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Urinary stone forming risk profile. a compared with normal, b compared with GuTb patients, c compared with GuTb patients treated with IRP alone ( pb0.05).
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Previous studies have shown that urogenital tuberculosis (GuTb) patients treated or untreated with regular anti-Tb regimen excrete comparatively high levels of urinary stone forming constituents than normal subjects. Enhanced oxidative stress is also considered as a prime factor that accelerates urolithiasis. The present study was aimed to determin...
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... Estimating the activities of the marker enzymes in serum allows an assessment of liver function. Excessive alcohol consumption has been reported to be associated with altered liver metabolism and liver injury with leakage of cytoplasmic liver enzymes into the bloodstream [47,48,49,50]. ...
Background: Aspartame is a widely used synthetic sweetener used for dietary control and by diabetics. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of a single garlic clove extract against aspartame-induced hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats. Methods: Forty-eight experimental male albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups (6 rats per group) as follows: Group (G)1: served as normal control and received distilled water orally, G2: rats treated with single clove garlic (SCG) extract (0.5 g/kg body weight), G3: rats were treated with SCG extract (0.5 g/kg body weight) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (200 mg/kg body weight), G4: rats treated with ASP (200 mg/kg body weight), G5: was the diabetic control group (induced by alloxan (ALX) 120 mg/kg body weight), G6: diabetic rats were treated with SCG extract (0.5 g/kg body weight), G7: diabetic rats were treated with SCG extract (0.5 g/kg body weight) and ASP (200 mg/kg body weight) and G8: diabetic rats were treated with ASP 200 mg/kg body weight. Results: The results obtained showed that treatment with ASP caused a significant increase in serum levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and ASP in SCG extract-treated rats in G3 and G4 and diabetic rats in G7 and G8, while treatment with SCG extract caused a significant decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP in SCG treated rats in G2 and G6 and diabetic rats in G7 compared to the control group (G1). After treatment with ASP, histologic changes in the liver were observed in G4, which were more pronounced in G8, indicating liver damage compared to the control group, while treatment with SCG extract showed further changes in liver tissue in the diabetic rats of G7 and G8. Conclusion: The present study suggests that administering ASP in normal rats leads to liver dysfunction. Moreover, our results proved that the application of ASP in diabetic rats may cause additional damage compared to ASP in normal rats. This study demonstrated that treatment with SCG extract significantly attenuated the biochemical and histopathologic changes induced by ASP and alloxan. From the data obtained, it appears that treatment with SCG extract has a protective effect against the toxicity of ASF and alloxan on the liver of normal and diabetic rats.
... Free radicals mediated injury to renal tubular cells is considered as one of the prerequisites for crystal retention. [37] The present study revealed increased of MDA levels, simultaneously with decreased levels of GSH in the kidney of fluoride exposed rats compared with control rats which confirm the disturbance of oxidant/antioxidant balance. Lipid peroxidation (the marker of its extent is the MDA level) a degenerative pathway of the membrane components mediated through the free radicals produced in the cell, is a hallmark feature of oxidative stress. ...
... Finally, the contribution of Srinivasan S and colleagues in the field of urogenital TB deserves to be acknowledged. VE supplementation, according to two studies published in 2004, lowers the incidence of kidney stone formation by preserving the membrane [111,112]. Table 1. ...
(1) Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s top infectious killers, in fact every year 10 million people fall ill with TB and 1.5 million people die from TB. Vitamins have an important role in vital functions, due to their anti-oxidant, pro-oxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and to metabolic functions. The aim of this review is to discuss and summarize the evidence and still open questions regarding vitamin supplementation as a prophylactic measure in those who are at high risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and active TB; (2) Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and WHO websites starting from March 1950 to September 2021, in order to identify articles discussing the role of Vitamins A, B, C, D and E and Tuberculosis; (3) Results: Supplementation with multiple micronutrients (including zinc) rather than vitamin A alone may be more beneficial in TB. The WHO recommend Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) when high-dose isoniazid is administered. High concentrations of vitamin C sterilize drug-susceptible, MDR and extensively drug-resistant MTB cultures and prevent the emergence of drug persisters; Vitamin D suppresses the replication of mycobacterium in vitro while VE showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance; (4) Conclusions: Our review suggests and encourages the use of vitamins in TB patients. In fact, their use may improve outcomes by helping both nutritionally and by interacting directly and/or indirectly with MTB. Several and more comprehensive trials are needed to reinforce these suggestions.
... Faulty glutathione peroxidase activity also results in lack of mycobacterium clearance, increasing risk of tuberculosis (TB) in those who are selenium deficient. TB patients, therefore, have increased production of ROS [150] and high rates of lipid peroxidation [151]. Therefore, selenium shows promise in restoring glutathione peroxidase function and treating TB. ...
Background and aim:
Recently, optimal immune function has become a primary focus of worldwide attention not only in the prevention of chronic disease but also as one strategy to reduce the severity of acute illness. Inflammation, a process largely controlled by the immune system, has long been studied and recognized for its role in chronic disease. Optimizing immune function or managing inflammation using individual nutrients and phytonutrients is not well understood by the average person. Thus, this narrative literature review summarizes many of the more recent findings about how certain nutrients and phytonutrients affect immune function and inflammation, and how they may best be utilized considering the growing worldwide interest in this topic.
Methods:
A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was performed to find clinical trials in humans that assessed the effect of nutrients and phytonutrients on immune function and inflammation, in individuals with acute and chronic health conditions, published in English between 2000 and 2020. Two independent reviewers evaluated the articles for their inclusion.
Results:
Eighty-seven articles were summarized in this narrative review. In total 24 nutrients and phytonutrients were included in the study, that is, acetyl-L-carnitine, Aloe vera polysaccharides, beta-glucans, bilberry, black seed oil, coenzyme Q10, curcumin (turmeric), frankincense, garlic, ginger, hydrolyzed rice bran, isoflavones, lipoic acid, mistletoe, N-acetyl cysteine, omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, selenium, shiitake mushroom and its derivatives, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (d-alpha- and gamma-tocopherol), and zinc. Some of the noteworthy immune function and anti-inflammatory responses to these interventions included modulation of nuclear factor-Kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-a, interferon-g, interleukin-6, and CD4+ T cells, among others. These findings are not completely consistent or ubiquitous across all patient populations or health status.
Conclusions:
Based on this review, many nutrients and phytonutrients are capable of significantly modulating immune function and reducing inflammation, according to multiple biomarkers in clinical trials in different populations of adults with varying health statuses. Thus, dietary supplementation may serve as an adjunct to conventional pharmaceutical or medical therapies, but evaluation of risks and benefits for each person and health status is necessary. Additional larger studies are also needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of nutritional compounds in various health conditions, with emphases on potential drug-supplement interactions and clinical endpoints.
Relevance for patients:
As demonstrated in the reviewed clinical trials, patients of various health challenges with a wide range of severity may benefit from select nutrients and phytonutrients to improve their immune function and reduce inflammation.
... The negative correlations between MDA-SOD and MDA-CAT pairs suggested an impaired balance within the organism in favor of oxidant system. The positive correlation between SOD and CAT was also a manifestation of reduced antioxidant defenses by impairment in enzyme activities in TB patients [25,26]. As the intervention of 6 months anti-TB treatment, the GSH level was significantly higher and SOD and CAT increased and the ability of scavenging free radicals improved in the body of patients. ...
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a well-known cause of imbalance in oxidative stress (OS) status and trace element levels. However, little information is available for targeting the correlation between OS and trace elements in pulmonary TB patients. The aim of our study was to analyze the OS status and its correlation with trace elements in patients initially and during 6 months anti-TB treatment. Eighty-six newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients were consecutively recruited, and 112 age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in the study. Serum markers of OS and trace elements levels were tested and analyzed in all subjects during 6 months anti-TB treatment. Compared with healthy controls, significantly increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were found in TB patients. The activities of SOD and CAT and GSH level recovered till normal range at treatment final. Zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and copper (Cu) concentrations were significantly lower in TB patients in comparison with healthy controls, whereas Zn, Cu, and Se concentrations rise during 6 months anti-TB treatment. Zn was positively correlated with Cu, Se, and GSH, while MDA was negatively correlated with Zn, Se, SOD, and CAT, and SOD was positively correlated with Cu, Zn, and CAT. Our findings indicate that anti-TB treatment could reduce the status of OS and increase the levels of trace elements. The routine assessment of OS markers and element traces may guarantee improved monitoring the anti-TB treatment.
... The number of seminal leukocytes significantly increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and is a potent source of endogenous ROS. 30 Infections caused by hepatitis B and C also induce OS in the liver and male reproductive tract. 31 Systemic OS and that in the male reproductive system is also caused by other chronic infections such as tuberculosis, 32 malaria, 33 and Chagas disease. 34 Autoimmune/inflammatory conditions Non-infective or non-bacterial chronic prostatitis is a very common prostate pathology resulting in high seminal OS. 35 This accounts for more than 90% of all prostatitis cases, affecting 10% of all men worldwide. ...
• ROS are important physiological mediators of male fertility, sperm maturation, and fertilization.
• Excessive ROS disrupts spermatogenesis, semen quality, steroidogenesis, and sexual functions.
• Endogenous ROS in the male reproductive tract predominantly arises through immature spermatozoa and leukocytes.
• Exogenous ROS resulting in reproductive track OS and male infertility include exposure to various endocrine disruptors, radiation, a disturbed lifestyle, and micronutrient deficiencies.
• Male reproductive pathology causing infertility through OS includes varicocele, cryptorchidism and genital tract infections (including prostatitis).
• Systemic pathology causing infertility through OS include visceral adiposity, diabetes, systemic inflammatory disease, and autoimmunity.
• Antioxidant therapy showed evidence of improving reproductive tract OS and fertility outcomes.
... Hepatitis B and C infection have also been linked with significant hepatic and seminal OS [26,27]. Chronic infections such as tuberculosis [28], leprosy [29], malaria [30], and Chagas disease [31] have all been connected with elevated degrees of systemic and male genital OS. ...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most common causatives of male infertility. At normal physiological levels, ROS mediate essential physiological roles to ensure proper male reproductive functions such as sperm viability, maturation, hyperactivation, sperm capacitation, motility, and acrosome reaction (AR). Imbalance in ROS generation and antioxidant capacity induces oxidative stress (OS). The excess ROS adversely affects sperm morphology and functions through lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis. These deleterious effects compromise sperm quality in terms of their viability, count, motility, and even fertilizing capability, resulting in male subfertility or, most often, infertility. Assessment and management of OS-induced male infertility is the major concern in current reproductive research arena. This chapter provides a concise review on the generation of ROS in the male reproductive tract and their physiological and pathological roles in male reproduction, with assessment and management of OS-induced male infertility.
... TB patients have reduced levels of antioxidants; rapid production of reactive oxygen species (Madebo et al., 2003) and there is high value of lipid per oxidation due to faulty activity of GPx. (Srinivasan et al., 2004). The present project was designed to show the anti-oxidative & immunomodulatory effects of selenium supplementation on the clinical, microbiological and roentgenological analysis of subjects with PTB. ...
Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Pakistan is due to poor living conditions, malnutrition and low immunity. The present project was conducted to show the role of selenium complement to enhance the immune status against TB. Total of 80 human TB patients were divided into treatment (selenium and anti-tuberculosis drug) and control groups (anti-tuberculosis drug). Levels of selenium, immunoglobulin and leukocyte count were determined before and after treatment. Selenium showed significant increase in levels of immunoglobulin and leukocyte count in patients as compared to control group. The level of SOD, catalase, glutathione and total antioxidants were remarkably lowered among control type group as compared to treatment type group (P<0.01). However, the values of lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA) were notably higher in control group than treatment group.
... Better results were observed with the higher dose, which was evident when compared with untreated animals. ATT toxicity has reportedly produced oxidative stress in animals (Chowdhury et al., 2006;Srinivasan et al., 2004) and generate free radicals. These free radicals in turn result in the generation of lipid hydroperoxide and cause cellular injury, which eventually is responsible for leakage of transaminases, Bilirubin and ALP from hepatocytes. ...
The study was conducted to screen the heptoprotective activity of fractions of Fumaria parviflora (F. parviflora) and underlying mechanisms by using in vivo model of hepatotoxicity. Albino rats of either sex weighing 200 - 250 g were taken. Methanol and ethyl acetate fractions were used as the test compounds in the study. The hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of antitubercular drugs (Isoniazid 7.5 mg/kg, Rifampicin 10 mg/kg and Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg body weight of rat). Both the drugs (300 & 500 mg/kg) and inducing agent were given for 35 days per orum. The rats were sacrificed, the blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis (Liver function test, Antioxidant activity [Catalase, GSH, MDA] and Cytokines [TNF- Alfa, IL-1, IL-6]. The liver tissue was also taken for histopathological examination. Both fraction showed significant hepatoprotection (p<0.01) against antitubercular drugs. The Methanol fraction showed hepatoprotection only at a dose of 500 mg/kg while ethyl acetate fraction was effective at both the doses. The percentage hepatoprotection (42.4%) as a function of ALT was seen highest for Ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 500 mg/kg. There was an increase in the levels of Catalase and GSH in all test groups as compared to the negative control while a significant decrease was observed in MDA levels. Similarly, the levels of cytokines TNF- Alfa, IL-1, IL-6, were significantly lower as compared to negative control. The findings were correlated by histopathological examination. The present study shows that the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions of F. parviflora possess potential hepatoprotective activity which may be due to its free radical scavenging action.
... These observations were consistent with the finding of our study. When liver and kidney cell membrane is damaged due to involvement of oxidative stress during ASP metabolism, a variety of enzymes normally located in the cytosol are released into the blood stream (18). ...
Zoology ABSTRACT The present study was designed to evaluate whether the daily administration of aspartame (ASP) by 200 mg/kg bwt for 4 weeks induces oxidative stress and biochemical changes in the liver and kidney of rats. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups {control, ASP (200 mg/kg bwt), streptozotocin-induced diabetes (D) (70 mg/kg bwt), and D+ASP). Levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products a long with liver and kidney functions were investigated. The results revealed increase of LPO in ASP group compared to control and decrease in D+ASP groups compared to ASP. AST and ALT activities were increased in ASP and D groups compared to control. Creatinine level and urea concentration showed an elevation in all treated groups compared to control. This study improved that ASP administration may be responsible for oxidative stress that induce disturbance of liver and kidney function.
