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![Unrooted phylogenetic network inferred with the Neighbor-Net algorithm as implemented in SplitsTree version 4.10 [52] from genome-to-genome distances calculated using GGDC [49-51]. The analysis includes all completely sequenced Bacillales type strain genomes as registered in GOLD at the time of publication [31]. Here, the logarithmic version of the distance calculated as the total genome length minus total number of identical base pairs within HSPs, divided by total genome length (see Table 5), was used as GGDC distance.](profile/Jonathan-Eisen-2/publication/51899346/figure/fig4/AS:202920864817155@1425391512283/Unrooted-phylogenetic-network-inferred-with-the-Neighbor-Net-algorithm-as-implemented-in.png)
Unrooted phylogenetic network inferred with the Neighbor-Net algorithm as implemented in SplitsTree version 4.10 [52] from genome-to-genome distances calculated using GGDC [49-51]. The analysis includes all completely sequenced Bacillales type strain genomes as registered in GOLD at the time of publication [31]. Here, the logarithmic version of the distance calculated as the total genome length minus total number of identical base pairs within HSPs, divided by total genome length (see Table 5), was used as GGDC distance.
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Bacillus tusciae Bonjour & Aragno 1994 is a hydrogen-oxidizing, thermoacidophilic spore former that lives as a facultative chemolithoautotroph in solfataras. Although 16S rRNA gene sequencing was well established at the time of the initial description of the organism, 16S sequence data were not available and the strain was placed into the genus Bac...
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Context 1
... the distances relating the number of identical base pairs to total HSP length behave differently indicates that the ge- nomic similarities between B. tusciae and B. subti- lis are more strongly restricted to more conserved sequences, a kind of saturation phenomenon [50]. Figure 4 shows an unrooted phylogenetic network inferred using the Neighbor-Net algorithm from whole-genome distances calculated with GGDC [49][50]. The grouping of B. tusciae and A. acido- caldarius, as well as the very tree-like appearance of this part of the network indicate that genomic data are also in conflict with the placement of B. ...Context 2
... autotrophically-grown cells of B. tusciae, an active ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase in an operating Calvin cycle was reported [1]. The phylogenetic position of strain T2 T as shown in Figures 1 and 4, corroborated by its primarily auto- trophic energy metabolism [1] (Tables 1 and 6), and the lack of sspE genes for acid-soluble spore proteins [20] (Table 6), indicated a clear need to reclassify B. ...Similar publications
PCR-RFLP targeting of the 16S rDNA and rpoB genes, as well as the vdc region, was applied to identify and differentiate between the spoilage and non-spoilage Alicyclobacillus species. Eight reference strains and 75 strains isolated from spoiled juices, juice concentrates, drinks, its intermediates, and fresh apples were subject to study. Hin6I rest...
Patulin (PAT) is a major threat to many food products, especially apple and apple products, causing human health risks and economic losses. The aim of this study was to remove PAT from apple juice by using the heat-inactivated (HI) cells and spores of seven Alicyclobacillus strains under controlled conditions. The HI cells and spores of seven strai...
Six thermo-acidophilic, spore-forming strains were isolated from a variety of juice products and were characterized genetically and phenotypically. According to 16S rRNA and rpoB gene phylogenetic analyses and average nucleotide identity comparisons against the species demarcation cutoff at <95 %, these six strains were determined to represent thre...
Thermovirga lienii Dahle and Birkeland 2006 is a member of the genus Thermovirga in the genomically moderately well characterized phylum 'Synergistetes'. Members of this relatively recently proposed phylum ‘Synergistetes’ are of interest because of their isolated phylogenetic position and their diverse habitats, e.g. from humans to oil wells. The g...
In the present study, the effect of storage temperature on A. acidoterrestris DSM 3922 cells (10 5 CFU/mL) was examined during growth in reconstituted apple juice (pH 3.8, ° Brix 11.3) containing nisin (0–100 IU/mL) and lysozyme (0–100 mg/L). The growth curves were obtained at three temperatures of 27, 35 and 43 ° C using absorbance data (OD 600 nm...
Citations
... The family Alicyclobacillaceae, within the class Bacilli, was originally described by da Costa M.S., et al. [1], and later emended by Klenk et al. [2]. Currently, the family comprises seven genera, including Alicyclobacillus [3], Tumebacillus [4], Kyrpidia [2], Effusibacillus [5], Collibacillus [6], Sulfoacidibacillus, and Ferroacidibacillus [7]. ...
... The family Alicyclobacillaceae, within the class Bacilli, was originally described by da Costa M.S., et al. [1], and later emended by Klenk et al. [2]. Currently, the family comprises seven genera, including Alicyclobacillus [3], Tumebacillus [4], Kyrpidia [2], Effusibacillus [5], Collibacillus [6], Sulfoacidibacillus, and Ferroacidibacillus [7]. Members of this family inhabit a variety of environments, such as permafrost [4], soil [8], copper mines, acidic water and sediment [7,9], as well as beverages [10], and potentially play important roles in the improvement of metallurgical efficiency, the biogeochemical cycling of iron elements in acidic environments, and even the fermentation process of beverages. ...
A novel acidophilic, aerobic bacterium strain, MYW30-H2T, was isolated from a heap of polymetallic mine. Cells of strain MYW30-H2T were Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming, motile, and rod-shaped. Strain MYW30-H2T grew at a temperature range of 30–45 °C (optimum 40 °C) and a pH range of 3.5–6.0 (optimum 4.0) in the presence of 0–0.5% (w/v) NaCl. Strain MYW30-H2T could grow heterotrophically on yeast extract and glucose, and grow mixotrophically using ferrous iron as an electron donor with yeast extract. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) was the sole respiratory quinone of the strain. Iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0 were the major cellular fatty acids. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that MYW30-H2T was phylogenetically affiliated with the family Alicyclobacillaceae, and the sequence similarity with other Alicyclobacillaceae genera species was below 91.51%. The average amino acid identity value of the strain with its phylogenetically related species was 52.3–62.1%, which fell into the genus boundary range. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 44.2%. Based on physiological and phylogenetic analyses, strain MYW30-H2T represents a novel species of a new genus of the family Alicyclobacillaceae, for which the name Fodinisporobacter ferrooxydans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MYW30-H2T (=CGMCC 1.17422T = KCTC 43278T).
... hydrogen [33,34], and members of the family Thermoanaerobacteraceae (18.77 and 12.61%, respectively). The latter are anaerobes that can grow organoheterotrophically by fermentation or anaerobic respiration with sulfur and thiosulfate. ...
... In other samples its relative abundances were 7.36% (Bu22) and 2.57% (Bu22-1). Samples Bu22 and Bu22-1 were dominated by Kyrpidia tusciae (20.11 and 11.52%, respectively), an aerobic facultatively chemolitoautotrophic thermophilic bacterium oxidizing molecular hydrogen [33,34], and members of the family Thermoanaerobacteraceae (18.77 and 12.61%, respectively). The latter are anaerobes that can grow organoheterotrophically by fermentation or anaerobic respiration with sulfur and thiosulfate. ...
Simple Summary
The natural combustion of underground coal deposits leads to the release of large quantities of gases which contain molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In places where hot coal gases are released to the surface, specific communities of thermophilic microorganisms develop. Unlike well-characterized geothermal ecosystems, the thermophiles associated with coal-fire gas vents are largely unexplored. In this work, using molecular genetic methods, we studied the composition and functional potential of bacterial and archaeal communities in the near-surface ground layer of an open quarry in Eastern Siberia, heated by an underground coal fire that began a few decades ago. The communities were dominated by only a few groups of bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes. Genome analysis predicted that they might obtain energy from the oxidation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in coal gases. All these species were predicted to be spore-forming. Interestingly, closely related bacteria were found in various thermal environments, including burning coal seams, at distances of thousands of kilometers from the studied site. Spores of thermophilic Firmicutes can probably spread over long distances, which allows these microorganisms to colonize these thermal ecological niches.
Abstract
The natural combustion of underground coal seams leads to the formation of gas, which contains molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In places where hot coal gases are released to the surface, specific thermal ecosystems are formed. Here, 16S rRNA gene profiling and shotgun metagenome sequencing were employed to characterize the taxonomic diversity and genetic potential of prokaryotic communities of the near-surface ground layer near hot gas vents in an open quarry heated by a subsurface coal fire. The communities were dominated by only a few groups of spore-forming Firmicutes, namely the aerobic heterotroph Candidatus Carbobacillus altaicus, the aerobic chemolitoautotrophs Kyrpidia tusciae and Hydrogenibacillus schlegelii, and the anaerobic chemolithoautotroph Brockia lithotrophica. Genome analysis predicted that these species can obtain energy from the oxidation of hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide in coal gases. We assembled the first complete closed genome of a member of uncultured class-level division DTU015 in the phylum Firmicutes. This bacterium, ‘Candidatus Fermentithermobacillus carboniphilus’ Bu02, was predicted to be rod-shaped and capable of flagellar motility and sporulation. Genome analysis showed the absence of aerobic and anaerobic respiration and suggested chemoheterotrophic lifestyle with the ability to ferment peptides, amino acids, N-acetylglucosamine, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Bu02 bacterium probably plays the role of a scavenger, performing the fermentation of organics formed by autotrophic Firmicutes supported by coal gases. A comparative genome analysis of the DTU015 division revealed that most of its members have a similar lifestyle.
... On the other hand, members of the genus Kyrpidia have been isolated from hydrothermal sediments and have a thermoacidophilic lifestyle, growing at 42 to 67 °C and pH values of 4.2-7.5 (Klenk et al. 2011). Further, some species are involved in CO 2 -fixation at high temperatures, while others grow heterotrophically (Reiner et al. 2018). ...
The "El Chichón" crater-lake in Mexico is a thermo-acidic environment whose microorganisms have been scarcely studied. In this study, we surveyed the prokaryotic communities by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene considering samples of sediment and water collected within a pH/temperature gradient (pH 1.9–5.1, 38–89 °C). Further, we interpreted these results within a physicochemical context. The composition of the microbial assemblage differed significantly between the sediments and water. Sediment communities were different in the site with the highest temperature and lower pH value compared to the other ones sampled, while those in the water were relatively similar at all points. Most of the genera found were related to Alicyclobacillus, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Mesoaciditoga, Methanothermobacter, Desulfitobacterium, Therminicanus, Kyrpidia, Paenibacillus, Thermoanaerobacterium, and Gelria. Some of these genera are known by their thermo-acidic tolerant capacities with flexible metabolisms to use diverse electron donor/acceptors (S or Fe), while others are thermo(acid)philes that mainly occur in the most extreme sites of the lake. These results show the presence of a microbial community adapted to the changing conditions of a very dynamic crater-lake, that include chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs.
... The family Alicyclobacillaceae was established by da Costa and Rainey (2009) to accommodate only the genus Alicyclobacillus, which includes spore-forming, acidophilic, and thermophilic bacteria with cellular fatty acids comprising ω-alicyclic fatty acids (Wisotzkey et al. 1992). The genera Kyrpidia (Klenk et al. 2011) and Tumebacillus (Steven et al. 2008) have been added to this family since it was first established. Species belonging to the genus Kyrpidia, which contains two species (Bonjour and Arago 1984;Reiner et al. 2018), are spore-forming, thermophilic, and acidophilic; whereas, species belonging to the genus Tumebacillus are spore-forming and mesophilic. ...
A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, thermophilic, and acidophilic bacterium, designated as strain skT53T, was isolated from farm soil in Tokyo, Japan. Under aerobic conditions, the strain grew at 35–55 °C (optimum temperature 44–55 °C) and pH 4.0–6.0 (optimum pH 5.0). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate was moderately related to the type strain of Effusibacillus consociatus (94.3% similarity). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 48.2 mol%, and MK-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone in the strain. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, and iso-C16:0. Based on the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and whole genome analyses, strain skT53T represents a novel species in the genus Effusibacillus, for which the name Effusibacillus dendaii sp. nov. has been proposed. The type strain is skT53T (= NBRC 114101 T = TBRC 11241 T).
... Most of them belonged to the genus Tumebacillus, whose representatives are aerobic heterotrophs found in soils and freshwater environments [35,36]. Kyrpidia tusciae, aerobic thermophilic facultative chemolithoautotrophic bacteria capable of oxidizing molecular hydrogen [37], was found in small amounts (0.23% in RBS38 and 0.78% in RBS38-1). K. tusciae were previously detected in the ground in the area of underground brown coal fire in Altai Mountains [38]. ...
Thermal ecosystems associated with areas of underground burning coal seams are rare and poorly understood in comparison with geothermal objects. We studied the microbial communities associated with gas vents from the coal-fire in the mining wastes in the Kemerovo region of the Russian Federation. The temperature of the ground heated by the hot coal gases and steam coming out to the surface was 58 °C. Analysis of the composition of microbial communities revealed the dominance of Ktedonobacteria (the phylum Chloroflexi), known to be capable of oxidizing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Thermophilic hydrogenotrophic Firmicutes constituted a minor part of the community. Among the well-known thermophiles, members of the phyla Aquificae, Deinococcus-Thermus and Bacteroidetes were also found. In the upper ground layer, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, as well as Proteobacteria of the alpha and gamma classes, typical of soils, were detected; their relative abundancies decreased with depth. The phylum Verrucomicrobia was dominated by Candidatus Udaeobacter, aerobic heterotrophs capable of generating energy through the oxidation of hydrogen present in the atmosphere in trace amounts. Archaea made up a small part of the communities and were represented by thermophilic ammonium-oxidizers. Overall, the community was dominated by bacteria, whose cultivated relatives are able to obtain energy through the oxidation of the main components of coal gases, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, under aerobic conditions.
... This increase in HucL distribution is due to the increase in available genome sequences since previous analyses were performed. The HucL-encoding bacteria include various known hydrogenotrophic aerobes, such as Nitrospira moscoviensis (Nitrospirota) [30], Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (Aquificota) [49], Kyrpidia tusciae (Firmicutes) [50,51], Sulfobacillus acidophilus (Firmicutes) [52], and Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans (Actinobacteriota) [53], suggesting these strains may also consume atmospheric H 2 . The hydrogenase was also distributed in various lineages of Bacteroidota, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deinococcota for which H 2 oxidation has not, to our knowledge, been reported. ...
Diverse aerobic bacteria persist by consuming atmospheric hydrogen (H2) using group 1h [NiFe]-hydrogenases. However, other hydrogenase classes are also distributed in aerobes, including the group 2a [NiFe]-hydrogenase. Based on studies focused on Cyanobacteria, the reported physiological role of the group 2a [NiFe]-hydrogenase is to recycle H2 produced by nitrogenase. However, given this hydrogenase is also present in various heterotrophs and lithoautotrophs lacking nitrogenases, it may play a wider role in bacterial metabolism. Here we investigated the role of this enzyme in three species from different phylogenetic lineages and ecological niches: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (phylum Proteobacteria), Chloroflexus aggregans (phylum Chloroflexota), and Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (phylum Gemmatimonadota). qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the group 2a [NiFe]-hydrogenase of all three species is significantly upregulated during exponential growth compared to stationary phase, in contrast to the profile of the persistence-linked group 1h [NiFe]-hydrogenase. Whole-cell biochemical assays confirmed that all three strains aerobically respire H2 to sub-atmospheric levels, and oxidation rates were much higher during growth. Moreover, the oxidation of H2 supported mixotrophic growth of the carbon-fixing strains C. aggregans and A. ferrooxidans. Finally, we used phylogenomic analyses to show that this hydrogenase is widely distributed and is encoded by 13 bacterial phyla. These findings challenge the current persistence-centric model of the physiological role of atmospheric H2 oxidation and extend this process to two more phyla, Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadota. In turn, these findings have broader relevance for understanding how bacteria conserve energy in different environments and control the biogeochemical cycling of atmospheric trace gases.
... Our two isolates clustered within the genus Kyrpidia (Figure 1). The genus Kyrpidia, with thus far two cultured representatives, is the second genus in the parent family Alicyclobacillaceae (Klenk et al., 2011). Kyrpidia species, including our isolates, are Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming, non-motile rods (0.7-1.2 × 4-8 µm) (Reiner et al., 2018). ...
... The genome of this strain does not contain a urease gene, but the nif -genes could be identified (Reiner et al., 2018). The genome of K. tusciae contains an urease and growth on urea has been reported, but no N 2 fixation has been observed (Bonjour and Aragno, 1984;Klenk et al., 2011). ...
Volcanic and geothermal areas are hot and often acidic environments that emit geothermal gasses, including H2, CO and CO2. Geothermal gasses mix with air, creating conditions where thermoacidophilic aerobic H2- and CO-oxidizing microorganisms could thrive. Here, we describe the isolation of two Kyrpidia spormannii strains, which can grow autotrophically by oxidizing H2 and CO with oxygen. These strains, FAVT5 and COOX1, were isolated from the geothermal soils of the Favara Grande on Pantelleria Island, Italy. Extended physiology studies were performed with K. spormannii FAVT5, and showed that this strain grows optimally at 55°C and pH 5.0. The highest growth rate is obtained using H2 as energy source (μmax 0.19 ± 0.02 h–1, doubling time 3.6 h). K. spormannii FAVT5 can additionally grow on a variety of organic substrates, including some alcohols, volatile fatty acids and amino acids. The genome of each strain encodes for two O2-tolerant hydrogenases belonging to [NiFe] group 2a hydrogenases and transcriptome studies using K. spormannii FAVT5 showed that both hydrogenases are expressed under H2 limiting conditions. So far no Firmicutes except K. spormannii FAVT5 have been reported to exhibit a high affinity for H2, with a Ks of 327 ± 24 nM. The genomes of each strain encode for one putative CO dehydrogenase, belonging to Form II aerobic CO dehydrogenases. The genomic potential and physiological properties of these Kyrpidia strains seem to be quite well adapted to thrive in the harsh environmental volcanic conditions.
... In the case of the group Bacillus cereus It is composed of 5 species that are B. cereus strictly, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, B. mycoides, and B. weihenstephanensis [14]; BLB010 was identified as Bacillus Thurigiensis, which is part of the group of Bacillus cereus [15] and BLB024, BLB011, BLB018, BLB003, BLB033, BLB010, BLB016, BLB022, BLB009, and the subgroup IIB1, BLB023; identified as Bacillus cereus, corresponding to the bibliography described. However, they were also identified as Bacillus cereus, conforming the subgroup IIB2, the strains BLB012 and BLB014 and it is possible as presented here, there are divergent branches between species of Bacillus in phylogenetic trees [16], and that present greater genotypic characteristics that make them take a relatively greater distance than the others, but to know which characteristics it comprises, it is necessary to carry out other experiments that involve the presence of specific genes between certain genera and species that help to clarify the differences that may still present under the identity of Bacillus cereus, in addition, it must be taken into account that the species of Bacillus form multiple conglomerates without great distances that generate disproportion between the genders [17]. ...
Bacterial identification is carried out by conventional methods based on phenotypic characteristics, since their implementation and costs are more easily accessible. However, molecular identification allows us to know the true identity of the genus and species. The molecular identification of 24 bacterial strains preserved in the Strain Bank of the University Francisco de Paula Santander, Campos Eliseos Experimental Center, identified under macroscopic and microscopic phenotypic criteria, was carried out. Initially, the strains preserved in saline solution were reactivated and characterized macro- and microscopically, then DNA extraction was performed and PCR was done to amplify the 16S rRNA region allowing access to the DNA sequence of interest; the samples were sent to be sequenced and through bioinformatic tools the identity of each bacterium was known. The strains: BLB003, BLB009, BLB011, BLB012, BLB014, BLB016, BLB018, BLB022, BLB023, BLB024, BLB033, were identified as Bacillus cereus; BLB010 as Bacillus thurigiensis; while BLB030, BLB031, BLB032, as Bacillus pumilus; BLB020 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; BLB001, BLB004, BLB007, and BLB037, formed the group of Bacillus subtilis; and it is possible that there are divergent ramifications between species of Bacillus in phylogenetic trees. Another grouping that was observed in the phylogenetic tree are the strains BLB019 and BLB029 that correspond to Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Alcaligenes faecalis respectively. Also another group BLB013 and BLB017, were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. It is important to take into account that sometimes 16S rRNA presents a low discrimination capacity for some genera and species due to recent divergences, it is necessary to complement the identification with the study of other genes.
... Phylogenetic analyses have also been performed using several other gene/protein sequences [17,[29][30][31][32][33], but due to the limited number of Bacillus species analysed in these studies, they have proven to be of limited usefulness in clarifying the overall species relationships within this large genus. Consequently, the genus Bacillus remains an extremely heterogeneous group of species exhibiting extensive polyphyletic branching with other genera of the family Bacillaceae [27,34,35]. Further, due to the divergent branching of current Bacillus species, it has proven very difficult to restrict the assignment of new species into this genus despite their dissimilarity to its type species. ...
The genus Bacillus, harbouring 293 species/subspecies, constitutes a phylogenetically incoherent group. In the absence of reliable means for grouping known Bacillus species into distinct clades, restricting the placement of new species into this genus has proven difficult. To clarify the evolutionary relationships among Bacillus species, 352 available genome sequences from the family Bacillaceae were used to perform comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses. Four phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on multiple datasets of proteins including 1172 core Bacillaceae proteins, 87 proteins conserved within the phylum Firmicutes, GyrA-GyrB-RpoB-RpoC proteins, and UvrD-PolA proteins. All trees exhibited nearly identical branching of Bacillus species and consistently displayed six novel monophyletic clades encompassing 5-23 Bacillus species (denoted as the Simplex, Firmus, Jeotgali, Niacini, Fastidiosus and Alcalophilus clades), interspersed with other Bacillaceae species. Species from these clades also generally grouped together in 16S rRNA gene trees. In parallel, our comparative genomic analyses of Bacillus species led to the identification of 36 molecular markers comprising conserved signature indels in protein sequences that are specifically shared by the species from these six observed clades, thus reliably demarcating these clades based on multiple molecular synapomorphies. Based on the strong evidence from multiple lines of investigations supporting the existence of these six distinct 'Bacillus' clades, we propose the transfer of species from these clades into six novel Bacillaceae genera viz. Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov. These results represent an important step towards clarifying the phylogeny/taxonomy of the genus Bacillus.
... The genus Kyrpidia was first described by Klenk et al. as a reclassification of Bacillus tusciae [1,2]. The physiological characteristics of this genus include spore formation, thermoacidophilic and facultative autotrophic growth. ...
... The phylogenetic trees are depicted in Figs 1 and S1 (available in the online version of this article). The phylogenetic BLAST similarity search revealed identities ranging from 97.79 to 97.85 % identity to its closest relative K. tusciae [1,12]. ...
... The major fatty acid in strain EA-1 T was iso-C 17 : 0 , but was iso-C 16 : 0 in K. tusciae. This observation differs from the data obtained from Klenk et al., where iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 are listed as the major fatty acids in K. tusciae [1]. However, fatty acid profiles are sensitive to cultivation time and conditions [28,29]. ...
A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile, spore-forming bacterium, strain EA-1T, was isolated from hydrothermal sediment samples from the Azores (São Miguel, Portugal). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the isolated bacterium revealed a phylogenetic affiliation with the genus Kyrpidia . The sequence similarity of the five 16S rRNA gene copies to its closest relative, Kyrpidia tusciae , ranged from 97.79 to 97.85 %. The in silico estimate of DNA–DNA hybridization was 56.0 %. The dominant fatty acids of the novel isolate were anteiso-C17 : 0 (49.9 %), iso-C17 : 0 (23.0 %) and iso-C16 : 0 (13.3 %), while the quinone detected was menaquinone MK-7. Analysis of polar lipids identified phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and additional unidentified compounds comprising two glycolipids, two phospholipids and two lipids. The presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan and mannose, arabinose and ribose in the cell wall of strain EA-1T were detected. The strain was able to grow heterotrophically as well as autotrophically with carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source and with hydrogen and oxygen as electron donor and acceptor, respectively. Based on its chemotaxonomic, physiological and genomic characteristics, the new strain is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Kyrpidia , for which the name Kyrpidia spormannii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain EA-1T (=DSM 106492T=CCOS1194T).
