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A triple-notch band planar ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is proposed for wireless body area networks (WBANs) to suppress unwanted signals of conventional narrow band communication technologies. These notch bands are WiMAX (3.3–3.8 GHz), WLAN (5.1–5.825 GHz), and
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-band downlink satellite communication systems (7.25–7.75 GHz). A complementary...
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... range from 3.1-10.6 GHz [4]. The low power restriction (-44.3 dBm) of UWB systems attracts a wide range of applications in short-range communications, wear- able applications [5], remote sensing [6], IoT applications [7], microwave imaging for tumour detection [8]. UWB and other existing conventional narrow band technologies are presented in Fig. ...
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... peak real impedance which shows a parallel resonance behavior at 7.5 GHz. By merging these indiviudal designs onto a single substrate has resulted in the impedance characteristics as presented in Fig. 9. From this figure, it is clearly seen that the impedance properties shown by individual designs are preserved at the required frequency bands. In Fig. 10, an equivalent circuit for the proposed antenna has been presented, in which the stubs and slot are represented by series and parallel resonance circuits respectively [31], [32]. In this figure, basic UWB antenna impedance is represented by 'Za'. The stubs 'L 1 and L 2 are represented by series lumped elements Ls 1 , Cs 1 and Ls 2 , Cs ...
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... of the each stub and the maximum amount of power will return back to the input terminals of the antenna which cause to reject the frequencies at WiMAX and WLAN bands. Similarly, the CSRR slot is represented by using lumped parallel L and C elements, which cause to high impedance at frequency corresponding to the λ g /2 length of slot as shown in Fig. 10(c). The high impedance due to the slot cause to reflect back the maximum power to the input terminals which reject the frequencies of X band (7.25-7.75 ...
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... The L 1 stub is tuned to act as short circuit and leads to reject the frequencies correspond- ing to the quarter wavelength of stub. The insertion of L 1 stub leads to improvement in lower operating frequency (2.9 GHz) and also introduces a notch band from 3.3-3.8 GHz. The influence of stub length (L 1 ) on impedance bandwidth is illustrated in Fig. 11. With the increment of stub length from 13.5mm − 15.3mm, a significant down shift in notch band center frequency from 3.75 GHz to 3.55 GHz is observed. Thus, the evaluated optimal stub length of L 1 is considered to be 15.3mm for a notch band at WiMAX ...
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... creation of an additional notch band which is intended to suppress the WLAN band (5.125-5.825 GHz). This notch band is adjusted by tuning the stub length (L 2 ). Stub length has been varied in the range of 8.4mm − 9.0mm which shows a considerable shift in the notch band at WLAN band and has minimal effect on the other notch bands. Thus, from the Fig. 12 the optimal value of stub length L 2 is considered to be 8.7mm, as it provides a notch band at center frequency 5.5 ...
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... CSRR slot is etched on the elliptical patch to introduce the third notch band at 7.5 GHz. This slot length has been taken as approximately equal to half guided wavelength at the corresponding notch band frequency. The return loss plot presented in Fig. 13 shows notch band variation with respect to changes in slot length. Increase in slot length shifts the notch band to lower frequency. Slot length is optimized to create a notch band at 7.5 GHz frequency. Hence, the optimal value for L 3 is considered to be 13.3mm (at constant d 3 = 3.9mm), which yields a notch band at center frequency ...
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... pair of fabricated prototypes of proposed antenna is pre- sented with front and rear views in Fig. 14. The total length of stubs and slots and corresponding simulated and theoretical estimated values are compared in Table 2. It can be observed that there is a slight deviation between them. ...
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... reflection coefficient result obtained from the Ag- ilent N5230A PNA Network Analyzer is compared with simulated reflection coefficient result (HFSS software) as shown in Fig. 15. The reflection coefficient plot exhibits strong rejection in the WiMAX band from 3.3-3.8 GHz, WLAN band from 5.2-6.1 GHz and X band satellite com- munications from 7.3-8.2 GHz with a passband from 2.95- 12 GHz. Measured reflection coefficient result is in good agreement with simulated reflection coefficient result. Slight deviation in ...
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... antenna exhibits stable radiation patterns throughout UWB range as demonstrated in Fig. 16. The radiation pat- terns are slightly distorted at higher frequencies due to the distortion in electric field distribution and the increased effect of harmonics of higher order modes. In Fig. 17, gain and efficiency values as a function of frequency are presented. However, the proposed antenna maintains stable gain at pass band ...
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... antenna exhibits stable radiation patterns throughout UWB range as demonstrated in Fig. 16. The radiation pat- terns are slightly distorted at higher frequencies due to the distortion in electric field distribution and the increased effect of harmonics of higher order modes. In Fig. 17, gain and efficiency values as a function of frequency are presented. However, the proposed antenna maintains stable gain at pass band frequencies. This antenna exhibits a maximum gain of 3.18 dB. A significant gain reduction (below 0 dB) is observed at notch band frequencies. Efficiency values are mainly depending on impedance matching ...
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... primary requirement for UWB anten- nas. Time domain characteristics are used to evaluate the dis- tortion present in the received signals [36]. Group delay is the essential characteristic of time domain analysis to measure the distortion. A constant group delay performance or linear magnitude response of S 21 is indicative of low distortion. In Fig. 18, a constant group delay response is observed except in notch bands. Both these responses show the proposed antenna has very low distortion in the received signals in operating region and high in notch bands. To measure the group delay a gap of 30cm is considered between the two ...
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In this paper, a compact triple-band-notched UWB trapezoidal antenna is proposed for off-body wireless body area network (WBAN). To eliminate undesirable signals of conventional narrow-band communication, a three triangular complementary split-ring resonator (TCSRR) are used by etching the radiating element to attain large UWB bandwidth coverage fr...
Citations
... Las antenas UWB poseen cualidades especiales para sistemas de captación de energía electromagnética radiada, puesto que tienen rangos de frecuencias de operación que van desde los 3.1 a 10.6 GHZ con un ancho de banda mayor o igual a 500 MHz independiente de su frecuencia central (Ren et al., 2014;Mohamed et al., 2019). UWB es una banda de frecuencia sin licencia, según la Comisión Federal de Comunicaciones (FCC) (Aiello & Rogerson, 2003), proporciona altas velocidades de datos y baja densidad espectral de potencia, la restricción de baja potencia de -44,3 dBm atrae una amplia gama de aplicaciones en comunicaciones de corto alcance (Doddipalli & Kothari, 2019). ...
... También, se utilizan técnicas de ranura para disminuir la pérdida de potencia debido a la reducción del acoplamiento entre las antenas radiantes (Mohd Yunus et al., 2019), luego, están las combinaciones de antenas de ranura y resonadores que ofrecen un ancho de banda amplio además de otras ventajas como: alta ganancia, alta eficiencia de radiación, baja perdidas en los conductores y compatibilidad con diferentes mecanismos de alimentación (Aiello & Rogerson, 2003;Ren et al., 2014;Mohamed et al., 2019). Los arreglos de antenas están conformados por un conjunto de antenas iguales, que están alineadas de forma que se suman sus diagramas de radiación (Doddipalli & Kothari, 2019). ...
En este documento, se realiza una revisión de las antenas de microcinta utilizadas en sistemas de transferencia y captación de energía electromagnética radiada en las bandas de microondas, en función de sus parámetros técnicos y estructurales. Lo anterior permitirá identificar aspectos destacados en el empleo de las distintas configuraciones de antenas y sugerir líneas de investigación futuras que contribuyan con el desarrollo de esta área. Para ello, se realiza una revisión de literatura de artículos de investigación, trabajos presentados en conferencias y simposios, entre otros, que permitan conocer las diferentes propuestas existentes en torno al tema de estudio. Como resultado, se encuentra que existe una gran variedad de configuraciones y técnicas para el diseño de estas antenas, con los cuales se puede modificar el patrón de radiación y mejorar la ganancia. Se concluye entonces, que no existe un patrón definido de construcción para obtener la antena ideal. Sin embargo, se abre una perspectiva a la investigación para establecer y evaluar nuevas estructuras y materiales para la optimización de este tipo de antenas utilizadas en la recolección de energía de RF como otra alternativa para la carga de dispositivos de baja potencia y el desarrollo de la tecnología de internet de las cosas (IoT).
... To increase isolation between antenna elements various techniques are reported in [3,4]. UWB MIMO antennas, unfortunately, have substantial difficulties due to interference from a number of interfering bands within the UWB band [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The performance of antennas may be severely lowered by these interfering bands. ...
... Notch bands in the UWB spectrum have been attained by a number of methods, such as grooves in the radiator [2][3][4], ground [5,6] or in the feed line [7,8], and incorporating strips to radiator [9][10][11]. Once these blueprints are manufactured, however, the notched bands are immovable. ...
... For this antenna, CSRR and two L-shaped stubs were the key factor in the design process which is fed by a 50-X impedance microstrip wire [45]. An FR4 substrate 1.6 mm in thickness supports the antenna's overall structure. ...
... The ground plane has been modified to include two L-shaped slots to obtain a second notched band with 5.5 GHz. In [45] two hexagon-shaped patch antennas with partial ground plane and DGS make up the suggested structure, which is separated from one another by 8 mm. In between a parasitic element and E-shaped tree structure which boosts isolation to 17.5 dB from 12 dB in the lowest band and 20 dB from 14 dB in the left band. ...
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology has a bright future because it has unique characteristics, that can deliver efficient transmission of data across localized distances with less energy lost. In today’s scenario, due to tremendous advancement in wireless communication systems, UWB technology has shown to be an effective strategy to replace conventional wireless technologies. Mobile users on the move benefit from high-speed web access and digital assistants made possible by wireless technologies. Most communication applications are covered by the Ultra-wideband spectrum (3.1–10.6 GHz). Small and low-cost antennas can deliver high efficiency in both time and frequency domains. In emerging wireless systems, especially Ultra-Wide Band Multiple Input Multiple Output based terms, the trend has been to design compact and low-profile integrated circuits that are functional with portable wireless devices. In order to meet mobile network requirements, UWB-MIMO technology platforms have antenna parts that are simple, small, and have appropriate impedance bandwidth and isolation UWB with MIMO resulted in a high data rate and overcame the multipath propagation problem. The primary goal of this review is to compare and contrast various UWB-MIMO technologies-based antennas with enhanced isolation approaches and band rejection techniques on a single platform.
... GAIN OF ANTENNA Gain is defined as how efficiently antenna converts its input power in radio waves. Fig.5 shows the gain of antenna in wideband mode and Fig.6 show gain in the reconfigurable mode [10][11][12][13]. Graph is obtained by simulating the antenna using CST (computer simulation Technology) software. ...
... The antenna operates in the frequency range of 2.5 GHz to 24 GHz. In [7] using two L-shaped stubs and a U-shaped slot, a tiny monopole ultrawideband antenna, FR-4 base, and integrated three-band notch are applied to reduce interference to WBAN applications. It includes a stub L 1 WiMAX band notch (3.3 GHz -3.8 GHz), a stub L 2 WLAN band notch (5.1 GHz -5.825 GHz), and a Ushaped slot band notch of X-band downlink (7.25 GHz -7.75 GHz). ...
... [23] investigates a UWB antenna that has been enhanced with a slot and an electromagnetic band. In [24][25][26][27][28][29][30], various small size UWB-MIMO antennas with enhanced isolation and triple band & penta band mitigation features are implemented. In [31], a two element UWB MIMO antenna of size 40 × 40 mm 2 with four notches is demonstrated. ...
—A miniaturized quadruple band reject UWB-MIMO antenna with high degree of isolation is designed and experimentally evaluated in this study. The reported design utilizes dual antenna elements that are organized orthogonally by employing polarization diversity. Notch bands can be acquired by incorporating three U-shape slots and a split ring resonator (SRR) on the antenna element that exhibits band rejection of 3.41–4.07 GHz, 4.41–4.76 GHz, 5.21–5.64 GHz, and 6.92–8.63 GHz to reject the potential interference from 5G, INSAT, WLAN, and X-band. The UWB-MIMO antenna is resonating in the frequency band from 2.9 to 12 GHz with a good isolation (< −25 dB). The response of the reported antenna has been examined experimentally in terms of notch frequencies, surface current variation, gain, radiation patterns, envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, and total active reflection coefficient.
... It is also preferred in portable and body-worn scenarios due to getting less detuned in proximity to lossy media such as the human body [4], [5]. Some examples of very recent compact UWB studies fed by MS, CPW (grounded CPW) and ACS can be found in [6], [7], [8], and [9], respectively. ...
... In Fig. 4a, Z a represents the complex input impedance of the UWB antenna (ANT-4), which consists of multiple (1, 2, . . . , n) RLC resonant tanks connected in series [6]. In the case of ANT-4, n=4 due to having four adjacent resonant frequencies overlapping with each other (Fig. 3b). ...
A compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed monopole antenna is presented, which operates within the Bluetooth and UWB frequency bands with the capability to simultaneously reject the lower WLAN interfering band. The antenna consists of an inverted right triangle patch monopole loaded by open-ended L-shaped slits not only to produce the additional 2.4 GHz passband to the UWB design but also to achieve stopband characteristics around 5.2 GHz. The conceptual equivalent circuit model as well as characteristic mode analyses are carried out in the design evolution process. The proposed antenna has an overall size of only 20 mm × 10 mm, having the smallest area among the so far developed designs, which can be easily integrated within any wireless gadgets. A prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the design, demonstrating the predicted behavior fairly achieved by full-wave analysis. The antenna –10 dB operating bandwidth ranges from 2.38 to 2.42 GHz and from 3.35 to 11 GHz while rejecting from 4.69 to 5.2 GHz. Unlike the unwanted stopband, where the radiation characteristics are adequately deteriorated, the proposed antenna fairly provides stable omni-directional radiation patterns in the
H
-plane, and has an average efficiency (gain) of 87.3% (2.6 dBi) in the desired passband. As far as the antenna transient behavior is concerned, an adequate measured (simulated) system fidelity factor of 0.7 (0.68) is achieved for the transmission of impulse-type UWB signals in the face-to-face configuration.
... The implantable device will function at 400 Megahertz using the MICS (Medical Implantable Communication Service) band. On the other hand, wearable devices function at 300 Megahertz using ISM or UWB (Instrumentation Scientific Medical/Ultra Wide Band) bands or some other bands [7,8]. Any kind of WBAN device whether it can be implantable or wearable both are made of lightweight, low power tiny sensor [9]. ...
Wireless body area network (WBAN) has aroused an interesting field for research because it has modernized the traditional way of health monitoring. At present wireless devices are used for patient monitoring. But designing of wireless health analyzing device is quite challenging due to its miniature size. The vital issue faced in WBAN is signal collision during transmission which finally results in decreased reliability. Only a minimal investigation was found on collision avoidance in WBAN. So, the proposed research is focused on designing interference avoidance techniques related to WBAN. The proposed scheme combined time division multiple access (TDMA) framing and code division multiple access (CDMA) technique to develop a hybrid one. TDMA approach is used for allocating time slots to avoid intra-signal collisions, whereas CDMA is included for achieving code based simultaneous data transmission to avoid inter-signal collisions. By means of avoiding collision, the reliability of the network can be enhanced. The hybrid architecture is tested on the NS2 simulator, and the results are evaluated. Then, the estimated results are compared with the existing interference avoidance scheme.
... More distorted radiation pattern in the higher frequency (7.73 GHz) is caused by the increased magnitude of higher order modes and unequal phase distribution on the antenna aperture. 25 To minimize errors in patterns measurement, the radiation patterns of proposed antenna are measured at each one degree step interval in an anechoic chamber. Thus, the accuracy of measured E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern is greatly increased as we have taken 360 points for measurement. ...
A novel foot‐shaped elliptically embedded patch (EEP) ultra wide band (UWB) antenna with four band elimination features is demonstrated. The designed antenna incorporates embedded ellipses as its structure, a 50 Ω microstrip line feed, and a defective rectangular ground structure (DRGS). The antenna has 22 × 32 mm² in size, with a frequency spectrum of 2.8–13.3 GHz, and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 130%. On the radiating element, four half‐wavelength inverted U‐shaped slots are used to create four band‐stop characteristics and are verified by using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The antenna has four band rejection characteristics, exhibiting S11 > –10 dB at 3.37 GHz for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) (3.17–3.61 GHz), 3.95 GHz for C (3.70–4.34 GHz), 5.49 GHz for wireless local area network (WLAN) (5.16–5.82 GHz), and 8.31 GHz for ITU‐8 (8.10–8.64 GHz) bands. The proposed EEP radiator with four notch characteristics has voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values of 10.5, 25.6, 8.9, and 3.8 for notch center frequencies of 3.37, 3.95, 5.49, and 8.31 GHz. The proposed antenna peak gain fluctuates from 1.6 to 4.4, peak efficiency is 98.92%, group delay variations are less than 0.65 ns, linear phase response, and transfer function is less than –35 dB all across the entire UWB operating bandwidth except for notched frequency bands, which makes it appropriate for UWB portable applications.
