Table 2 - uploaded by Jane D Brown
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Source publication
To test movie exposure and television use as predictors of smoking initiation among white and black adolescents who had never smoked cigarettes.
Survey research using audio computer-assisted self-interviews at baseline and at 2-year follow-up (2002-2004).
Participants' homes located in central North Carolina.
A sample of 735 12- to 14-year-old adol...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... regression analyses were used first to compute the un- adjusted odds of smoking initiation at follow-up by each covar- iate (Table 1) and by each media variable ( Table 2). Multi- variate logistic regression analyses were then used to compute 3 regression models for each race group. ...
Context 2
... bivariate associations between smoking initiation and the movie-exposure variables are presented in Table 2. White adolescents with high exposure to R-rated mov- ies were nearly 7 times more likely to start smoking as peers with low exposure (OR, 6.82; 95% confidence in- terval [CI], 3.61-12.88). ...
Context 3
... exposure to PG-13-rated movies was also a strong marker of increased risk of smok- ing among white youth, relative to low-exposed peers (OR, 5.12; 95% CI, 2.72-9.65). Even moderate exposure to R- and PG-13-rated movies was associated with a 3-fold in- crease in the likelihood of smoking among white ado- lescents (Table 2). In contrast, black adolescents with high exposure to R-or PG-13-rated movies at baseline had significantly greater odds of smoking at follow-up, but the magnitude of these bivariate associations was sub- stantially lower than those observed for white adoles- cents (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.28-4.57; ...
Context 4
... Table 2 also presents the bivariate associations be- tween smoking initiation and television-use variables. White adolescents who reported watching television all of the time when not in school, who had television pri- vacy, and who disagreed strongly that their parents had rules about program choices were about 3.5 times more likely on average to smoke than referent peers. ...
Context 5
... 3 and 4 present the adjusted odds of smoking initiation by amount of exposure to movies. Among white adolescents, the association between R-movie exposure and smoking remained significant after adjustment, al- though the magnitude of effect was about half that ob- served in the bivariate model; specifically, the odds of smoking decreased from 6.82 in the unadjusted model (Table 2) to 2.67 in the adjusted model (Table 3). The ORs for having a friend who smokes and sensation seek- ing were also reduced substantially in the adjusted mod- els. ...
Context 6
... black adolescents, smoking was predicted only by having a friend who smokes and parental engage- ment. The associations observed between R-rated and PG- 13-rated movies and smoking (Table 2) were nonsig- nificant after adjustment for covariates (P=.22 and P=.96, respectively) ( Table 4), indicating that the amount of movie exposure was not a primary indicator of likeli- hood of smoking among black adolescents. ...
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... Social dimensions that influence substance use include exposure to substances, parental substance use, and societal views regarding substance use (Dishion et al., 1988;Heather, 2017;Jackson et al., 2007;Kerr et al., 2010;Van Ryzin et al., 2012). ...
... Exposure to substances precedes initiation into substance use. It can come from various sources, including the individual's immediate social environment, media exposure, and advertising of substances (Dishion et al., 1988;Jackson et al., 2007;Kerr et al., 2010;Van Ryzin et al., 2012). ...
Recovery from substance use is a complex process with several factors contributing to its success. Thus, it is important to gain a better understanding of the factors that contribute to recovery. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether health locus of control, self-regulation, and time perspective contribute to recovery capital in the context of South African drug and alcohol rehabilitation centres. The secondary purpose was to determine whether a significant change could be observed in these variables within approximately three weeks. A total of 173 (N = 173) participants voluntarily participated in the study while undergoing treatment in rehabilitation centres. Participants completed a questionnaire to measure recovery capital, health locus of control, self-regulation, and time perspective after intake and before discharge. Recovery capital was measured utilising the Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital-10 questionnaire. Health locus of control was measured using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales Shortened Version. Self-regulation was measured using the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire. Finally, time perspective was measured utilising the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, hierarchical multiple regression, and dependent t-test techniques were used to analyse the data. Additionally, Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated for all measurement instruments used in the study. This study includes several novel findings regarding recovery from substance use disorders in the South African context. Results indicated that self-regulation and future time perspective are significantly positively correlated with recovery capital at intake. At the same time, past negative time perspective and present fatalistic time perspective displayed significant negative associations with recovery capital. Furthermore, self-regulation was found to be significantly positively related to recovery capital at the time of discharge. The combination of predictor variables, self-regulation, past negative time perspective, present fatalistic time perspective, and future time perspective were all observed to be significant predictors of recovery capital at intake. At the time of discharge, the combination of predictor variables, self-regulation, and present fatalistic time perspective were found to be significant predictors of recovery capital. Finally, significant changes were observed in the means of past negative time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective and present fatalistic time perspective. This study provides valuable insights into the nature of recovery from substance use disorders in South Africa. However, further research is still needed to understand these factors better.
Keywords: Recovery capital, health locus of control, self-regulation, time perspective, substance use, rehabilitation centre, The Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital-10 questionnaire, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales Shortened Version, The Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory
... Exposure to onscreen combinations of risk behaviors such as co-occurring alcohol and sex is less studied, but there is evidence that adolescents' exposure to co-occurring alcohol and sex in television and movies is associated with greater intention to combine these behaviors [20]. Other studies show that general exposure to R-rated movies has similar effects (magnitude and direction) as exposure to specific content [21,22]. ...
... It is not clear if the effect on smoking comes from a particular relationship that smoking has with alcohol and sex or if the effects of combined risk would extend to other risk behaviors as well, such as drug use or texting and driving. However, prior research linking exposure to R-rated movies (i.e., not specific movie content) and risk behaviors supports the idea that explicit and/or increased levels of risk, similar to that common in R-rated movies, may promote risk-taking in general [21,22]. Future research should explore effects on other risk behaviors. ...
... For example, there is some research that suggests the presence of sexual (erotic) content can facilitate other behaviors, such as aggression [34]. Because sex content is more likely to appear in R-rated movies [35], the idea that sex content may underlie media effects on other risk behaviors is also consistent with findings discussed earlier about exposure to R-rated movies being associated with engaging in risky behaviors [21,22]. ...
Purpose:
Combinations of risk behaviors are common in popular media, which make it difficult to understand how exposure to risk content affects adolescent risk behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether media effects associated with exposure to multiple risk behaviors (i.e., combined alcohol and sex, sex only, alcohol only, and no risk) in television content have specific or more general effects on attitudes and norms associated with performing these behaviors.
Methods:
Adolescents aged 14-17 years from an opt-in Qualtrics panel (n = 338) were randomized into one of four conditions, which varied the presence of risk behaviors (i.e., combined alcohol and sex, sex only, alcohol only, and no risk) that were featured in a brief video clip from a popular television show. We tested the content effects on behavioral attitudes and norms for performing each of the behaviors.
Results:
Analysis of variance analyses showed that exposure to combined alcohol and sex resulted in more positive attitudes toward engaging in combining alcohol and sex, drinking, and smoking. Exposure to the sex only, alcohol only, and no risk videos did not influence any attitudes or norms.
Conclusions:
A brief exposure to combined risk behaviors in media may increase positive attitudes related to the combination behavior (alcohol and sex), a component behavior (alcohol), and also more general risk-taking behaviors (smoking).
... 23 Başka bir grup araştırmacı daha sonra sigara içmeye başlama ile onüç yaş sınırlaması ve içerik sınırlaması olan filmlerin arasında bir ilişki olduğunu bulmuşlardır. 42 Çocukların yaşı büyüdükçe anne ve baba denetiminin azalmasına rağmen, aileler medya içeriğini denetlenmeli ve süresini kısıtlamalılardır. 43 Çalışmamızda ailelerin içerik ve süre sınırlaması konusunda fazla çaba sarf etmediği belirlenmiştir (Tablo 2). ...
... Although on average the participants were more diverse than the student populations from which they were sampled, they were still primarily White, non-Hispanic, and on average they were less disadvantaged than the larger school populations. Alcohol exposure in films has been shown to be less predictive of alcohol use for Black adolescents as compared to White adolescents , and in the smoking literature, studies have demonstrated that the smoking behavior of Black, and to a lesser extent, Hispanic youth is resistant to the influence of movie smoking as compared to Whites (Jackson et al., 2007;Tanski et al., 2012;Wilkinson et al., 2009). It may be that minority youth are less responsive to White actors, which predominate in popular movies . ...
Background:
Exposure to alcohol content in movies has been shown to be associated with adolescent use of alcohol, including earlier onset. This study examined the influence of movie alcohol exposure on subsequent alcohol onset, considering the social context (whether the movie was viewed with a friend or parent). We examined whether media's influence holds across a spectrum of early drinking milestones: sipping (but not consuming a full drink of) alcohol, consuming a full drink of alcohol, and engaging in heavy episodic drinking (HED).
Methods:
Data were taken from a sample of 882 middle school youth (52% female; 24% non-White) enrolled in an ongoing study on alcohol initiation and progression. Exposure to alcohol content in films was measured using a method that combines content analysis and random assignment of movie titles to youth surveys. The hazard of initiating alcohol use (sip, full drink, HED) as a function of exposure was estimated using survival analysis. Associations were adjusted for demographic, personality, and social influence factors known to be associated with both movie exposure and alcohol use.
Results:
Exposure to alcohol content was common. Hours of exposure prospectively predicted earlier onset of alcohol involvement across all outcomes. Viewing movies with friends appeared to augment the media exposure effect, in contrast to viewing movies with parents, which was not a significant predictor of initiation.
Conclusions:
Exposure to alcohol in films is involved in the entry into early stages of alcohol involvement. Findings support further investigation into the role of the media in underage drinking, especially in the context of consuming media with friends and peers. Limiting media exposure and/or stronger Federal Trade Commission oversight of movie ratings should be a priority for preventing underage drinking.
... Ancak bu gelişim döneminde bireyler cinsellik konusunda yeterli bilgi ve deneyime sahip olmadıkları için yaşadıkları cinsellik sonucunda baş edemeyecekleri bedellerle (erken yaşta hamilelik, cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalıklar gibi) yüz yüze gelebilmektedir (Ward, 2003). Çeşitli medya organlarında sunulan cinsel içerikli yayınlar bu dönemdeki bireylerin erken yaşta cinsel ilişkiye girme ve cinsel ilişkiye girerken riskli davranışta bulunma düzeylerini etkileyebilmektedir (Brown ve L'Engle, 2009;Brown ve Newcomer, 1991;Collins ve ark., 2004;Jackson, Brown ve L'Engle, 2007 Albert Bandura (1967Bandura ( , 1994 tarafından ortaya atılan sosyal bilişsel kurama göre bireyler yeni davranışları sadece kendi davranışlarının ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlardan hareketle öğrenmemektedir. Bunun yerine, çevreyi aktif bir biçimde gözlemlemekte ve başkalarının davranışlarının sonuçlarından da yararlanmaktadır. ...
... Similarly, exposure to sexual content in media is predictive of subsequent sexual behavior for White but not Black adolescents (Hennessy et al., 2009). The same pattern is found for the relationship between exposure to smoking in media and smoking behavior (Jackson, Brown, & L'Engle, 2007). Thus, Black adolescents tend to watch more film and television than White adolescents, but seem to be less influenced by media depictions of risky health behaviors. ...
Adolescent exposure to risk in film has been associated with behavior. We coded Black and White character involvement in sex, violence, alcohol use, and tobacco use, and combinations of those behaviors in popular mainstream and Black-oriented films (film n = 63, character n = 426). Health risk portrayals were common, with the majority of characters portraying at least one. Black characters were more likely than Whites to portray sex and alcohol use, while White characters were more likely to portray violence. Within-segment combinations of sex and alcohol were more prevalent for Black characters, while violence and alcohol were more prevalent for Whites. Throughout a film, Black characters were more likely than White characters to portray sex and alcohol, sex and tobacco, and alcohol and tobacco. Risky behaviors are prevalent, but types portrayed differ between Black and White characters. This may have implications for health disparities in Black and White adolescents.
... At one hand we have good behaviour impacts of different TV programs on children (e.g. Sesame Street in increase school readiness) [2], on the other hand, some other programs increase the risk of negative behaviour development in children [4][5][6]. In this complex behavioural implications, television programs can be powerfully beneficial in the lives of children; but, much more research is needed in this area to recognize better usage of modern media and act accordingly [6]. ...
Television crime dramas and shows are very popular all over the world. This popularity is not bound to a certain age group, rather all the TV viewers like these shows very much. Like other countries, dozens of TV channels are telecasting these crime shows in Pakistan. Furthermore, few of the channels telecast crime shows at prime time which attests the popularity of such genre. Some of the media contents behave in morally disputed ways. The crime depictions as re-enactments of TV crime shows are questionable in the field of research signifying diverse cultural contexts. A large number of people are habitual to watch these shows, which may probably come out with negative behavioural outcomes. Especially the children who are at their behavioural developmental phase; are more susceptible to adopt negative behavioural leanings. In this research effort, introduction and detail of TV crime shows in Pakistan are provided, the literature concerning “media as risk factor“ in children development is discussed, and relevant theories inferences are deliberated.it was found that media has powerful role in behaviour formulating of children and violence media portrayal (TV crime shows) may appear with grave concerns. Previous scientific literature was reviewed to find and discuss the problem in hand. In the research effort, the literature review provides research propositions to explore further dimensions to TV crime shows’ effects and possible negative or positive behavioural outcomes in children behaviour.
... The average age at entry was 12.5 years. Follow-up surveys were conducted between October and November 2015 (mean interval between waves 17.1 months; range [16][17][18][19].3 months) with 86% of students participating. Selfadministered questionnaires were completed under the supervision of trained research staff unaffiliated with the schools. ...
Objective:
To assess whether exposure to movie smoking is associated with cigarette smoking among Argentinian adolescents.
Study design:
A school-based longitudinal study involving 33 secondary schools in Argentina was performed. The sample included 2502 never smokers (average age at entry = 12.5 years), 1700 (67.9%) of whom completed follow-up surveys 17 months later. Exposure to the top 100 highest-grossing films for each year between 2009 and 2013 was assessed by content-coding films for tobacco and then by asking adolescents whether they had seen each of 50 titles, randomly selected from the larger pool, then parsing exposure into tertiles. Logistic regression models estimated aOR for the following transitions: nonsusceptible to susceptible never smoker, never smoker to ever smoker, and never smoker to current smoking (last 30 days).
Results:
At follow-up, 34.4% of nonsusceptible never smokers became susceptible, 24.1% reported having tried smoking, and 9.4% were current smokers. Most exposure to movie smoking was from US-produced films (average 60.3 minutes compared with only 3.4 minutes from Argentine films). Greater exposure to smoking in movies was significantly associated with increased odds of becoming susceptible (aORfirst vs third tertile 1.77, 95% CI 1.30-2.41), of trying smoking (aORfirst vs third tertile 1.54, 1.14-2.08), and marginally associated with current smoking (AORfirst vs third tertile 1.54, 0.99-2.40). Exposure to smoking in US- or Argentine-produced films had similar associations.
Conclusion:
In Argentina, exposure to smoking in the movies predicted future smoking transitions among early adolescents, with most exposure coming from viewing US movies.
... 13 Young people spend more than 7 hours a day with a variety of different media, but despite the onslaught of new media "gadgets" (Fig. 3), 14 TV remains the predominant medium, even for teenagers (Fig. 4). Presence of a bedroom TV increases the average number of hours of media use to more than 11 hours per day ( Fig. 5) 13,15 and increases the risk of obesity by 31%, 16 doubles the risk of smoking, 17 diminishes sleep, 18 and lessens participation in hobbies and reading. 8 It also lessens the ability of parents to monitor their children's viewing habits (Fig. 6). ...
... 210,213 Preteens whose parents forbid them from seeing R-rated movies are less likely to begin smoking (or drinking). 17,218 Those who study adolescent risk-taking argue the importance of understanding parenting styles, including monitoring behaviors in general, to understand children's access to media and time spent with media. 219 Viewing scenes of smoking on TV may fall into the same category as viewing smoking in the movies, although there are no longitudinal studies yet to prove this. ...
... 93 Parents of younger children, especially preteens, need to understand that letting their children see PG-13 and R-rated movies may lead to harmful consequences. [94][95][96] Parents also need to be more aware of social networking sites and maintain some vigilance. 36,97,98 Parents also need to understand that sex education is not just a one-semester course taught in high school. ...
