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![UL 9540a test flow chart (used with UL permission) [7]](publication/353668860/figure/fig4/AS:1052951695093760@1628054655436/UL-9540a-test-flow-chart-used-with-UL-permission-7.png)
Source publication
![UL 9540a test flow chart (used with UL permission) [7]](publication/353668860/figure/fig4/AS:1052951695093760@1628054655436/UL-9540a-test-flow-chart-used-with-UL-permission-7_Q320.jpg)
Purpose of Review
This article summarizes key codes and standards (C&S) that apply to grid energy storage systems. The article also gives several examples of industry efforts to update or create new standards to remove gaps in energy storage C&S and to accommodate new and emerging energy storage technologies.
Recent Findings
While modern battery t...
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This paper focuses on the purpose to see if it is possible to increase the earnings associated to the installation of PV systems in people’s homes. In accordance with this, a different way of thinking was adopted, namely the investment in batteries to maximize the energy earnings. The main problem of this classical approach is that the investment i...
Citations
... frequency regulation, peak shaving and PV smoothing. The energy storage system is considered a black box with power exchange between the energy storage system and the grid being measured [53]. However, usually the test procedure is applied to bigger storage systems [54,55] with the ability to supply specific services to electric grids [56,57]. ...
... Additional information and further test procedures can be found, for example, in Blair et al. [51], Vartanian et al. [53] and Choi et al. [64]. Although the previously mentioned standards and test methods contain detailed procedures for measuring important performance characteristics, it remains to be noted, that their focus is rather on typical grid applications of bigger-sized storage systems. ...
Numerous loss mechanisms contribute to the overall performance of stationary battery storage systems. From an economic and ecological point of view, these systems should be highly efficient. This paper presents performance characteristics of 26 commercially available residential photovoltaic (PV) battery systems derived from laboratory tests. They were measured according to the efficiency guideline for PV storage systems. Nine AC-coupled and 17 DC-coupled lithium-ion battery systems are compared. Their measured usable energy content varies between 5.8 kWh and 16.7 kWh and is in some cases more than 19 % below the specifications in the data sheets. Besides the usable capacity, the nominal power and the efficiency of the power conversion system is analyzed. DC-coupled PV storage systems are often advertised with inherently higher efficiency compared to AC-coupled systems. However, the comparison shows that they depend on high battery voltages of several hundred volts in order to exploit their efficiency advantages. The most efficient systems achieve average conversion path efficiencies of more than 97 %. In contrast, the values of the least efficient systems evaluated are only 90 %. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the control behavior by comparing the dead and settling time as well as the stationary control deviations of the investigated systems. Differences in the dead time of almost 3 s and in the settling time of more than 13 s can be observed. In addition, the AC, DC and peripheral power consumption in the fully charged and discharged state are evaluated. While individual systems have an outstanding power consumption of less than 4 W in the standby mode, other consume more than 70 W. The paper shows that various systems still have potential for optimization, especially in terms of conversion efficiency and standby losses. When selecting or optimizing a PV battery system, it is important to consider all loss categories to achieve a high overall efficiency.
... NFPA 855 36 already included this requirement of a continuous gas detection system which activates mechanical exhaust ventilation when a certain level of flammable gas is detected, that is, 25% of the LFL. On the other hand, a potential gap in the UL 9540A test of the module and unit level tests was pointed out, 41 which is the ability to accurately measure flammable gases concentration. ...
The deployment of energy storage systems, especially lithium‐ion batteries, has been growing significantly during the past decades. However, among this wide utilization, there have been some failures and incidents with consequences ranging from the battery or the whole system being out of service, to the damage of the whole facility and surroundings, and even personnel injury and casualties. Some of these events have documentations on the event details and findings. This mini review paper contributes to the existing literature related to lithium‐ion batteries thermal incidents by presenting and discussing the documented findings of these most recent incidents. In some cases, the lithium‐ion battery system has complied to the most recent standards related to battery systems such as UL 9540 and UL 9540A thermal runaway propagation test; yet fire incident and propagation nonetheless occurred. Hence, the lessons learned from these documentations are valuable for the next development of the battery system and technology. Some key lessons from selected cases will be discussed, including specific lithium‐ion battery system risks and their countermeasures, while covering several related standards, and identifying possible gaps in the existing standards.
