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Unrooted tree showing the phylogenetic placement of Papiliotrema odontotermitis f.a., sp. nov. inferred from the MLanalysis of the ITS and LSU nucleotide sequences. The numbers given on branches are frequencies (>50%) with which a given branch appeared in 1000 bootstrap replications. Bar, number of expected substitutions accumulated per site. Accession numbers of nucleotide sequences are provided in Table S3.
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Two novel yeast species were isolated from the gut of two different termite species. A new member of the genus Sugiyamaella was isolated from the hindgut and nest material of the lower Australian termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. The second novel yeast species isolated from the higher termite Odontotermes obesus was identified as a member of the ge...
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... They revealed that yeasts of the genus Candida, Pichia, Debaryomyces, Trichosporon, Papiliotrema, Sporothrix and Meyerozyma inhabited the hindgut of Mastotermes darwiniensis, Zootermopsis angusticollis, Zootermopsis nevadensis, Heterotermes indicola, Reticulitermes santonensis and Neotermes jouteli. After a few years, with the advent of molecular techniques and advanced methods for identifying micro-organisms, researchers isolated and described several novel species of yeasts from various termite hosts [6,7]. More recently, while investigating the yeast diversity across different regions of the Western Ghats of India, Tiwari et al. [8] discovered that the commonly encountered genera were Papiliotrema, Trichosporon, Ogataea, Meyerozyma, Millerozyma, Candida, Kodamaea, Pichia, Sugiyamaella, Cyberlindnera and Pseudozyma. ...
The gut of xylophagous insects such as termites harbours various symbiotic micro-organisms, including many yeast species. In a taxonomic study of gut-associated yeasts, two strains (ATS2.16 and ATS2.18) were isolated from the gut of the wood-feeding termite Nasutitermes sp. in Maharashtra, India. Morphological and physiological characteristics and sequence analyses of the ITS and D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene revealed that these two strains represent a novel asexual ascomycetous yeast species in the genus Metschnikowia. The species differs from some of its close affiliates in the genus in its inability to utilize ethanol and succinate as the sole carbon source and growth in high sugar concentrations (up to 50 % glucose). In contrast to most members of Metschnikowia, the formation of ascospores was not observed on various sporulation media. Moreover, whole-genome sequencing was used to further confirm the novelty of this species. When compared with other large-spored Metschnikowia species, average nucleotide identity values of 79-80 % and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 16-17 % were obtained. The name Metschnikowia ahupensis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate this novel yeast species, with ATS2.16 as the holotype and strains NFCCI 4949, MTCC 13085 and PYCC 9152 as isotypes. The MycoBank number is MB 844210.
... Several yeasts isolated in our work, such as Cyberlindnera, Scheffersomyces, Spathaspora, and Sugiyamaella species, were previously recovered from wood-boring beetles, and they were reported to ferment lignocellulosic related-sugars. For example, species belonging to the Sugiyamaella clade, the most frequent genus in this study, were reported to assimilate/ferment xylose and/or hydrolyze xylan (Handel et al., 2016;Lara et al., 2014;Morais et al., 2020). ...
This study investigated the diversity of yeast species associated with rotting wood in Brazilian Amazonian rainforests. A total of 569 yeast strains were isolated from rotting wood samples collected in three Amazonian areas (Universidade Federal do Amazonas‐UFAM, Piquiá, and Carú) in the municipality of Itacoatiara, Amazon state. The samples were cultured in yeast nitrogen base (YNB)‐D‐xylose, YNB‐xylan, and sugarcane bagasse and corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysates (undiluted and diluted 1:2 and 1:5). Sugiyamaella was the most prevalent genus identified in this work, followed by Kazachstania. The most frequently isolated yeast species were Schwanniomyces polymorphus, Scheffersomyces amazonensis, and Wickerhamomyces sp., respectively. The alpha diversity analyses showed that the dryland forest of UFAM was the most diverse area, while the floodplain forest of Carú was the least. Additionally, the difference in diversity between UFAM and Carú was the highest among the comparisons. Thirty candidates for new yeast species were obtained, representing 36% of the species identified and totaling 101 isolates. Among them were species belonging to the clades Spathaspora, Scheffersomyces, and Sugiyamaella, which are recognized as genera with natural xylose‐fermenting yeasts that are often studied for biotechnological and ecological purposes. The results of this work showed that rotting wood collected from the Amazonian rainforest is a tremendous source of diverse yeasts, including candidates for new species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Further improvements are expected from the research communities in terms of cost reduction and production rate increase until the technology is fully implemented in the industrial setting. Moreover, many yeast species are underexplored, so new sources of promising isolates should be investigated thoroughly (Ali et al., 2022a;Handel et al., 2016). ...
... The remarkable performance of termites is due in part to their digestome metabolic characteristics (insect host and gut symbionts) and enzyme diversity (Ali et al., 2022a). It has recently been discovered that new yeast species with a variety of biotechnological applications have been isolated from termite species such as Mastotermes darwiniensis, Reticulitermes chinensis, and Coptotermes formosanus (Al-Tohamy et al., 2020a;Ali et al., , 2017bHandel et al., 2016). It is believed that intestinal yeasts are capable of effectively remediating and decolorizing textile azo dyes due to their ability to tolerate extreme conditions such as high salt concentrations (Al-Tohamy et al., 2020b). ...
... The microbial plethora includes fungi, yeast, bacteria, and protozoa. However, only a few reports on yeast-termite associations have been published (Al-Tohamy et al., 2020b;Ali et al., 2018Ali et al., , 2017bHandel et al., 2016), despite the fact that the association between some termites and fungi is well-known. As illustrated in Fig. 17, the symbiotic relationship between termites and yeasts provides several advantages to both organisms. ...
Beyond energy crisis, biodiesel offers renewable and unlimited option to the challenges associated with fossil fuels depletion. Biodiesel could reduce the carbon foot print and gas emissions. Therefore, China has set an audacious goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. In order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production, it is critical to look for alternative feedstocks and unconventional resources. Biodiesel can be produced from renewable and sustainable feedstocks like edible and non-edible oils, insects, municipal sewage sludge, and oleaginous microorganisms. Existing life cycle assessments of yeast-based biodiesel production are required to assess potential environmental impacts and obtain a holistic picture. The circular economy paradigm has recently emerged as a viable alternative to linear, unsustainable production and consumption systems. Given the legislative requirements and the circular economy principle, the use of textile azo dye wastewater is a promising alternative for its management. The annual disposal of 4,500,000 tons of textile dyes is an environmental and socioeconomic concern due to their carcinogenic potential. Azo dyes account for over 70% of global industrial demand. Biological-mediated azo dye degradation is thought to be cost-effective, and environmentally friendly when compared to physical and chemical approaches. To this end, yeasts can play a significant role, owing to their high growth rate, tolerance to extreme conditions, and ability to effectively degrade lignin and aromatic compounds, concurrently representing a highly promising feedstock for biodiesel production. Interestingly, an emphasis has been recently given on novel symbiotic yeasts isolated from termite guts as promising microbiomes for multiple biotechnological applications. Therefore, this review focuses on recent findings of biodiesel production from azo dye degrading yeasts inhabiting termite guts. While capturing recent research advancements for sustainable biodiesel production, this review emphasizes a novel concept for using azo dyes/aromatic wastes as a feedstock for biodiesel production.
... Those insect gut-associated fungi were the resource of new species and novel bioactive products, and have attracted the wide attention of scholars (Zhang et al., 2008;Moubasher et al., 2017). For instance, two novel yeast species isolated from the guts of termites play a symbiotic role in the host concerning xylan degradation and production of vitamins (Handel et al., 2016). Two novel compounds were purified and identified from Trichoderma harzianum isolated from the gut of Pantala flavescens, one of the compounds has displayed moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (Zhang et al., 2020). ...
Insect-associated fungi are a potentially rich source of novel natural products with antibacterial activity. Here, we investigated the community composition and phylogenetic diversity of gut-associated fungi of the dragonfly ( Crocothemis Servilia ) using a combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 42 fungal isolates were obtained from the guts of the dragonfly, which belonged to four classes and thirteen different genera. Amplicon sequencing analyses revealed that the fungal communities were more diverse, and a total of 136 genera were identified and dominated by the genera Wojnowiciella and Phoma . The antibacterial bioassay showed that five fungal crude extracts of representative isolates have shown antibacterial activities. Among them, the extract of Phoma sp. QTH17 showed the best antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli , Micrococcus tetragenus , and Staphylococcus aureus with the disc diameter of inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 6.50, 10.80, and 8.70 mm, respectively. Chemical analysis of Phoma sp. QTH17 led to the discovery of five known compounds, including ergosterol (1) , 3-Chlorogentisyl alcohol (2) , epoxydon (3) , epoxydon 6-methylsalicylate ester (4) and mannitol (5) . Among them, the compound 3 exhibited potent antibacterial activities against E. coli , M. tetragenus , and S. aureus with the IZD of 7.00, 14.00, and 12.50 mm, respectively, which were slightly weaker than those of the positive gentamicin sulfate with the IZD of 11.13, 18.30, and 12.13 mm, respectively. In conclusion, our results confirmed that the diversity of gut-associated fungi of C. Servilia could be expected to explore the resource of new species and antibacterial substances.
... Some reports suggest xylan degradation by the strains of Pichia stiptis [170], Cryptococcus, Fellomyces [171] and Candida [172]. While working on the microbiota of a lower termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis, Handel et al. [173] reported a novel yeast species of Sugiyamaella with the ability to produce xylanases. A few species of Candida including Candida lignicola, Candida coipomoensis and Candida queiroziae that were isolated from wood-eating insects were found to have xylose-fermenting potential (Table 4). ...
Lignocellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, comprises polyaromatic lignin and fermentable materials, cellulose and hemicellulose. It is a plentiful and renewable feedstock for
chemicals and energy. It can serve as a raw material for the production of various value-added products, including cellulase and xylanase. Cellulase is essentially required in lignocellulose-based biorefineries and is applied in many commercial processes. Likewise, xylanases are industrially important enzymes applied in papermaking and in the manufacture of prebiotics and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the widespread application of these enzymes, many prokaryotes and eukaryotes have been exploited to produce cellulase and xylanases in good yields, yet yeasts have rarely been explored for their plant-cell-wall-degrading activities. This review is focused on summarizing reports about cellulolytic and xylanolytic yeasts, their properties, and their biotechnological applications.
... It is well known that the gut of beetles and wood roaches harbor many novel yeasts (Suh et al. 2005a, b). In recent years, the termite gut has also been established as a potential habitat for diverse yeast species, including various novel yeast taxa (Handel et al. 2016;Ali et al. 2017;Tiwari et al. 2021). Termites represent one of the most significant wood-degrading species, which can break down complex polymers into simpler monomers with the help of enzyme complexes secreted by gut symbionts in combination with the host's endogenous enzymes. ...
Three strains, SMT1.3, SMT1.10, and SMT2.2, representing a novel asexual ascomycetous yeast species, were isolated from the gut of a termite Odontotermes horni in Maharashtra, India. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSU, ITS, and SSU sequences revealed that they belonged to the genus Nakazawaea, with N. siamensis as the closest relative. The new species differed from the type strain of N. siamensis (DMKU-RK467T) by 11 substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and by 8 substitutions and one gap in the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Notable biochemical and physiological differences were also observed between N. siamensis and the new species. Hence, the species Nakazawaea odontotermitis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SMT1.3 T (MTCC 13,105 = NFCCI 5011 = PYCC 9153). GenBank accession numbers of the LSU, ITS and SSU sequences of Nakazawaea odontotermitis f.a., sp. nov. are MZ234240, MZ234239, and OK384663. The MycoBank number is MB 841926.
... & van Broock ex Yurkov (Appendix A, Table A1). Yeasts in the genus Papiliotrema have been isolated from inflorescences and leaf tissues of plants, trees, termite guts, subglacial ice and meltwater from glaciers, water samples and soil [87][88][89][90][91][92][93]. Interestingly, P. siamensis Suruss. ...
Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an important staple of American agriculture. Unlike many vegetables, romaine lettuce is typically consumed raw. Phylloplane microbes occur naturally on plant leaves; consumption of uncooked leaves includes consumption of phylloplane microbes. Despite this fact, the microbes that naturally occur on produce such as romaine lettuce are for the most part uncharacterized. In this study, we conducted culture-based studies of the fungal ro-maine lettuce phylloplane community from organic and conventionally grown samples. In addi-tion to an enumeration of all such microbes, we define and provide a discussion of the genera that form the “core” romaine lettuce mycobiome, which represent 85.5% of all obtained isolates: Al-ternaria, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Filobasidium, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, Rhodotorula, Sampai-ozyma, Sporobolomyces, Symmetrospora and Vishniacozyma. We highlight the need for additional mycological expertise in that 23% of species in these core genera appear to be new to science and resolve some taxonomic issues we encountered during our work with new combinations for Aureobasidium bupleuri and Curvibasidium nothofagi. Finally, our work lays the ground for future studies that seek to understand the effect these communities may have on preventing or facili-tating establishment of exogenous microbes, such as food spoilage microbes and plant or human pathogens.
... Kurtzman (2011) accepted four species in Sugiyamaella and proposed a key for this genus, based mainly on the reactions on standard growth and fermentation tests. Subsequently, S. ayubii, S. bahiana, S. bonitensis, S. carassensis, S. ligni, S. mastotermitis, S. trypani, S. valenteae, S. xiaguanensis, S. xylolytica and S. xylanicola were added to this genus (Morais et al. 2013;Handel et al. 2016;Sena et al. 2017;Huang et al. 2018;Crous et al. 2019). Within the same time frame, 14 Candida species in this clade were transferred to the genus Sugiyamaella as new combinations, based on their phylogeny (Urbina et al. 2013;Handel et al. 2016). ...
... Subsequently, S. ayubii, S. bahiana, S. bonitensis, S. carassensis, S. ligni, S. mastotermitis, S. trypani, S. valenteae, S. xiaguanensis, S. xylolytica and S. xylanicola were added to this genus (Morais et al. 2013;Handel et al. 2016;Sena et al. 2017;Huang et al. 2018;Crous et al. 2019). Within the same time frame, 14 Candida species in this clade were transferred to the genus Sugiyamaella as new combinations, based on their phylogeny (Urbina et al. 2013;Handel et al. 2016). Thus, 29 species were included in this genus before our study, 25 were asexual morphs and four had known ascosporic states, viz. ...
... Thus, 29 species were included in this genus before our study, 25 were asexual morphs and four had known ascosporic states, viz. S. americana, S. chiloensis, S. japonica and S. smithiae (Kurtzman 2007;Kurtzman and Robnett 2007;Morais et al. 2013;Handel et al. 2016;Sena et al. 2017;Huang et al. 2018;Crous et al. 2019). Morphologically, the sexual morph of Sugiyamaella is characterised by the production of globose to ellipsoidal asci with a single ellipsoidal or bacilliform ascospore. ...
Species of the genus Sugiyamaella (Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales), found in rotting wood in China, were investigated using morphology and the molecular phylogeny of a combined ITS and nrLSU dataset. Nine taxa were collected in China: two were new species (viz. Sugiyamaella chuxiong sp. nov. and S. yunanensis sp. nov. ) and seven were known species, S. americana , S. ayubii , S. novakii , S. paludigena , S. valenteae , S. valdiviana and S. xiaguanensis . The two new species are illustrated and their morphology and phylogenetic relationships with other Sugiyamaella species are discussed. Our results indicate a potentially great diversity of Sugiyamaella spp. inhabiting rotting wood in China just waiting to be discovered.
... These enzyme complexes, along with the endogenous enzymes produced by the termite, effectively carry out the breakdown of lignocellulose into simple monomeric sugars like glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, and mannose. The association between some termites and fungi is well known, but only a few reports on yeast-termite associations have been published [8][9][10][11]. Early reports show that yeast species belonging to the genera Candida, Debaryomyces, Pichia, and Sporothrix were obtained from the hindgut of lower termites [9]. Recently, novel species Sugiyamaella mastotermitis and Papiliotrema odontotermitis were isolated from the gut of Mastotermes darwiniensis and Odontotermes obesus, respectively [10]. ...
... Early reports show that yeast species belonging to the genera Candida, Debaryomyces, Pichia, and Sporothrix were obtained from the hindgut of lower termites [9]. Recently, novel species Sugiyamaella mastotermitis and Papiliotrema odontotermitis were isolated from the gut of Mastotermes darwiniensis and Odontotermes obesus, respectively [10]. It is speculated that yeast symbionts might also be capable of producing lignocellulolytic enzymes to convert cellulose and hemicellulose into simpler monomeric units. ...
Xylophagous termites are capable of degrading lignocellulose by symbiotic gut microorganisms along with the host's indigenous enzymes. Therefore, the termite gut might be a potential niche to obtain natural yeasts with celluloytic, xylanolytic and ethanologenic traits required for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we cultured 79 yeasts from three different termites viz. Coptotermes heimi, Odontotermes javanicus and Odontotermes obesus. After suitable screening methods, we identified 53 yeasts, which belonged to 10 genera and 16 different species of both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. Most yeasts in the present study represent their first-ever isolation from the termite gut. Representative strains of identified yeasts were evaluated for their cellulolytic, xylano-lytic, and ethanologenic abilities. None of the isolates showed cellulase activity; 22 showed xylanolytic activity, while six produced substantial quantities of ethanol. Among xylanolytic cultures, Pseudozyma hubeiensis STAG 1.7 and Hannaella pagnoccae STAG 1.14 produced 1.31 and 1.17 IU of xylanase. Among ethanologenic yeasts, the strains belonging to genera Candida and Kodamaea produced high amount of ethanol. Overall, highest ethanol level of 4.42 g/L was produced by Candida tropicalis TS32 using 1% glucose, which increased up to 22.92 g/L at 35 C, pH 4.5 with 5% glucose. Fermentation of rice straw hydrolysate gave 8.95 g/l of ethanol with a yield of 0.42 g/g using the strain TS32. Our study highlights the gut of wood-feeding termites as a potential source of diverse yeasts that would be useful in the production of xylanase and bioethanol. ARTICLE HISTORY
... The association of yeasts with DT from various terrestrial insects, such as beetles (Grünwald et al. 2010;Urbina et al. 2013;Stefani et al. 2016), flies (Morais et al. 2005;Broderick and Lemaitre 2012) and termites (Schäfer et al. 1996;Handel et al. 2016), has been reported. A wide variety of yeasts has been detected in this habitat, which has been indicated as a hotspot for the discovery of new species of yeasts (Zhang et al. 2003;Suh et al. 2005). ...
... It is known that yeasts are not commonly cellulolytic and few species have this ability (Jiménez et al. 1991;Nakase et al. 1994;Buzzini and Martini 2002). There are records of strains of cellulolytic yeasts belonging to some of the genera detected in this study, such as Aureobasidium (Jiménez et al. 1991 Methodological culture-based approaches to investigate the occurrence of yeast associated with the DT of insects such as that adopted in this study have been successfully used Gujjari et al. 2011;Ricci et al. 2011;Urbina et al. 2013;León et al. 2016), since a high diversity of these microorganisms has been revealed including the discovery of new yeast species (Middelhoven et al. 2004;Suh and Zhou 2011;Oliveira et al. 2014;Handel et al. 2016). Investigations based exclusively on culture-independent methods or on the combination of both approaches (Gusmão et al. 2010;Grünwald et al. 2010;Lou et al. 2014) have also proved useful as complementary strategies, enabling the detection of fastidious yeasts (Zhang et al. 2003) or confirmed findings by culturebased methods (Molnár et al. 2008). ...
... flavescens and P. laurentii) were detected in association with the DT of Phylloicus. Yeasts of the genus Papiliotrema have also been detected in association with the DT of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Molnár et al. 2008) and Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera: Termitidae) (Handel et al. 2016). ...
The interaction between insects, both larval and adult, and yeasts associated with their digestive tract (DT), has been of interest in recent years, since it can be beneficial for both partners. Studies focusing on this habitat have contributed to the expansion of knowledge about diversity, biogeography and functional characterization of yeasts, especially in ecosystems still poorly exploited, such as the Brazilian Cerrado. We investigated the interaction between larvae of Phylloicus spp. (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae), which is an aquatic insect, and the yeasts isolated from its DT. The larvae were collected from first-order Cerrado streams of two States (Mato Grosso – MT and Pará – PA) in Brazil. Yeasts were cultivated and identified based on sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit of rRNA genes. A total of 20 yeast species, belonging to six genera of Ascomycota and five Basidiomycota, is harbored in the DT of the larvae. The most frequent genera were Candida, Papiliotrema, Rhodotorula (19.3% each) and Issatchenkia (15.8%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were only yeast species isolated from the DT of larvae in both locations. The most species-rich community was that associated with DT of Phylloicus spp. in MT samples (H′ = 1.48) as compared to PA samples (H′ = 0.67). All species were accidental (frequency < 25%), which is indicative of a loose association of these yeasts with their host. This is the first report of the association of yeasts with the DT of the shredders group of aquatic insects.
