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Typical specimens of described taxa; top, from left to right: Aratinga m. chlorogenys, Aratinga m. mitrata, Aratinga m. tucumana; bottom: from left to right: Aratinga alticola, Aratinga hockingi
Source publication
Prompted by field observations in 2001 in the Utcubamba Valley, Peru, a study was undertaken of 130 specimens in the Aratinga mitrata complex. As a result, the traditional arrangement of Aratinga mitrata (A. m. mitrata Tschudi 1844 and A. m. alticola Chapman 1921) as one species, is replaced with a new classification where Aratinga mitrata is divid...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... large individual variation was observed, but when analysed carefully, and disregarding definitive juveniles, this could be broken up into a few clear-cut populations (illustrated in Fig. 1). Thus the variation does not seem to be associated with season or nutritional state, but represents distinctive geographical populations, differing in a step-wise manner. Furthermore, it seems that morphologically distinct forms can be found together, in adjacent areas with different habitats, or even syntopic, although the latter may ...
Context 2
... could be associated with wet Andean slopes, as suggested by the Pocona record, but Aiquile and Anco are in the areas of deciduous forest, and seasonal movements in search for food could obscure the picture. Description of holotype adult female: dull green (LIME GREEN, 159); back, wings and tail: upperside darker (PARROT GREEN, 260); red frontal band (GERA-NIUM, 12): half-moon-shaped and 17.7 mm wide, also very slightly darker red at the base (CRIMSON, 108); area around the eye: green with a few tiny red feathers; two little red feathers to under-cheek; crown: green without broad dark blue edging; thighs: green; bill: pale horn-colour. Wing:186 mm; tail 189 mm; upper mandible 29.2 mm; legs 14.6 mm Diagnosis Apart from Aratinga alticola, the species differs from all other green-red coloured representatives of the Aratinga group by the restriction of red feathers to the frontal band and green area around the eye and its green thighs. ...
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Citations
... We did not use the national conservation status of the species for analyses as the Red Book of Peruvian wildlife (SERFOR, 2018) only assessed the conservation status of 9 out of the 40 parrot species studied. We obtained the species with harvest quotas for their legal international trade according to CITES from Salinas (2014), actualizing taxonomic changes (IUCN, 2020) and accepting the split of the mitred parakeet Psittacara mitratus into 3 different species (Arndt, 2006) as supported by our own field observations. ...
Illegal wildlife trade remains highly active in the Neotropics, as indicated by the thousands of parrots annually sold in illicit city markets. However, little is known about where parrots are poached, whether certain parrot species are selected among those available in the wild, their trade routes, and potential conservation impacts. We conducted a large-scale survey in Peru and southern Ecuador to simultaneously estimate the relative abundance of parrots in the wild and as household pets in rural areas, determine their origin (locally poached or bought at city markets), and measured the shortest distances to their native ranges and markets through the existing grid of roads. Household-poached native parrots were found in 96% of the rural localities surveyed. Most pets were locally poached, with only 14% of them bought at markets. Parrot poaching was highly selective, with preferred species (mainly Amazon parrots and large macaws) being collected much more than expected given their abundances in the wild and attaining higher prices than the other species. Individuals that were moved away from their native ranges or bought at distant markets were of those species most preferred by people, and covered large distances (up to 1010 km), even crossing country boundaries. Our results differ from those previously obtained from city markets and seizures of illegally traded parrots in Peru, where preferred species were underrepresented. Local poaching and rural trade activities act at very large spatial scales and negatively affect the population trends of preferred parrot species. This unsustain-able scenario is a challenge to the application of effective conservation actions aimed at halting poaching and illegal trade. These actions should focus on very extensive and remote rural areas throughout the Neotropics rather than just on well-known markets located in large cities.
... Colectó ejemplares de ambas bandadas. Al revisar estos ejemplares T. Arndt notó diferencias y describió al Perico de Hocking, Psittacara hockingi (Arndt 2006) (Fig. 4), un taxón cuyo estatus de especie todavía no es oficialmente reconocido. ...
... Perico de Hocking, Psittacara hockingi(Arndt 2006), un taxón cuyo estatus de especie todavía no es oficialmente reconocido (Foto P. Hocking). ...
Peter Joseph Hocking Weeks, o Pedro Hocking como era conocido en Lima, nació en Pucallpa el 7 de julio de 1938 y falleció en Lima el 31 de octubre de 2022. Pedro Hocking no tuvo una formación científica, pero sí fue reconocido en vida como un naturalista por sus importantes contribuciones al conocimiento y documentación de las aves peruanas. Pedro Hocking fue parte de una generación apasionada por la biodiversidad, para la cual cada localidad visitada era un mundo nuevo que contenía especies desconocidas y que no disponía de las guías de campo ni de los recursos tecnológicos actuales para identificar in situ las que ya eran conocidas. Era una época en que la colecta de ejemplares era la herramienta básica para conocer la biodiversidad de una localidad y la actividad principal de las expediciones. Aunque su interés principal eran las aves, sus aportes no se limitaron a ellas sino incluyeron también otros grupos de fauna.
... To be able to infer whether particular clades within Arini are unexpectedly species-rich for their age, we applied the medusa method (Alfaro et al., 2009). The maximum clade credibility tree from the beast analyses was used as diversity tree, and species missing in our sample were added to terminal branches using taxonomic information from various sources (Collar, 1997;Arndt, 2006;Forshaw, 2010) (see Appendix S1 for details). AIC values corrected for small sample sizes (AIC c ) were used for model comparison. ...
Aim
The Neotropical parrots (Arini) are an unusually diverse group which colonized South America in the Oligocene. The newly invaded Neotropics may have functioned as an underused adaptive zone and provided novel ecological opportunities that facilitated diversification. Alternatively, diversification may have been driven by ecological changes caused by Andean uplift and/or climate change from the Miocene onwards. Our aim was to find out whether Arini diversified in a classical adaptive radiation after their colonization of South America, or whether their diversification occurred later and was influenced by more recent environmental change.
Location
Neotropics.
Methods
We generated a time‐calibrated phylogeny of more than 80% of all Arini species in order to analyse lineage diversification. This chronogram was also used as the basis for the reconstruction of morphological evolution within Arini using a multivariate ratio analysis of three size measurements.
Results
We found a concentration of size evolution and partitioning of size niches in the early history of Arini consistent with the process of adaptive radiation, but there were no signs of an early burst of speciation or a decrease in speciation rates through time. Although we detected no overall temporal shifts in diversification rates, we discovered two young, unexpectedly species‐rich clades.
Main conclusions
Arini show signs of an early adaptive radiation, but we found no evidence of the slowdown in speciation rate generally considered a feature of island or lake radiations. Historical processes and environmental change from the Miocene onwards may have kept diversification rates roughly constant ever since the colonization of the Neotropics. Thus, Arini may not yet have reached equilibrium diversity. The lack of diversity‐dependent speciation might be a general feature of adaptive radiations on a continental scale, and diversification processes on continents might therefore not be as ecologically limited as in isolated lakes or on oceanic islands.
Recently resurrected Psittacara genus is one of the 19 recognized in parrot tribe Arini. The status of taxa within Psittacara remains controversial because some forms are treated as species or subspecies depending on authorities. Evolutionary history of Psittacara is also unclear because related phylogenetic clades contain taxa from distant and non-overlapping regions. However, the basal placement of Psittacara leucophthalmus with wide South American distribution suggests that other taxa with restricted range could emerge by a local split of larger population. We sequenced P. leucophthalmus mitogenome to increase the set of sequences required to determine taxonomic level and phylogeny of Psittacara taxa.
This report is the third of a series and presents the results of a comprehensive literature screening in search for new bird taxa described in 2007, namely new genera, species and subspecies worldwide. We tracked three new genera, seven new species, 135 subspecies new to science, which according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature were correctly described. New genera were erected for species or species groups of the frogmouths (Podargidae), ovenbirds (Furnariidae) and buntings/ new world sparrows (Emberizidae). Six of the new species belong to the Passeriformes and only one, a hummingbird, to the Non-Passeriformes. In a Zoogeographie context one new genus, six new species and one new subspecies originate from South and Central America, again including a tapaculo (Scytalopus) species. The remainder of the taxa were described from North America and the Caribbean (1/0/133), Asia (0/0/1) and Oceania (1/1/0). A monograph published in 2006 presenting 26 new subspecies of a single North American goose species came to our attention too late to be discussed in the last report; the details are provided here. A number of splits -namely those of known species into allospecies, which in most cases result in geographic representatives of a superspecies -are also addressed. But we restrict the treatment of these splits to the Palearctic and Indomalayan Regions. We suggest possible flaws in new descriptions and certain splits, regardless of the species concept addressed. However, in general this report should be taken as a documentation of new taxa, not as a critical review of recent changes in bird taxonomy and bird descriptions.
The genus Aratinga von Spix, 1824, as treated since Peters (1937), consists of 20 to 21 species (Kremer 1989, Collar 1997, Juniper & Parr 1998, Silveira et al. 2005, Dickinson 2003, Forshaw 2010) of medium-sized, pointed-tailed, mostly green parakeets that range throughout the Neotropical region. All species currently included in the genus Aratinga had already been recognized by Salvadori (1891) and placed in the genus Conurus . Ridgway (1916) placed the species in four genera: Aratinga , Eupsittula , Nandayus , and Thectocercus ; Ridgway provided a rationale for his treatment using morphological and plumage characters, and he included a dichotomous key. Cory (1918) followed Ridgway’s (1916) classification. Miranda-Ribeiro (1920) placed the species in four genera: Conurus , “ Nendayus” (= Nandayus ), Gymnopsittacus , and “ Eupsittacula” (= Eupsittula ). Peters (1937) placed all members of these genera but Nandayus nenday into a single genus, Aratinga (Table 1), but provided no rationale for his classification. Nonetheless, his treatment has been followed in all subsequent classifications, including Meyer de Schauensee (1970), Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Collar (1997), Dickinson (2003), and Forshaw (2010), although Marien & Koopman (1955) suggested retention of three subgenera.
