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Unrooted phylogenetic tree of the partial cytochrome b fragment based on nucleotide sequences of the genus Salamandra. The length of each pair of branches represents the distance between sequence pairs, while the units at the bottom of the tree indicate the number of substitution events. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MegAlign program (DNASTAR) by the CLUSTALW method. The branch length represents the evolutionary distance.
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Context 1
... comparing the cytochrome b gene variation of S. infraimmaculata populations. The genetic differentiation between the S. infraimmaculata cytochrome b gene of the European and North African salamanders (S. lansai, S. algira and S. salamandra) and that of the S. infraimmaculata population in Israel was approximately 14%, 17% and 7%, respectively (Fig. 4). Also, with regard to the cytochrome b gene, the lowest genetic difference (0%) was found among the populations of the springs and streams, Humema Spring, Tel Dan Stream and Navuraya Spring (Table ...
Context 2
... geographical distances between the breeding places seem to have influenced genetic variation as well as ecological conditions in the habitats (DEGANI, 1996). Here genetic variation between eight populations was established according to two sequences: that of the control region of the mitochondrial DNA; Fig. 3), and that of the gene, cytochrome b (Fig. 4). The variation between the cytochrome b sequences of the salamanders in Israel, as compared to sequences of those in Europe, was even ...
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Citations
... These larvae were likely in a premetamorphic stage because they showed yellow pigmentation. Small water bodies such as springs and stream pools (typical reproductive habitat for Salamandra species; García-París et al., 2004;Goldberg et al., 2007) favor the interactions between predators and preys, particularly during the drying phase. Moreover, on these regions with scarcity of wetlands, they concentrate predators like N. maura and some macroinvertebrates. ...
... amphibians) were found in both methods, as was done in the present study, e.g., Pseudepidalea viridis (Syn. Bufo viridis) [22], Hyla felixarabica [23] [24], Triturus vittatus vittatus [25]- [29], Anabantoidei fish [30] and Salamnadra infraimaculata [31]- [34]. ...
The present study is in agreement with the hypothesis that the variation of ecological conditions in three rivers in northern Israel—the Dan, Hasbani and Hermon Rivers—affects the genetic vari-ations of the species Capoeta damascina. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cytochrome b gene (Cytb), 16S and nuclear DNA (nDNA), and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), four dif-ferent clusters were found in the Cytb of the Hasbani and Hermon Rivers and only two in the Dan River. Moreover, the clusters in the Hasbani River differed from those found in the Hermon River. A similar result was found when an analysis was made of a different sequence from five different haplotype frequencies using the MegAlign program, the lowest being in the Dan River (only two haplotypes) and the highest in the Hasbani River (four haplotypes). The analysis of molecular va-riance of Cytb and 16S (AMOVA) for individuals of C. damascina from eight populations in north-ern Israel showed significant differences between the rivers and the populations. The analysis by mitochondrial 16S of haplotype frequencies of C. damascina populations in the rivers in northern Israel was very low compared to Ctb. Sixteen different haplotypes were found in the different riv-ers: eight in the Hasbani River, seven in the Dan River and only five in the Hermon River. Keywords 16S, Capoeta damascina, Cytochrome b Gene (Cytb), Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Nuclear DNA (nDNA), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
... In addition, results of the analysis of the cytochrome b and control gene sequences demonstrated that the mtDNA genetic variation among different populations of Salamandra infraimmaculata larvae in northern Israel was higher than the mt DNA variation among R. bedriagae populations. Results regarding both species, T. v. vittatus and S. infraimmaculata, agree with those of the this study, which indicate that the RAPD method is more sensitive and suitable in the study of genetic variation among different populations in the same geographical region ( Goldberg et al., 2007; Pearlson et al., 2009; Pearlson and Degani, 2007). Ethologically, bioacoustic analysis of R. sylvatica mating calls in Israel (Nevo and Schneider, 1983) Thus, it was concluded that R. sylvatica is not homogeneous within its range of distribution. ...
An ecological and molecular variation study was carried out on marsh frog (Rana bedriagae) larvae from habitats of different locations and altitudes in northern Israel. This study included a series of field and laboratory monitorings, conducted on aquatic habitats over four years, to test the ecological conditions of the breeding habitat selected by the marsh frog. The larval growth periods differed among the populations of the various ponds, varying among the breeding sites and changing from winter to summer, throughout the years of the study. In the ponds (Lehavot and Fara), the water availability period extended from the winter until the end of the summer, at which time, the ponds dry up. The pond sizes varied, decreasing from 1000 m 3 to 0 m 3 , while the volume of the spring remained relatively constant, 3-5 m 3 . The temperatures ranged between 5 to 30 ºC, and the rates of temperature change were higher in ponds (Lehavot and Fara) than in the spring water (Navoraya). Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged between 0-120% saturation and were higher in winter and lower in the summer. The pH in the pond was high (8-9.5) compared to that of the spring water (7.5-8), and the conductivity was relatively similar in Navoraya Spring and Fara Pond, most of the time, remaining constant from January to October. However, the conductivity in Lehavot was significantly higher, increasing dramatically during the summer. The mitochondrial (mt) genes, 12S and 16S, were amplified for sequencing and the assessment of nuclear genetic variation was carried out by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD PCR). The nucleotide sequences of the DNA fragments were determined from a 367 bp clone of 12S and a 525 bp clone of 16S. The 12S fragment varied at the nucleotide position 331 among populations of various breeding sites, with 'T' in the case of Lehavot Pond, Fara Pond, Navoraya Pond and Jauda Pond and 'C' in the case of Wasset Pond. The 16S sequences differed among populations at the nucleotide positions, 4 and 230; Lehavot Pond had T and C, Wasset Pond, Fara Pond and Navoraya Pond had C and T and Jauda Pond had Y and T, respectively (GenBank accession numbers from FJ595209 to FJ595213).
... All breeding sites in the Carmel Mountain range were above 200 m a.s.l. Known breeding sites in other regions in Israel are all above 200 m (Goldberg et al., 2007;Sinai I. unpublished data). In addition to soil type, B. viridis was negatively associated with distance to urban areas. ...
Amphibians are among the most threatened taxonomic groups worldwide. A fundamental step in species conservation is identifying the habitat requirements of the target species. However, this determination can often be problematic in endangered species because, by definition, they often only occupy a very limited number of sites. Moreover, when found, they are often in low abundance, and thus their detectability is low, yielding false “absence” data. Maximum entropy niche modeling provides a tool using only the presence data to predict potential habitat distributions of endangered species whose distributions have become highly limited. We provide two examples in the current study for the fire salamander, Salamandra infraimmaculata, and the green toad, Bufo viridis. S. infraimmaculata is considered endangered in Israel and near endangered worldwide. B. viridis is classified as locally endangered in Israel. Soil type was the most important predictor of the distribution of S. infraimmaculata and, to a lesser extent, also predicted the distribution of B. viridis. In addition, S. infraimmaculata larvae were also associated with high elevation areas. B. viridis was negatively associated with distance to urban areas and low solar radiation level. The potential distribution maps determined for S.
infraimmaculata and B. viridis can help in planning future wetland use management around its existing populations, discovering new populations, identifying top-priority survey sites, or set priorities to restore its natural habitat for more effective conservation.
