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Upper cheek teeth of eomyids. A, Leptodontomys sp., UNSM 26531 (holotype), right P 4 -M 3 . B. L. douglassi, UNSM 130426, right P 4 -M 1 . C, Neoadjidaumo hemedapus, UNSM 130285, right P 4 . Bar scale = 1 mm. _______________________________________________________ smaller and narrower anteriorly than M 1 (Table 4). The protoconid and metaconid are equal in size and separated from one another by a narrow, deep valley. The protoconid is slightly anterior to the metaconid. In the center of the tooth is a large, circular mesoconid. It is not connected to the metalophid cusps, and only a very low, short connection is present between the mesoconid and the hypoconid. The hypoconid and entoconid are connected by a thin loph (hypolophid) that forms a posteriorly pointing V. At the center of the hypolophid is a short posterior cingulum that is separated from the hypolophid by a small, deep valley. The posterior cingulum is oriented nearly at a 90 o angle
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Four eomyid taxa have been recognized in the early Arikareean Ridgeview local fauna (c. 29 Ma; ≈MP 24) based on 106 partial to complete maxillaries and mandibular rami and with cheek teeth; consenquently, the mandibular morphology is known for all species. Three taxa represent an endemic radiation of the North American Adjidaumo clade. Leptodontomy...
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... It consists of 65 lower incisors or incisor fragments, which have been taken either from dentaries identified to the respective species or from isolated tooth material which has been-where possible-compared to confidently identified incisors in jaws. Two localities contributed with exceptional rich material, the late Oligocene (early Arikareean) Ridgeview local fauna in Nebraska (Bailey et al., 2005) and the early Miocene (Orleanian) Merkur-North lignite mine in Czech Republic (Fejfar, 1974;Fejfar et al., 2003). We analysed exclusively mandibular incisors to gain comparability with published results. ...
The lower incisor enamel microstructure of the fossil rodent family Eomyidae was believed to be three‐layered and highly derived but rather uniform throughout the clade. Here, we describe a new four‐layered schmelzmuster in Eomyidae consisting of a three‐fold portio interna with longitudinal oriented, uniserial Hunter‐Schreger bands and a one‐fold portio externa, accounting for a unique enamel microstructure character combination in Rodentia. This new schmelzmuster type has developed early in eomyid evolution and is detectable already in the late Eocene (Chadronian) of North America. In European eomyids, it first occurs in the early Miocene (MN 3), implying that this four‐layered schmelzmuster was not present in all members of the family but restricted to species included in Eomyini and some genera currently considered Eomyidae incertae sedis within Eomyidae. Additionally, our analysis recognizes three taxa with schmelzmuster divergent from all other eomyids. Incisor enamel microstructure does not advocate a close phylogenetic relationship of Eomyidae to either fossil or extant Heteromyidae and Geomyidae, nor to fossil Heliscomyidae and Florentiamyidae. Our results rather support the view that Eomyidae are placed outside Geomorpha.
INTRODUCTION The family Eomyidae constitutes an extinct radiation of superficially squirrel-like rodents. Eomyids were both diverse and species rich at times during the middle Cenozoic and dominated some smallmammal fossil assemblages. Eomyids were small to medium size, occasionally large, and Holarctic in distribution. Because primitive genera occur in the late middle Eocene of North America and appear during the Oligocene of Asia and Europe, the family is considered to have a Nearctic origination. Old World members of this extinct family were reviewed by Fahlbusch (1973) and Engesser (1999). Eomyids persisted to the end of the Pliocene in Europe and to the end of the Miocene in North America. Eomyidae are squirrel-like in body proportions and, presumably, ground-dwelling to arboreal in habits. Eomyids resemble squirrels in jaw musculature, having the masseter originate on the side of the snout in sciuromorphous fashion. They are universally considered related to Geomorpha, but placement of the group Eomyidae + Geomorpha lacks consensus. Often these rodents have been nestled in suborder Myomorpha (but see below). Eomyids do share with many myomorphs the “cricetid plan” of molars: four major cusps joined by thin to strong lophs, longitudinal connection (mure) between protocone (-id) and hypocone (-id), and variably developed anterocone (-id) on first molars. They share with a broader group of rodents simple dentary structure (sciurognathy) and uniserial incisor enamel microstructure, but eomyid enamel shows additional unique character states (Wahlert and Koenigswald, 1985).
