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Soil existing at a
particular site may not be appropriate for
construction of engineering structures. The
present study made an attempt to enhance the
geotechnical properties of a soil replaced with
industrial wastes having pozzolanic value like
rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA). Soil is
replaced with RHA in 2%, 4%, and 6%
to dry weight...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... compression tests [19] are conducted on soil specimens with and without replacements for 0-and 7-day curing. The specimens are compacted to their respective Stress-strain (%) Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and failure strains are summarized in Table 6. There is an increase in UCS value from 70 to 260 kPa for uncured specimens and 70 to 560 kPa for 7-day cured specimens replaced with 0% to 6%RHA. ...
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Research Article | Open Access
Volume 2011 |Article ID 138149 | 5 pages | https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/1381
Soil existing at a particular site may not be appropriate for construction of engineering structures. The present study made an attempt to enhance the geotechnical properties of a soil replaced with indus...
This study focuses on the soft soil stabilization using different combination
of fly ash and cement admixture. The fly ash proportion varies from 10%, 15%, and
20% while keeping the proportion of cement constant at 10%. CBR test result is used
as the soil improvement parameter with curing time for seven days. Test results
indicate an increase o...
This research studied the use of alkaline activation of fly ash, as a silica and alumina amorphous source, to improve soft soils. A laboratory programme - including tests to study strength and deformability development, alternative curing methods, the effect of the different components of the grout, effect of raising initial temperature and compari...
Citations
... The main benefits of recycling glass are a 25% reduction in energy consumption, a 20% reduction in air pollution, an 80% reduction in mine waste, and a 50% reduction in water consumption. These values can be doubled by expanding the use of waste glass [8]. There are several studies in the literature that investigate the use of waste glass as an additive for soil improvement through laboratory tests [9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
Waste materials contribute to a wide range of environmental and economic problems. To minimize their effects, a safe strategy for reducing such negative impact is required. Recycling and reusing waste materials have proved to be effective measures in this respect. In this study, an eco-friendly treatment is investigated based on using waste powdered glass (WGP) and EPS beads (EPSb) as mechanical and chemical admixers in soils. For this purpose, Atterberg limit, standard proctor, free swell, and unconfined compression tests are performed on soil samples with different ratios of waste materials at their optimum moisture contents. The obtained test results indicate that adding WGP to cohesive soils increases the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and reduces free swell (FS). In contrast, using EPSb reduces both FS and UCS of the treated soil samples. An optimum combination of both waste materials is determined for the improvement of the properties of high plasticity clay used in this study. Furthermore, multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods are used to predict the FS and UCS of the clayey soils based on the data obtained here and the experimental test results reported in the literature. Once the FS and UCS values of untreated soil and additive percentages are defined as independent variables, both methods are shown to predict the FS and UCS values of the treated soil samples on a satisfactory level with the coefficient of correlation (R2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${R}^{2}$$\end{document}) values greater than 0.926. Additionally, when only the index properties (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index) of the soil samples with waste materials are used as dependent variables, the R2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${R}^{2}$$\end{document} values obtained by the ANN method are 0.968 and 0.974 for FS and UCS, respectively. The results of the untreated soil samples' FS and UCS tests are known, and the linear regression and ANN techniques yield similar results. Lastly, the ANN method is used to predict the FS and UCS of the treated samples in accordance to the limited predictors (e.g., only the Atterberg limits of the soil sample).
... Fly ash utilisation in road construction has a lot of promise because the roads in Western Orissa are in bad shape and there are a lot of huge power plants going up in these areas. (Subbarao & Siddhartha, 2011. Furthermore, several studies have indicated that fly ash has a necessary function to play in the discipline of Civil Engineering. ...
Fly Ash is a type of industrial trash that is produced as a by-product of a thermal power plant. It's a nonreactive, inert particle that can float in the air for a few seconds to several months. There have been multiple researches conducted on the influence of fly ash on pavement construction. The objective of this study is to investigate how the load bearing capacity of soil changes when differing percentages of fly ash are added to the soil. The data was obtained from NTPC Badarpur. If the available soil is good in nature, we can easily create pavement; however, if the available soil is poor in nature, we can use Instead of an expensive route, fly ash can be considered as an alternative for improving soil condition. To begin, soil parameters were considered using different tests of soils, and then Atterberg Limits were estimated. On soil, a MPT (Modified Proctor Test) was used to determine the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD). A sample is compacted at OMC for the CBR test, and the results are assessed in percentages of 8%, 10%, 12%, and 13% based on the dry weight of the soil. To determine the load bearing capability of soil, CBR test is used in both wet and dry situations so that the pavement can endure even the worst conditions and the thickness of the pavement can be determined.
... Currently, researchers in the field of geotechnical and coastal engineering are looking for stabilization additives/methods that are sustainable, economical, environmentally friendly, and able to alter the mechanical characteristics of problematic soils [19][20][21][22][23]. Rouaiguia and Abd El Aal [24] used marble waste and lime to enhance the geotechnical properties of soft soil in Algeria. ...
A reliable prediction of the soil properties mixed with recycled material is considered as an ultimate goal of many geotechnical laboratory works. In this study, after planning and conducting a series of laboratory works, some basic properties of marine clay treated with recycled tiles together with their unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values were obtained. Then, these basic properties were selected as input variables to predict the UCS values through the use of two hybrid intelligent systems i.e., the neuro-swarm and the neuro-imperialism. Actually, in these systems, respectively, the weights and biases of the artificial neural network (ANN) were optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialism competitive algorithm (ICA) to get a higher accuracy compared to a pre-developed ANN model. The best neuro-swarm and neuro-imperialism models were selected based on several parametric studies on the most important and effective parameters of PSO and ICA. Afterward, these models were evaluated according to several well-known performance indices. It was found that the neuro-swarm predictive model provides a higher level of accuracy in predicting the UCS of clay soil samples treated with recycled tiles. However, both hybrid predictive models can be used in practice to predict the UCS values for initial design of geotechnical structures.
... Lime is a traditional soil additive in the construction industry. The Romans and Egyptians pioneered the art of lime stabilization (Rama-Subbarao et al., 2011). Though there are various forms of lime, the most commonly used form in soil stabilization is hydrated lime (Ca(OH) 2 ), otherwise known as calcium hydroxide or slaked lime. ...
Recurrent soil volume changes due to the presence of expansive clay, and alternate wet and dry cycles is said to be the major contributing factor to the failures of engineering structures in areas underlain by expansive soils. Expansive soils are known to be poor construction materials as always indicated by their poor geotechnical properties, hence requiring adequate treatment or stabilization. Soil stabilization aims at using chemical additives such as lime, as a sole stabilizer or as an activator in combination with industrial wastes such as fly ash, rice-husk ash, etc to alter the properties of a soil so as to improve its engineering performance. This study investigated the effects of lime alone, Lime-Fly Ash (LFA) and Lime-Rice Husk Ash (LRHA) admixtures in varying proportions/percentages on the engineering properties of expansive soils derived from Ezeaku and Awgu Formations in Lokpaukwu and Awgu respectively, Southeastern Nigeria. The effects of lime stabilization on the soils were evaluated using their geotechnical properties including liquid limit, plasticity index, linear shrinkage, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). However, the effects of lime-fly ash and lime-rice husk ash admixtures were evaluated using the geotechnical index properties only (liquid limit, plasticity index and linear shrinkage). These geotechnical parameters were measured both before and after stabilization. Results of the study indicate that on stabilization of the soils with lime, liquid limit, plasticity index, linear shrinkage and MDD decreased with increasing percentage of lime, while CBR increased with increasing percentage of lime. Also, on stabilization with lime-industrial waste admixtures (fly ash and rice-husk ash), liquid limit, plasticity index and linear shrinkage decreased with increasing percentage of lime-industrial waste admixtures. In addition, the optimum lime, lime-fly ash and lime-rice husk ash contents beyond which there was a rise in swelling indicators (liquid limit and plasticity index), and a decrease in strength characteristics (CBR) were found to be 6%, 3%:12% and 3%:9% respectively. The study therefore upholds that engineering properties of expansive soils can be improved by treating them with lime-fly ash or lime-rice husk ash admixtures which contributes immensely to cost-effective environmental and project management practices in the construction industry.
... When P2B, P2-12, DL and GGBS were added, the LL of the soil decreased from 38.4 to 34.2, 36.1, 38.3 and 32.8, respectively. The LL decreases could be a consequence of the addition of the additive particles and their lower affinity for water compared to clay ones, in accordance with Subbarao et al. [26]. Soil PL of 22.8 decreased in the combinations with additives to 20.0 for the P2B, to 20.8 for the P2-12, to 21.7 for the DL and to 19.9 for the GGBS. ...
... These plasticity variations were attributed to different physical and chemical processes between the soil and the additives that would overlap each other. Among them are the modification of the soil granulometry by the additive particles' addition, the filling of voids in the soil structure, the soil flocculation or the occurrence of cementitious hydration reactions [26][27][28]. These effects were also observed in the combinations of the DMRRs with GGBS at different ratios, where the small LL and PL variations produced low plasticity variations. ...
Nowadays, huge amounts of refractory materials are generated around the world. The majority of them lack valorization methods. This study analyzes the ability of a doloma and two magnesia spent refractory wastes as soil stabilizers on their own, as well as when combined with Ground-Granulated Blast Furnace Slags (GGBS). These materials showed a limited ability for the soil’s plasticity modification from a plasticity index of 15.6 to a minimum of 12.7. The high pH of the additives increased the soil’s pH from 7.88 to values in the range of 10.94–11.25 before the 28 days, allowing the development of the pozzolanic reactions. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased along the curing time, reaching a maximum value of 5.68 MPa after 90 days. Based on the UCS, the optimum refractory GGBS ratios oscillate between 30:70 and 50:50. The UCS values after soaking samples reduced the unsoaked results between 68.70% to 94.41%. The binders considered showed a low effect against the soil swelling and the lack of delayed expansive effects because of the MgO hydration. Finally, X Ray Diffraction (XRD) tests showed that the stabilization only slightly modified the combinations of mineralogy and the formation of Magnesium Silicate Hydrate (MSH) gels.
... To improve the performance of expansive soil, to withstand the heavy load by the method of soil stabilization, the concept of stabilization is practiced from ancient times in Egypt, Mesopotamia and in Greek structures and the year 1904, the first stabilization test of soil was conducted in the United States (Firoozi, 2016). In actual practice, the task of stabilization in the site becomes expansive because of the rising cost of land and construction, it is necessary to find the cost-effective method of treatment like using industrial waste that possesses the cementitious property (Rama Subbarao, 2011). Treating the physical and chemical properties of weak soil using additive materials in the method of stabilization is a beneficial one (Pourakbar, 2015). ...
Expansive soils are usually stated in terms of its property such as unexpected expansion and contraction, prolonged water retains capacity, low rate of permeability, poor load transfer mechanism, and high compressibility. Due to these properties, the rate of failure mechanisms such as excessive settlement and subgrade failures attain at a very fast rate, and the expansive soils are declared as more vulnerable than other types of soils. Hence it becomes difficult for a Civil Engineer to make the construction using this type of soils. In Modern standard of life, the growth of Industrialization leads to increase the uncontrollable rate of effluence and generation of solid waste and the clearance of waste become a huge challenge to all the countries. The construction material production industries are showing major interest for utilizing this waste and the researchers tried to prepare a new kind of material for construction activities in large scales. In this paper, an effort is taken to investigate the variety of solid wastes that have been utilized in soil stabilization as a strengthening agent with or without lime and cement, in order to find the possible ways of utilizing the solid waste in huge practice for geotechnical applications.
... Research on RHA for expansive soils has been carried out [15] where an increase in RHA content will increase the carrying capacity (CBR) with an optimum dosage of 6% and an increase in RHA content will decrease swell potential. Because the results of the addition of RHA reach less satisfactory results, some researchers tried to mix with other materials such as FA and lime [16]. ...
... Several methods have been developed successfully to use pozzolanic materials such as Portland cement, lime, fly-ash, bitumen and polymers for high strength concrete, soil improvement and other civil engineering works (Givi et al. 2010, Harichane et al. 2011, Subbarao et al. 2011, Sutas et al. 2012, Sathawane et al. 2013, Senol et al. 2006. Over the times, these materials have rapidly increased in price due to the sharp increase in the cost of energy since 1970s (Neville 2011). ...
The rapid urbanization in Pakistan is creating a shortage of sustainable construction sites with
good soil conditions. Attempts have been made to use rice husk ash (RHA) in concrete industry of Pakistan,
however, limited literature is available on its potential to improve local soils. This paper presents an
experimental study on engineering properties of low and high plastic cohesive soils blended with 0-20%
RHA by dry weight of soil. The decrease in plasticity index and shrinkage ratio indicates a reduction in
swell potential of RHA treated cohesive soils which is beneficial for problems related to placing pavements
and footings on such soils. It is also observed that the increased formation of pozzolanic products within the
pore spaces of soil from physicochemical changes transforms RHA treated soils to a compact mass which
decreases both total settlement and rate of settlement. A notable increase in friction angle with increase in
RHA up to 16% was also observed in direct shear tests. It is concluded that RHA treatment is a
cost-effective and sustainable alternate to deal with problematic local cohesive soils in agro-based
developing countries like Pakistan.
... Several methods have been developed successfully to use pozzolanic materials such as Portland cement, lime, fly-ash, bitumen and polymers for high strength concrete, soil improvement and other civil engineering works (Givi et al. 2010, Harichane et al. 2011, Subbarao et al. 2011, Sutas et al. 2012, Sathawane et al. 2013, Senol et al. 2006. Over the times, these materials have rapidly increased in price due to the sharp increase in the cost of energy since 1970s (Neville 2011). ...
The rapid urbanization in Pakistan is creating a shortage of sustainable construction sites with good soil conditions. Attempts have been made to use rice husk ash (RHA) in concrete industry of Pakistan, however, limited literature is available on its potential to improve local soils. This paper presents an experimental study on engineering properties of low and high plastic cohesive soils blended with 0-20% RHA by dry weight of soil. The decrease in plasticity index and shrinkage ratio indicates a reduction in swell potential of RHA treated cohesive soils which is beneficial for problems related to placing pavements and footings on such soils. It is also observed that the increased formation of pozzolanic products within the pore spaces of soil from physicochemical changes transforms RHA treated soils to a compact mass which decreases both total settlement and rate of settlement. A notable increase in friction angle with increase in RHA up to 16% was also observed in direct shear tests. It is concluded that RHA treatment is a cost-effective and sustainable alternate to deal with problematic local cohesive soils in agro-based developing countries like Pakistan.
