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This article presents the findings of a comparative survey done in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium. Against the background of the European debates on active ageing as well as on flexicurity, the main goal of this survey is to investigate to what extent 'flexicurity arrangements' are being implemented and used among workers aged 50-plu...
The Italian process of flexibilization of the labour market has created a dual market populated by protected permanent employees and unprotected temporary workers. The latter comprises not only temporary employment relationships but also autonomous collaborations used by firms as low-cost de facto temporary employment relationships. Little is known...
is als lector HRM verbonden aan het NCOI. Daarnaast heeft zij een eigen adviespraktijk, MMCT, en is zij verbonden aan de Smart-Group op het gebied van organisatie-ontwikkeling en duurzame inzetbaarheid van personeel. Het effect van employability op organisatiefl exibiliteit en fl exicurity: een vergelijking tussen de non-profi tsector en de profi t...
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... Andersen, T. M., & Svarer, M. (2006). Flexicurity-the Danish labour-market model. ...
Reform processes gaining momentum in the republic testify to the increasing importance of social changes. "In the Strategic "Road Map" for the perspective of the national economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the task of increasing the efficiency of programs in the field of social policy is set.
In modern conditions, in the context of globalization, there is a very important need to study the trends of labor migration, to study the participation of Azerbaijan in the migration processes in the world, to determine the interrelationships of economic and illegal migration in the republic, and to evaluate its impact on the socio-economic development and demographic situation of the country. At the same time, it is required to make changes in the migration policy based on the development of effective measures for the regulation of migration processes, taking into account the changing internal and external conditions in the development of Azerbaijan, by revealing the directions of the influence of population migration on the employment level in Azerbaijan, justifying the ways of its improvement.
Provision of rapid socio-economic development in Azerbaijan, expansion of international communications in the fields of energy and transport, at the same time, the geopolitical position of our country has led to further intensification of migration processes in the context of globalization. At the same time, as a result of the visa-free travel regime of our country with a number of countries, the number of foreigners passing through the territory of our republic in transit or arriving for a short period of time, who want to go to third countries, or who want to live in the country without legal grounds has increased. All this has become an objective necessity of implementing a migration policy in accordance with national interests, improving and developing the system of regulating migration processes, coordinating the activities of state bodies, as well as international cooperation in this field in terms of ensuring the development and security of the country.
... is not a major concern because new and one-time exporters are typically small compared The Danish labor market features a "flexicurity" system, with flexible hiring and firing but a strong social security system during unemployment (Andersen and Svarer 2006). Wage bargaining in the private sector has been largely decentralized to the firm level or individual worker level (Dahl et al. 2013). ...
This paper shows robust effects of trade shocks on within-firm wage inequality through changes in firm hierarchies. It uses two distinct research designs—one considering firm-level shocks to foreign demand and transportation costs, the other analyzing the Muslim boycott of Danish exports after the 2006 “Cartoon Crisis”. Consistent with knowledge-based and incentive-based hierarchy models, trade shocks affect organizational choices through production scale. Adding a hierarchy layer increases inequality throughout the organization, particularly widening the 90-50 wage gap and pay differences between top and bottom layers. Delayering after the boycott leads to wage compression through wage cuts, demotions, and employee turnover.
... Danish policy is oriented toward providing a generous social security system offering permissive and longlasting unemployment benefits. This is accompanied by active labor market policies aiming to bring unemployed persons into employment by means of incentives and support schemes ( Plougmann and Madsen 2002;Andersen and Svarer 2006;Andersen and Svarer 2007). ...
... Job creation should prioritize sectors in which mobility can generate benefits for the workers, particularly those of lowest incomes. In that regard, the restructuring or design of new programmes could be based, for example, on the "flexi-security" systems or flexibility with security, directly or indirectly adopted by some European countries (Auer, Berg and Coulibaly, 2005;Andersen and Svarer, 2006). For that purpose, the economy needs to operate so as to grant a certain degree of flexibility to firms when planning the size of their labour force according to the business cycle, but with a system of protection or pensions linked to programmes that update vocational training and labour relocation. ...
Since the start of the twenty-first century, the Brazilian economy has experienced a growth cycle with characteristics unlike those of its previous historical experience, combining growth, macroeconomic stability and distributive progress. In this context, the study aims to analyse the factors and distributive effects of occupational mobility in Brazil, based on data obtained from the Monthly Employment Survey. The results suggest that: (i) mobility has been used in Brazil as a way to raise wages, even when it involves a drop in socio-occupational status; (ii) nonetheless, the wage increase obtained by changing job or occupational segment is smaller for poorer workers than for wealthier ones; and (iii) consequently, mobility helps to increase income, but it also tends to widen wage gaps.
... Denmark's consensual style-for example, "Danish Labor Market" policies of tripartite cooperation and negotiation among labor, employers, and government (Andersen and Svarer, 2006)-conceal serious corruption or discourage whistleblowing? In all likelihood we will never know, although it must be noted that little if any evidence exists, at present, for (or directly against) that scenario. ...
Denmark's apparent success at controlling corruption is likely both real and more complex than it may appear. This chapter reviews a series of hypotheses about the extent and sources of corruption control in Denmark, emphasizing both domestic and international factors. Some possible vulnerabilities are discussed, including whether Greenland - which is usually excluded from Danish governance ratings - might introduce corruption via its mining industries, and whether the growing wind-power industry (in some senses, another extractive enterprise) might also encourage corruption. A simple data analysis, using the Gothenburg University Quality of Government Impartiality Index, suggests that small social scale, a homogeneous population, competitive politics, and extensive international connectedness might well help check Danish corruption, but relationships among the variables are complex and marked by considerable simultaneity. Denmark illustrates two subtleties often overlooked: The importance of "soft controls" - social values, a working consensus, an emphasis on fairness, and common goals - for corruption control, and the question of whether advanced market societies really control corruption or merely reduce incentives to engage in it, as a result of business-friendly policies and institutions. A final issue involves dependent variables: better indirect measures of corruption might well be obtained by gathering and benchmarking indicators of government performance.
... 13. For discussions on Denmark see, Jørgensen (2006), and Andersen and Svarer (2006). Rochet (2006) provides a number of direct responses to question on the impacts of MNCs and relocation of production to work and industrial relations in Belgium. ...
The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of finance and corporate governance reforms on organised labour since 1980. The argument is made that contemporary institutional and ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ as well as ‘Varieties of Unionism’ perspectives on labour market reform have overstated the power of states, institutions and organised interests in deflecting global economic pressures. Drawing on a range of recent Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) statistics and qualitative studies, it is claimed that current developments in finance and corporate governance mark a fundamental break with post-war developments. Capital has reasserted its power over organised labour and labour markets not only in the US and UK, but throughout Western Europe as well. In assessing how far this reversal has gone, the article focuses on three key political economic changes: i) the rise in finance and adoption of corporate ‘shareholder’ systems; ii) the expansion of mergers and acquisitions and their negative effects on unionisation and manufacturing jobs; and iii) the effects of financial pressures and corporate reform on collective bargaining and wages. This is the first study to report on comparative changes and qualitative reforms to both finance and labour in 13 OECD countries between 1980 and 2005.
... Since Denmark has a low unemployment rate and in many respects a sound macroeconomic situation, it has been inferred that this can be attributed to the flexicurity model. However, two points need to be taken into account in this relation (see Andersen and Svarer (2006)). The first is that the basic ingredients of the flexicurity model were also in place during the 1970s and 1980s when unemployment was persistent at double digit numbers. ...
One measure of the health of the Social Security system is the difference between the market value of the trust fund and the present value of benefits accrued to date. How should present values be computed for this calculation in light of future uncertainties? We think it is important to use market value. Since claims on accrued benefits are not currently traded in financial markets, we cannot directly observe a market value. In this paper, we use a model to estimate what the market price for these claims would be if they were traded. In valuing such claims, the key issue is properly adjusting for risk. The traditional actuarial approach – the approach currently used by the Social Security Administration in generating its most widely cited numbers - ignores risk and instead simply discounts “expected†future flows back to the present using a risk-free rate. If benefits are risky and this risk is priced by the market, then actuarial estimates will differ from market value. Effectively, market valuation uses a discount rate that incorporates a risk premium. Developing the proper adjustment for risk requires a careful examination of the stream of future benefits. The U.S. Social Security system is “wage-indexedâ€: future benefits depend directly on future realizations of the economy-wide average wage index. We assume that there is a positive long-run correlation between average labor earnings and the stock market. We then use derivative pricing methods standard in the finance literature to compute the market price of individual claims on future benefits, which depend on age and macro state variables. Finally, we aggregate the market value of benefits across all cohorts to arrive at an overall value of accrued benefits. We find that the difference between market valuation and “actuarial†valuation is large, especially when valuing the benefits of younger cohorts. Overall, the market value of accrued benefits
... It is often also referred to as offering 'flexicurity'. However, the Danish experience shows that the model does not function solely through flexible labour laws and generous unemployment benefits, but incentives to work are also essential (Andersen and Svarer, 2006). The three pillars of the model are flexible labour markets, a generous welfare system and active labour market policies (ALMP) to retrain those out of work (Madsen, 2002). ...
... Can 'flexicurity' be replicated? In Denmark 'flexicurity' was implemented during a period of macroeconomic success, making it questionable how resilient the system is in times of recession and lower employment figures (Andersen and Svarer, 2006). Furthermore, the Danish system must be understood in the context of the society as a whole. ...
Overview of different views and perspectives of delocalization/relocation. Impact of relocation on the European economy (markets, sectors). Review of policy options: structural adjustment policy; mitigating and cushioning the short- and medium-term effects of relocation; social safety nets and active labour market programmes; targeted programmes; improving the ability to change.
... Unemployment was high in Denmark during the 1980s and 90s, but since 1994 it decreased signi…cantly as a result of the Danish 'Flexicurity'model (see e.g. Andersen & Svarer (2006)) 2 . The reform in youth labour market policies (see Jensen et al. (2003)) resulted in a decline in the youth unemployment rate. ...
In this paper I estimate a discrete time hazard model for the exits from the different labour market states - unemployment, employment and inactivity (or OLF) - in the Danish labour market. I find that women and individuals over fifty are more likely to experience the long-term unemployment and inactivity. The less educated and unskilled workers are found to be another risk group to face the marginalisation from the labour market. Being previously employed reduces the risk of OLF, and increases the re-entry to employment probability, while living in the biggest Danish cities makes persons disadvantaged. These give the evidence that the "Flexicurity" model makes the weakest individuals disadvantaged in the Danish labour market. And finally, I find that those, who survived in a job one year, tend to remain employed, while persons, longer than one year inactive, face much higher risk of marginalisation.
... At the same time, the Danish welfare state takes care of the unemployed through, for example, particularly high compensation rates which is why the Danish model is often termed " Flexicurity " — a combination of flexibility and social security (Andersen and Svarer, 2006). On the other hand, the ...
We estimate the effects of past self-employment experience on subsequent earnings in wage work using the population of Danish citizens between 16 and 65 years of age that we observe between 1980 and 1996. Specifically, we analyze how the effects of previous self-employment experience are affected by age, success in self-employment and the employment status prior to self-employment. We also take a long-term perspective and test whether wage-effects of self-employment are nonlinear and if they depreciate over time. We find that an additional year of self-employment experience reduces subsequent wage earnings by 4.7%-8.2% compared to continued wage-work experience. Young and successful formerly self-employed benefit, however, from their self-employment experience. Moreover, formerly self-employed who were non-employed or unemployed prior to their self-employment experience receive only slightly lower wages than individuals that never entered self-employment. We also find that the negative self-employment effects decrease with longer spells of self-employment and that they depreciate over time in subsequent wage work.
