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The optical properties of the pure polymer film and polymer films doped with Phenol Red dye at different concentrations were investigated. The films were prepared using the casting technique. Poly (methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer was doped with the Phenol Red dye dissolved in a mixture of chloroform and little quantity of methanol, used as suit...
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... spectral distributions of the absorbance (A), the transmittance (T), and the reflectance (R) of the Phenol Red dye doped polymer films at different concentrations were plotted as a function of the wavelength in Figures 2-4, respectively. In Figure 2, the absorbance spectra of dye doped polymer films at the concentrations 0.30 mM and 0.40 mM exhibited broad band centered at 418 nm, while at the low dye concentration 0.05 mM, the absorbance spectrum does not show clear absorption peak. ...
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... spectral distributions of the absorbance (A), the transmittance (T), and the reflectance (R) of the Phenol Red dye doped polymer films at different concentrations were plotted as a function of the wavelength in Figures 2-4, respectively. In Figure 2, the absorbance spectra of dye doped polymer films at the concentrations 0.30 mM and 0.40 mM exhibited broad band centered at 418 nm, while at the low dye concentration 0.05 mM, the absorbance spectrum does not show clear absorption peak. The transmittance reached to 80% -90% for the Phenol Red dye doped polymer films at the low dye concentration 0.05 mM and it decreased with increased the dye concentra- tion, as shown in Figure 3 for the dye concentrations 0.30 mM and 0.40 mM. ...
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Citations
... Güllü and Türüt [14] used an optical absorbance spectrum analysis to measure the optical energy gap of deposited films of phenol red on a substrate of glass as 2.14 eV. Al-Saidi and Sadik [15] investigated that the optical energy gap in PR dye-loaded polymer films dropped from 4.71 to 1.61 eV when the amount of PR dopants in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer increased. Kacus et al [16] prepared a hybrid photodiode based on phenol red for optical detector devices. ...
The composite films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporating varying concentrations of phenol red (PR) dye were fabricated using the solution casting method. Structural characteristics of the prepared films were explored through XRD and FTIR spectroscopy analyses. The inclusion of PR dye within the PVA matrix induced cross-linking, enhancing the amorphous nature of the doped PVA samples, as evidenced by XRD patterns. In the presence of PR dopants, the FTIR peaks for PVA exhibited altered intensities and increased width, indicating physical interactions between the functional groups of PVA and PR dopants. The impact of PR additives on the optical properties of PVA was investigated across the spectral range of 190–2500 nm. The PVA/phenol red composite demonstrated enhanced UV blocking in the 190–400 nm wavelength range, rendering it suitable for applications such as UV notch filters, including laser blocking filters. The indirect and direct optical band-gaps of PVA polymer films were reduced from 5.20 eV and 5.78 eV to 4.30 eV and 5.28 eV, respectively, with an increase in the PR filling ratio from 0 wt% to 1.8 wt%. The dispersion region of the refractive index was analyzed using the single oscillator model (Wemple-DiDomenico). Calculation and discussion of values such as dispersion and oscillation energies (Ed and Eo), permittivity at infinite frequency (ε ∞), and lattice contribution to the dielectric function (ε L) of PVA/PR composite films were conducted. These advancements position PVA/PR composite films for potential applications in flexible optoelectronic devices, including light-emitting diodes and photodetectors.
... For sensing assessment, two pH dyes i.e., creosol red (pH 7.2-8.8) and phenol red (pH 3. 8-5.4) are encapsulated in AuTNPs individually because of their good photochemical stability, synthesis flexibility, refractive index, and able performance for ionic intensity [15]. Both pH dyes' transition interval (3.8-8.2) is adequate for a good analytical array. ...
In arrears to pH sensing functions, gold-supported titania nanoparticles (AuTNPs) are synthesized at a low temperature 90 °C by the sol-gel technique. Two different dyes phenol red and creosol red dye are encapsulated in AuTNPs nanocomposite. Void-free AuTNPs exhibited the particle size 45 nm which is reduced to 28 nm and 29 nm after PR and CR encapsulation. Heterogeneous bonding confirms the good interaction of PR and CR dye within AuTNPs. The transmittance decreased from 80% to 71% and 65% because of pores presence after dye encapsulation, while the refractive index increased from 1.06 to 1.07 and 1.09 at 633 nm, and bandgap energy varied from 3.17 eV to 3.1 eV and 3.42 eV of AuTNPs, PR-AuTNPs, and CR-AuTNPs, respectively. The CR-AuTNPs exhibited a color time response 0.2 s at pH 12 and a high pKa 9.9 which is greater than PR-AuTNPs’ pka ~ 8 and a time response of 0.4 s. Experimental findings suggested that CR-AuTNPs possessed fast responses as pH sensors.
Graphical Abstract
... On the other hand, the electronic and optical properties of organic materials have attracted significant attention because of its wide range of applications in the photonic devices, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, limiters, and optoelectronic devices [12][13][14][15][16]. The organic compounds and their derivatives like phenol red thin film [17,18], 2-(((5-aminonaphthalen-1-yl) imino) methyl) phenol [19,20], and RS [21] have been suggested as organic semiconductors with remarkable optical properties for photonic devices and photobiological applications. The substitutional doping has a significant effect on physical properties of semiconductors [22]. ...
... This makes the engineered polymer nano composite to be a potentially viable candidate for selection and use in a spectrum of opto-electronic applications. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] ...
Thin films of the polymer, polyvinylpyloridate, reinforced with zinc-nickel ferrite nanoparticles (Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4) and prepared using the technique of spin coating is the central theme of presentation and discussion in this research paper. The zinc-nickel ferrite nanoparticles were used to reinforce a thin film of the chosen polymer and for varying concentrations. The prepared thin films were transparent and consequently studied for the purpose of selection and use in applications specific to the domain of photonics. Optical characterization of samples of the as-synthesized thin films was done using different spectroscopy techniques. Optical density of the as-prepared thin films was obtained using a ultra-violet (UV) spectrophotometer. The reinforcing effect was observed from the emission spectra that was obtained using the fluorescence spectrophotometer. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the reinforced thin films of the chosen polymer was obtained and compared with the unreinforced pure polymer and did reveal an observable change in both the peak value and intensity of the peak. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a noticeable difference in both intensity and crystallization of the thin films of the reinforced polymer. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed a morphological change of the thin films. Roughness of the sample surface was studied with the help of images obtained from an atomic force microscope (AFM). The present research study technique of spin coating was done properly and successfully. With a gradual increase in the number of reinforcing nanoparticles in the polymer matrix we did observe an increase in Optical Density using UV-Visible spectroscopy. An increase in the Optical Density is beneficial for attaining an improvement in anti-reflection response. This study helped establish the effect of nanoparticle reinforcements on optical properties while concurrently establishing the need for selection and use of thin films for applications in the field of photonics.
... PR is known as a pH color indicator in cell biology laboratories and as an organic dye [23,24]. PR has the colors purple and pink in basic medium and yellow in acidic medium. ...
... The reason is that the molecular size of PR is about 15 Å (1.5 nm), so it can exchange ions with CO 2− 3 ions and be trapped in the capillary systems of the materials [25]. PR is known as a pH color indicator in cell biology laboratories and as an organic dye [23,24]. PR has the colors purple and pink in basic medium and yellow in acidic medium. ...
ZnAlCO3 hydrotalcite materials modified by Cu2+ ions were synthesized by the co-precipitation method according to the molar ratios of (Cu2+ + Zn2+):Al3+ as 7:3. Thus, the modified materials contain various molar ratios of Cu2+ from 0–3.5 in the samples. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), FT–IR, EDS, SEM, the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm (BET), and UV–Vis DRS spectrum. The synthesized materials were characterized by a layered double hydroxide structure—such as hydrotalcite. The specific surface area BET increases slightly, corresponding to the increasing Cu2+ molar ratios, and the bandgap energy Eg decreases accordingly. Especially, these material samples have a high phenol red (PR) adsorption capacity at a concentration of 100 ppm and PR was degraded under a 30 W LED light with over 90% of conversion efficiency in the presence of 1.2 mL of 30% H2O2 solution. In addition, the CuH–3.5 material sample maintained stability after four times catalytic reuse. Therefore, this material can be used as an effective treatment for the wastewater of the sedge mat weaving village.
... The reduction in the optical bandgaps could be attributed to the trapping of either holes or electrons at the acceptor and donor levels in the band structure of TiO 2 nanoparticles [38]. Moreover, it is noticeable that the optical energy bandgaps of pure PMMA films are agreed with the reported values by others in [39][40][41]. For example, Sugumaran et al had characterized the optical and dielectric properties of both TiO 2 doped PVA and TiO 2 doped PMMA transparent nanocomposite films [38]. ...
The proposed novel optical system of composites of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were planned to be used as polymeric materials according to their standing full applied optical applications. The spin coating method, an easy and cost-effective technique, was utilized to uniformly deposit and prepare these TiO2/PMMA thin films on glass substrates, wherein nature, the films’ uniformity, and structures’ crystallinity. The interactions between the TiO2 nanoparticle and PMMA as a matrix were confirmed through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The linear optical characterization of the obtained thin films was characterized using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength ranging from 200 nm to 1000 nm. Linear refractive index and absorption coefficient, direct and indirect optical bandgaps, and nonlinear optical parameters for the as-prepared samples were calculated using Kramers-Kroning analysis. Moreover, the optical limiting was studied using He-Ne laser 632.8 nm and green diode laser with 532 nm wavelength. This TiO2/PMMA, as a novel optical system, is a good optical system to be used for capable various future technical applications, such as optical filter, solar cells, electronic apparatus, and optoelectronics devices.
... Phenol red (PR) organic dye due to its excellent optical properties, photo-chemical stability, and high dielectric constant is considered as promising material for photonic devices [18]. PR immobilized SiO 2 spheres/particles have potential for optical sensing due to their refractive index variations. ...
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelle-templated mesoporous SiO2 particles (MSPs) are synthesized by sol–gel method. The CTAB templated SiO2 particles (SPs) possessed spherical structure with low average surface roughness (Ra) 1 nm. The CTAB template is effectively removed from SPs by 400 °C heat treatment without any cracks and disruption of the bonding between the functional groups and the SiO2 surface. After CTAB template removal, SiO2 microspheres (SMSs) possessed high surface area 640 m2/g, pore radius 10 nm, and Ra ~ 4.4 nm, making them highly attractive for sensing. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that SMSs are thermally stable, showing 0.7% weight loss after 429 °C temperature. Phenol red immobilized SMSs show large pKa value 8.1 at 560 nm. Good repeatability, no leaching traces, and fast response time ~0.09 s in basic media suggested that proposed material has potential for opto-chemical sensing/photonic applications.
... When this laser dye was doped with a polymer like PMMA, it provided a tunable range of laser wavelengths that covered electromagnetic spectra starting from UV through visible to infrared with high quantum efficiencies [3]. It caused important changes in their physical properties [4] and exhibited exceptional nonlinear optical properties. Dye doped polymer material matrix can increase the absorptivity or fluorescence as well as the optochemical and opto-physical stability [5]. ...
This study is dedicated to investigate the effects of initial laser intensity on the nonlinear optical properties of the laser dye DQOCI dissolved in methanol with a concentration of 10 -5 M and doped with PMMA film. The properties were studied by using open and closed aperture Z-scan technique, with different levels of initial intensity (I0), excited by continuous diode solid-state laser at a wavelength of 532 nm. Three lenses of different focal lengths were employed to change the radius of the Gaussian laser beam and then change the initial intensity. For I0= 6.83 and 27.304 kWatt/cm2, the Z-scan curves show a saturation of absorption (SA) known as the negative type of nonlinearity, in which the absorption coefficient β 2 decreases and the transmittance increases with increasing the initial laser intensity. With I0 equal to 3.03 KWatt/cm2, the nonlinear absorption changes from SA to RSA, where the transmittances is reduced with the increase of intensity (z0) as analyzed by the theory of free carrier nonlinearities. The closed aperture z-scan shows a pre-focal transmittance minimum (valley) and a post focal transmittance maximum (peak) which reflects the z-scan signature of a positive nonlinearity (self-focusing) due to Kerr effect. Each of nonlinear refractive index (n2), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β 2), and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ3) are intensity-dependent.
... Therefore, different three organic dyes i.e., Phenol red (PR), creosol red (CR), and bromophenol blue (BPB) of the same family were selected to determine their behaviour on the structural and NLO properties of silica nano-matrix. PR indicator dye has high dielectric constant, photochemical stability, to detect corrosive and toxic materials, optical PH sensor, water flow and humidity measurements [22][23][24]. Whereas, CR dye also has a transition of visual color response in the acidic and basic media and acts as a radiation-sensitive indicator [25]. Furthermore, BPB dye has the ability to varied the color against acidity or the basicity of a solution [26]. ...
Low-temperature sol-gel route is used to synthesized the silica and three different organic dyes i.e., phenol red (PR), creosol red (CR) and bromophenol blue (BPB) individually encapsulated within silica nano-composite matrix. FTIR analysis shows heterogeneous bonding between silica and dye species. The PR encapsulated silica (PR-Si) nano-composite matrix exhibited average surface roughness (Ra) ~ 1.6 nm than other matrices, which is advantageous for non-linear behaviour. FESEM/EDX analysis confirmed the crack-free, porous structures of successfully dyes encapsulated silica nano-composite matrix. The closed z-scan characterization of PR-Si, CR-Si, and BPB-Si shows self-defocusing phenomena with the negative nonlinear refractive index. From the open z-scan measurement, the strength of nonlinear absorption (NLA) is observed in the order of PR-Si > CR-Si > BPB-Si nano-composite matrix. Smooth surface and low surface roughness of the PR-Si causes strong nonlinear character during the interaction with the excitation beam. The prominent NLO response of the PR-Si nano-composite matrix has provided a new avenue in the development of NLO devices especially all-optical control as well as optical switching.
... [28] Followed by them, Imad et al. fabricated phenol red dyeencapsulated PMMA and investigated its optical performances. [29] However, lack of reports available for the dye-sensitized PMMA for photocatalytic degradation of medicinally waste drug solution due to the difficult task for synthesis technique. Therefore, the development of a simple and eco-friendly technique for the design of dye-sensitized PMMA for environmental remediation applications is a necessary concern to the researchers. ...
Herein, we developed novel malachite green (MG), crystal violet (CV), methyl orange (MO) sensitized Polymethylmethacrylate (named as MG@PMMA, CV@PMMA, and MO@PMMA) through the simple solution casting method. The successful formation was confirmed by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. For the first time, the as-prepared MG@PMMA, CV@PMMA, and MO@PMMA were utilized as photocatalysts for the degradation of levofloxacin (LEV) drug under visible light. The UV–visible spectroscopy results revealed that the above 90%, 94%, and 95% of LEV degradation efficiency was achieved over MG@PMMA, CV@PMMA, and MO@PMMA, respectively. Furthermore, the dye-sensitized PMMA matrices demonstrated good repeatability and reusability even after the fifth usage.
