear wave velocity (Vs) up to the top 30 m depth in Hawassa town. For this study, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was used to determine the variation of Vs for a proper civil engineering design in the town. In addition, vertical electrical sounding (VES) and standard penetration test (SPT) were employed to characterize the near-surface materials. The Vs30 map was prepared for Hawassa town using the estimated Vs30 values which ranges from 248.9 m/s to 371.3 m/s while the SPT-N values were ranges from 5bpf to 50bpf. The correlation of Vs and SPT-N values has been done by considering both corrected and uncorrected SPT-N values. The VES result showed that groundwater is found at a shallow depth. The correlation of Vs and SPT-N value was validated using regression model. The 1D Vs profile and 2D cross-section showed low Vs at a shallow depth. The near-surface soils of the town are classified based on the Vs30 as site class C (stiff soil and soft rock) and D class (stiff soils) according to the NEHRP (Natural Earthquake hazards Reduction Program) and as subsoil classes B and C according to the Eurocode 8. The geotechnical tests also showed that the soils in the study area are silty sand, sand and silty sand with some gravel. The low Vs values observed at a shallow depth should be given much attention during foundation design for the stability of civil engineering structures.
... Wang et al. [23] proposed a seismic input method of an obliquely incident P-wave near field, and analyzed dynamic responses of dams. Naji et al. [24] generated an intensive series of geographic information system (GIS) maps for the seismic site classification (SSC) in Kahramanmaras city. Skarlatoudis et al. [25] estimated shallow shear-wave velocity profiles in Alaska using the initial portion of P waves from local earthquakes. ...
This study derives the expression of dynamic stress components of the soil element in the semi-infinite elastic space under obliquely incident P- and SV-waves, and obtained the corresponding dynamic stress path. The effects of some factors including the incidence angle, Poisson’s ratio, frequency, wave velocity, phase difference, and soil depth on the dynamic stress path are analyzed. It is found that the dynamic stress path in the (σy − σx)/2 − τxy plane is an oblique ellipse, and the above factors have significant effects on that. The maximum dynamic stress level for Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 is about twice that for 0.48. The maximum dynamic stress level for 2.5 Hz is about six times that for 1 Hz. In general, the maximum dynamic stress level is about 40 kPa, no matter how the wave velocity changes. Compared with other phase difference, the dynamic stress level for the phase difference of 60° is largest with a value of 43 kPa. The dynamic stress level becomes greater as the soil depth increases, and the maximum value at 30 m depth is about 40 kPa. The variation trend of the three characteristic parameters with the incident angle exhibits the double-peak or triple-peak curves for different influencing factors. The research findings can provide some guidance for the site seismic dynamic response analysis and structural seismic design.
... Kishida and Tsai (2017) proposed the modified V S prediction model by considering various factors like soil layers, geological conditions, quality of testing, and stress histories. Naji et al. (2020) performed seismic site classification by following NEHRP (2003) guidelines and presented the Geographic information system (GIS) based maps of average SPT-N and V S at depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 m in Kahramanmaras city of Turkey. Naji et al. (2021) proposed the empirical correlations based on the approach proposed by Boore (2004) (for the sites without V S at upper 30 m depth) to generate the seismic site classification map. ...
The present study proposes a set of correlations between standard penetration number (SPT-N) and shear wave velocity (VS) using nonlinear regression analysis. These correlations have been developed for different categories of soil for Amaravati city. This study area is the current de facto seat of government of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, India. For this study, SPT-N data has been obtained from 400 boreholes distributed across the city of area 217.23 km2. Most of the boreholes considered for this study have a boring depth of 25 m to 45 m below the recorded ground surface. A comparison between the proposed correlations with existing worldwide accepted correlations has been performed to check the authenticity of this study. In addition to this, Vs obtained from the recommended correlations have been validated with the Vs obtained from 30 microtremor tests as well as established graphical methods. Furthermore, the seismic site classification of the study area has been conducted using the developed correlation for all soils. It is observed that the major part of Amaravati city falls under class D as per the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) provisions. The average SPT-N and VS distribution across the city has also been generated at depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 m. The outcomes of the study can be further used for the design of earthquake-resistant structures, seismic hazard studies, estimation of ground movements, and generation of site-specific synthetic ground motions.
... In addition, it will also be able to use as a tool for risk management in emergencies. 10 ...
... Zeminlerin sıvılaşma risk haritalarının CBS ile çıkarılmasına yönelik çalışmalar son yıllarda artmaktadır [8][9][10]. Das vd., yaşanan büyük depremlerden dolayı sıvılaşma gözlemlenen Agartala (Hindistan)'da Standart Penetrasyon Test (SPT) yapılan 97 sondaj noktasından alınan verilerle sıvılaşma potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. ...
... Naji vd., çalışmalarında, ortalama kayma dalgası hızı veya ortalama SPT-N değerleri kullanılarak, sismik saha sınıflandırılması, saha tepkisi ve zemin yapısını gösteren haritalar üretilmiştir. Bu haritalar gelecekteki deprem ve sıvılaşma gibi sismik olaylar için olası konumları tahmin etmek için etkin bir şekilde kullanılabilecektir [10]. Bir başka çalışmada, esas olarak Suudi Arabistan Krallığı'ndaki Cidde Şehri için SPT ile ilişkili 214 sondaj deliğinden elde edilen veriler kullanılmış ve sıvılaşma potansiyeli haritaları geliştirilerek, bölgenin sıvılaşma değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır [11]. ...
Bu araştırmada Kayseri’de yeni yerleşime açılan bir bölgede yapılacak yapıların temellerini etkileyen zemin özelliklerinin coğrafi bilgi sistemi (CBS) ortamında analizi edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye’nin 9. büyük şehri olan Kayseri’de, yerleşime açılmış ve yapılaşmaya devam eden bölgeler nüfus artışına paralel hızla genişlemektedir. Temellerin taşıma gücü zayıf zeminlerde ve güvenli bir inşaata uygun olmayan bölgelerde zemin iyileştirilme çalışmaları zorunlu olarak yapılmaktadır ve bu olay kentsel gelişmede ciddi ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Binaların temelini etkileyen parametreler dikkate alınarak yapılaşmaya açılan bölgelerin önceden belirlenmesi coğrafi bilgi sistemi (CBS) ile kontrol edilebilir. Örnek bir uygulama için, Kayseri Oymaağaç mevkiinde ARCGIS ile veri tabanı oluşturularak jeolojik ve geoteknik veriler birleştirilmiştir. Yeni yerleşime açılan bu bir milyon beş yüz bin metrekare bölgenin zemin fiziksel özellikleri CBS ortamında analiz edilmiştir. CBS analizi için SPT ve laboratuvar verilerini içeren, derinliği 15 m ve 25 m aralığında olan toplamda 1071 m uzunluğunda 60 adet sondaj noktası ele alınmıştır. Yapıların zemin açısından uygunluğunu değerlendirmek için söz konusu arazide sondaj kuyularında ölçülen SPT-N değerlerinin derinlikle değişimi, zemin türleri, yeraltı su seviyeleri, Vs değerleri kullanılarak veriler birleştirilmiş ve bu değerleri gösteren haritalar çıkarılmıştır. Daha sonra olası bir depremde zeminin sıvılaşma potansiyeli haritaları ve temellerin taşıma kapasitesini gösteren haritalar oluşturulmuştur. Kentsel planlamada doğru ve hızlı karar vermede katkı sağlayan önemli bir araç olarak kullanılabilecek, zemin özelliklerini gösteren geoteknik haritalar elde edilmiştir. Bölgenin zemin özellikleri, taşıma gücü ve sıvılaşma potansiyeli haritalarının yaygınlaşmasıyla, mühendisler, devlet kurumları ve afet yönetimi gibi kurumlar için şehrin gelecekteki gelişimi ve planlaması için çok faydalı olacaktır. Bunun yanında, acil durumlarda risk yönetimi için bir araç olarak da kullanılabilecektir.
... The parameter that can also be used for site interpretation is the average shear wave velocity (VS) of the topmost 30 m soil deposit (VS30) (Naji et al., 2020). The VS30 value can be calculated using the same method as that shown in Equation 4 and replacing the Ni value with VSi. ...
Calculation
of site coefficient and design response spectral acceleration are two important
steps in the seismic design of buildings. According to Indonesian Seismic Code
2019, two information requirements for site coefficient calculations are the
site soil class and Risk-targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER-SS
for short and MCER-S1 for long period) spectral
acceleration. Three different hard/SC, medium/SD and soft/SE are typically site
soil classes used for building designs. Two different site coefficients (Fa for
MCER-SS and Fv for MCER-S1 spectral
acceleration) are used for surface and design response spectral acceleration
calculations. The Indonesian Seismic Code provides two (Fa and Fv) tables for
calculating site coefficients. If the MCER-SS or MCER-S1
values developed for a specific site are not exactly equal to the values in Fa
or Fv tables, the site coefficients can then be predicted using straight-line
interpolation between the two closest Fa or Fv values within the tables. When
the straight-line interpolation is adjusted for Fa or Fv calculation, different
results were observed in comparison to the values developed using website-based
software (prepared by Ministry of Public Works and Human Settlements). This
study evaluates site coefficients and design response spectral acceleration
predictions in Semarang City, Indonesia, according to straight-line
interpolation method and website software
calculations. The study was conducted at 203 soil boring positions in
the study area. The site soil classes were predicted using average standard penetration
test values (N-SPT) of the topmost 30 m soil deposit layer (N30). Three
different site soil classes were observed in the study area. On average, the
largest differences between the two analysis (linear interpolation and website)
methods in the site coefficient values and design response spectral
acceleration calculation were observed for the SD and SE classes. However, for
the SC site soil class, the difference was small, with their values
approximately similar.
