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Unrooted phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among representatives of major eukaryote lineages, based on a variety of molecular and morphological data. Green and red text indicates green and red algae derived chloroplast lineages, respectively (Adapted from Katz, 2012).
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Euglenophyceae (phototrophic euglenids) are an important lineage within the Euglenida, Euglenozoa. Most of the approximately 3000 described species are free-living, phototrophic, unicellular flagellates with one to several plastids of secondary origin, three bounding membranes and chlorophylls a and b; but, the lineage also includes colorless speci...
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Background
Members of Euglenozoa (Discoba) are known for unorthodox rDNA organization. In Euglenida rDNA is located on extrachromosomal circular DNA. In Kinetoplastea and Euglenida the core of the large ribosomal subunit, typically formed by the 28S rRNA, consists of several smaller rRNAs. They are the result of the presence of additional internal...
Citations
... Within Euglenida, the distribution of photosynthetic species is restricted to two orders, Euglenales and Eutreptiales, and the rest of the euglenids are phagotrophic. The phylogeny of Euglenida typically serves the phagotrophic lineages at the base of the clade containing the photosynthetic species (Euglenophyceae), suggesting that the photosynthetic euglenids emerged in a late stage of the evolution of Euglenida (de Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Kostygov et al., 2021;Lax et al., 2021;Leander et al., 2017;Zakryś et al., 2017). Furthermore, the loss of photosynthetic capacity occurred on distantly related members of Euglenales, yielding secondary osmotrophs and even a parasite (Füssy et al., 2020;Kato et al., 2023). ...
Multiple genes encoding family A DNA polymerases (famA DNAPs), which are evolutionary relatives of DNA polymerase I (PolI) in bacteria and phages, have been found in eukaryotic genomes, and many of these proteins are used mainly in organelles. Among members of the phylum Euglenozoa, distinct types of famA DNAP, PolIA, PolIBCD+, POP, and eugPolA, have been found. It is intriguing how the suite of famA DNAPs had been established during the evolution of Euglenozoa, but the DNAP data have not been sampled from the taxa that sufficiently represent the diversity of this phylum. In particular, little sequence data were available for basal branching species in Euglenozoa until recently. Thanks to the single-cell transcriptome data from symbiontids and phagotrophic euglenids, we have an opportunity to cover the “hole” in the repertory of famA DNAPs in the deep branches in Euglenozoa. The current study identified 16 new famA DNAP sequences in the transcriptome data from 33 phagotrophic euglenids and two symbiontids, respectively. Based on the new famA DNAP sequences, the updated diversity and evolution of famA DNAPs in Euglenozoa are discussed.
... Consequently, questions regarding the phylogeny of the major group of photosynthetic euglenoids have been largely resolved, and the major genera of euglenoids are now well-supported and accepted as natural groups. This clarification of general boundaries has provided opportunities to explore the evolutionary trends and diversity among these species [23][24][25]. ...
... 2.0, Diatoms of North America y bdLACET (Guiry y Guiry, 2022;Hauer y Komárek, 2022;Novelo y Tavera, 2022;Spaulding et al., 2021). Las especies obtenidas se enmarcaron bajo esquemas filogenéticos recientes (Bicudo y Menezes, 2016;Komárek et al., 2014;Leliaert et al., 2012;Medlin y Kaczmarska, 2004). ...
En Tabasco se han reconocido 699 taxones algales dulceacuícolas, cifra que consideramos baja, dado que resguarda el mayor número de cuerpos de agua dulce del país y alberga la Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla (RBPC), el humedal tropical más extenso, que por su compleja hidrología y biodiversidad es uno de los sitios más importantes de su tipo en Mesoamérica. El objetivo central de este estudio consistió en registrar y documentar las especies fitoplanctónicas de las lagunas El Viento y San Pedrito, localizadas al interior de la RBPC, durante 2 períodos, lluvias de norte (noviembre 2016) y secas (febrero 2017). Se documentaron 67 especies, 4 de ellas se registran para México por primera vez y 18 para la entidad. El 67% se presentan en sistemas acuáticos eutrofizados, con una forma de vida típicamente planctónica (73%). La cantidad y variedad de cuerpos acuáticos en la entidad, la ubicación de la RBPC y la influencia de la región hidrológica Grijalva-Usumacinta, hacen notable la gran diversidad de algas y de procariotas fotoautotróficos (Cyanoprokaryota).
... Euglenophyceae is a group of flagellate green algae found in a variety of freshwater and marine environments [3] [4]. Members of the Euglenophyceae are distinctive with red eyespots that are part of the eyespot apparatus [5]. ...
... shaped; with red eyespots that are clearly visible on the anterior region of the cells as in Euglena[4][9][20] ...
The aim of this study was to identify and describe the Euglenids (Euglenophyceae, Euglenophyta) from the peat waters of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study revealed that 8 species of Euglenids were found in the study sites which belong to 3 genera, namely Euglena, Lepocinclis, and Phacus. The Euglenid species identified include Euglena gracilis G.A. Klebs 1883, Euglena mutabilis F. Schmitz 1884, Lepocinclis acus (O.F.Müller) B.Marin & Melkonian 2003, Lepocinclis ovum (Ehrenberg) Lemmermann 1901, Lepocinclis spirogyroides B.Marin & Melkonian 2003, Phacus cordatus (Pochmann) Zakryś & Lukomska 2015, Phacus helikoides Pochmann 1942, and Phacus orbicularis Hübner 1886. The eight Euglenid species found in this study have never been reported before, thus these findings provide additional new data regarding algae diversity in peat waters of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
... A vast array of previous works has shown that there is a general incongruence in the postulated phylogenetic relationships within the Eutreptiales group (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Marin et al., 2003;Yamaguchi et al., 2012;Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Kolisko et al., 2020). Moreover, these disparities cannot be attributed to differences in selected molecular markers (encompassing nuclear and plastid-encoded rDNA and protein-coding genes), as even phylogenies based on the same markermost commonly nuclear SSU rDNAcan have different topologies (Kolisko et al., 2020;Marin et al., 2003;Yamaguchi et al., 2012). ...
... Moreover, these disparities cannot be attributed to differences in selected molecular markers (encompassing nuclear and plastid-encoded rDNA and protein-coding genes), as even phylogenies based on the same markermost commonly nuclear SSU rDNAcan have different topologies (Kolisko et al., 2020;Marin et al., 2003;Yamaguchi et al., 2012). By using diverse datasets, including both different markers and different representatives of marine euglenids' taxa, the genus Eutreptiella has been recovered either as monophyletic (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Kolisko et al., 2020;Yamaguchi et al., 2012) or as paraphyletic with respect to Eutreptia (Karnkowska et al., 2015;Marin et al., 2003;Bicudo and Menezes, 2016), but the support for both possibilities was highly variable. Similar disparities were observed in the recovery of the Eutreptiales group, either as monophyletic (Karnkowska et al., 2015;Yamaguchi et al., 2012;Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Kolisko et al., 2020), or as paraphyletic with respect to Euglenales (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Marin et al., 2003). ...
... By using diverse datasets, including both different markers and different representatives of marine euglenids' taxa, the genus Eutreptiella has been recovered either as monophyletic (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Kolisko et al., 2020;Yamaguchi et al., 2012) or as paraphyletic with respect to Eutreptia (Karnkowska et al., 2015;Marin et al., 2003;Bicudo and Menezes, 2016), but the support for both possibilities was highly variable. Similar disparities were observed in the recovery of the Eutreptiales group, either as monophyletic (Karnkowska et al., 2015;Yamaguchi et al., 2012;Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Kolisko et al., 2020), or as paraphyletic with respect to Euglenales (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Marin et al., 2003). ...
Organellar genomes often carry group II introns, which occasionally encode proteins called maturases that are important for splicing. The number of introns varies substantially among various organellar genomes, and bursts of introns have been observed in multiple eukaryotic lineages, including euglenophytes, with more than 100 introns in their plastid genomes. To examine the evolutionary diversity and history of maturases, an essential gene family among euglenophytes, we searched for their homologs in newly sequenced and published plastid genomes representing all major euglenophyte lineages. We found that maturase content in plastid genomes has a patchy distribution, with a maximum of eight of them present in Eutreptiella eupharyngea. The most basal lineages of euglenophytes, Eutreptiales, share the highest number of maturases, but the lowest number of introns. We also identified a peculiar convoluted structure of a gene located in an intron, in a gene within an intron, within yet another gene, present in some Eutreptiales. Further investigation of functional domains of identified maturases show that most of them lost at least one of the functional domains, which implies that the patchy maturase distribution is due to frequent inactivation and eventual loss over time. Finally, we identified the diversified evolutionary origin of analysed maturases, which were acquired along with the green algal plastid or horizontally transferred. These findings indicate that euglenophytes' plastid maturases have experienced a surprisingly dynamic history due to gains from diversified donors, their retention, and loss.
... Euglenids (Euglenophyceae, Euglenophyta) are usually flagellated, pigmented organisms. They are predominantly phototrophic with green chloroplasts (chlorophylls a and b), but several genera are heterotrophs, having lost their photosynthesizing capability (Bicudo & Menezes 2016). They are distributed globally and occur in continental aquatic systems (Alves-da- Silva & Bridi 2004) and are more abundant in shallow waters with an acidic to alkaline pH rich in nitrogen and phosphorus (Friedrich & Alves-da-Silva 2008). ...
A classe Euglenophyceae inclui flagelados unicelulares, autotróficos, mixotróficos e heterotróficos, com morfologia variável e ampla distribuição em ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento florístico de Euglenophyceae no Pantanal dos Marimbus, uma planície de inundação no bioma Caatinga, localizada no Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina. A região sofre inundações periódicas; as amostras foram realizadas a partir de uma grande área de lagoas interligadas durante maio e setembro de 2014, abril de 2015 e agosto de 2016, durante os períodos de menor precipitação antes da estação seca, quando as lagoas estavam isoladas umas das outras. Um total de 38 táxons foram identificados; 35 táxons são novas ocorrências para a Bahia, 25 para a região Nordeste e 2 para o Brasil. Os dados coletados aumentam nosso conhecimento sobre a distribuição deste grupo taxonômico nos ambientes aquáticos brasileiros e mostram a considerável diversidade de microalgas no Pantanal dos Marimbus.
... Under the Excavata supergroup, the Euglenozoa group is made up of primarily unicellular flagellates [24]. ...
Marine phytoplankton communities are rapidly changing in response to ecological and environmental factors and can be used as valuable indicators in environmental seawater monitoring. Their biological make-up consists of a wide assortment of photosynthetic pigments as well as a rich diversity of biomolecules whose composition is dependent on taxonomy, cellular physiological cell status as well as the changing dynamics and water quality status of the seawater bodies that they occupy. Herein, the taxonomic and growth phase cellular identification and characterization of three species of phytoplankton (Tetraselmis suecica, Chaetoceros muelleri and Cryptomonas sp.) was investigated using confocal Raman microscopy and concurrent excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy. The data was analysed using two multivariate data-reduction methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) for the two-way Raman and three-way fluorescence data respectively. Characteristic shifts in pigment bands were observed for different growth phases and taxonomic groups of the phytoplankton cells in the Raman spectra. The EEM data showed different landscapes and relative patterns of fluorophore specific components across both growth phases and taxonomic groups. Subsequentially, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to classify the respective Raman and fluorescence datasets. Our results demonstrate high cross-validation and prediction accuracy for different growth phases and taxonomic groups with both techniques. This work precedes potential future studies in assessing seawater quality and marine micro-environments via in-situ spectroscopic monitoring of algal communities.
... A vast array of previous works has shown that there is a general incongruence in the postulated phylogenetic relationships within the Eutreptiales group (Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Karnkowska et al., 2018;Kolisko et al., 2020;Marin et al., 2003;Yamaguchi et al., 2012). ...
... Moreover, these disparities cannot be attributed to differences in selected molecular markers (encompassing nuclear and plastid-encoded rDNA and protein-coding genes), as even phylogenies based on the same marker -most commonly nuclear SSU rDNA -can have different topologies (Kolisko et al., 2020;Marin et al., 2003;Yamaguchi et al., 2012). By using diverse datasets, including both different markers and different representatives of marine euglenids' taxa, the genus Eutreptiella has been recovered either as monophyletic (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Kolisko et al., 2020;Yamaguchi et al., 2012) or as paraphyletic with respect to Eutreptia (Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Karnkowska et al., 2015;Marin et al., 2003), but the support for both possibilities was highly variable. Similar disparities were observed in the recovery of the Eutreptiales group, either as monophyletic (Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Karnkowska et al., 2015;Kolisko et al., 2020;Yamaguchi et al., 2012), or as paraphyletic with respect to Euglenales (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Marin et al., 2003). ...
... By using diverse datasets, including both different markers and different representatives of marine euglenids' taxa, the genus Eutreptiella has been recovered either as monophyletic (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Kolisko et al., 2020;Yamaguchi et al., 2012) or as paraphyletic with respect to Eutreptia (Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Karnkowska et al., 2015;Marin et al., 2003), but the support for both possibilities was highly variable. Similar disparities were observed in the recovery of the Eutreptiales group, either as monophyletic (Bicudo and Menezes, 2016;Karnkowska et al., 2015;Kolisko et al., 2020;Yamaguchi et al., 2012), or as paraphyletic with respect to Euglenales (Karnkowska et al., 2018;Marin et al., 2003). ...
Organellar genomes often carry group II introns, which occasionally encode proteins called maturases that are important for splicing. The number of introns varies substantially among various organellar genomes, and bursts of introns have been observed in multiple eukaryotic lineages, including euglenophytes, with more than 100 introns in their plastid genomes. To examine the evolutionary diversity and history of maturases, an essential gene family among euglenophytes, we searched for their homologs in newly sequenced and published plastid genomes representing all major euglenophytes' lineages. We found that maturase content in plastid genomes has a patchy distribution, with a maximum of eight of them present in Eutreptiella eupharyngea. The most basal lineages of euglenophytes, Eutreptiales, share the highest number of maturases, but the lowest number of introns. We also identified a peculiar convoluted structure of a gene located in an intron, in a gene within an intron, within yet another gene, present in some Eutreptiales. Further investigation of functional domains of identified maturases shown that most of them lost at least one of the functional domains, which implies that the patchy maturase distribution is due to frequent inactivation and eventual loss over time. Finally, we identified the diversified evolutionary origin of analysed maturases, which were acquired along with the green algal plastid or horizontally transferred. These findings indicate that euglenophytes' plastid maturases have experienced a surprisingly dynamic history due to gains from diversified donors, their retention, and loss.
... The Hexanauplia class is the most abundant zooplankton found in the Kakap River estuary, this class has a high adaptability and can survive in various water conditions (Antuke et al., 2019). The Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan Volume 10, Number 2, Page 174-179 Soetignya et al. (2021) Euglenophyceae class is also a group whose frequency is often found to be quite high in fresh, brackish and marine waters (Bicudo and Menezes, 2016). ...
Kakap River Estuary plays an essential role in the life organisms, but it is vulnerable to environmental changes and pollution caused by human activities. This study aims to assess the presence of plankton species, their abundance and diversity as aquatic ecological bio-indicators in Kakap River Estuary. Plankton and water samples were taken for three months, with a frequency of one sample per month, viz. in March, April and June 2020 from four sampling stations in Kakap River Estuary, West Kalimantan. A total of 34 species of plankton were observed from all sampling sites, and identified to belong to 18 classes. Chlorophyceae had the highest relative abundance among the phytoplanktons (40.10%), followed by Bacillariophyceae (21.86%) and Cyanophyceae (19.28%). Oscillatoria sp. and Hydrodictyon sp. were the most dominant phytoplankton species. There were 8 classes of zooplankton identified from all sampling stations throughout the research period. Hexanauplia had the highest relative abundance among the zooplanktons (36.56%) followed by Euglenophyceae (24.37%). The plankton diversity index (H ′) values ranged between 2.33 -3.11. The plankton evenness index value ranged from 0.79 to 0.89 which indicates high plankton evenness at all samping stations, and this is supported by a low dominance index value at all stations ranging from 0.06-0.16. Station 1 had high Shannon-Wienner diversity index score, while for station 2, 3, 4, their scores were in the moderate level. Overall. the diversity index of the plankton from all sampling sites indicated that the quality of the water had no pollution to light pollution level.
Keywords:
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Water quality
... They usually inhabit lentic eutrophic environments and occur abundantly in small reservoirs, such as ponds (Zakry s et al., 2017). Most taxa are probably ubiquitous, although no comprehensive research on ecology of photosynthetic euglenids has been carried out yet (Triemer and Zakry s, 2015;Bicudo and Menezes, 2016). ...
Even though the interest in metabarcoding in environmental studies is growing, euglenids are still underrepresented in both sea and freshwater bodies researches. The reason for this situation could be the unsuitability of universal eukaryotic DNA barcodes and primers as well as the lack of a verified protocol, suitable to assess euglenid diversity. In this study, using specific primers for the V2 hypervariable region of 18S rDNA for metabarcoding resulted in obtaining a high fraction (85%) of euglenid reads and species‐level identification of almost 90% of them. Fifty species were detected by metabarcoding method, including almost all species observed using a light microscope. We investigated three biomass harvesting methods (filtering, centrifugation and scraping the side of a collection vessel) and determined that centrifugation and filtration outperformed scrapes, but the choice between them is not crucial for the reliability of the analysis. In addition, eight DNA extraction methods were evaluated. We compared five commercially available DNA isolation kits, two CTAB‐based protocols and a chelating resin. For this purpose, the efficiency of extraction, quality of obtained DNA, preparation time, and generated costs were taken into consideration. After examination of the forementioned criteria, we chose the GeneMATRIX Soil DNA Purification Kit as the most suitable for DNA isolation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
