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Typical scanning electron micrograph of calcium oxalate crystals isolated from the urines of stone-forming subjects on day 30 of the Japanese green tea protocol. Pinacoidal crystals of COM are observed. COD crystals are absent (mag ×5000)
Source publication
Several experimental and animal studies have demonstrated that substances rich in antioxidants can reduce the physicochemical and peroxidative risk factors for calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stone formation in urine and blood. However, there are very few such investigations in humans. In the present pilot study, two varieties of tea, a green one from...
Citations
... Pakankamas skysčių vartojimas gali padėti sumažinti riziką inkstų akmenligės epizodų atsiradimui: organizme palaikomas tinkamas hidratacijos lygis padeda išlaikyti reikalingą šlapimo koncentraciją ir mažina akmenų susidarymo riziką [3]. Yra tyrimų, kurių rezultatai rodo, jog žaliosios arbatos sudėtyje esantys antioksidantai (žaliosios arbatos katechinai, įskaitant epigalokatechiną galatą (EGCG), epigalokatechiną (GGC), epikatechiną galatą (ECG) ir epikatechiną (EC)) turi apsauginį poveikį kalcio akmenų susidarymui inkstuose [2,4]. Tiriamas ir kofeino poveikis inkstų akmenligei. ...
Inkstų akmenligė − organizmo medžiagų apykaitos sutrikimas, kurio metu inkstuose kaupiasi įvairios sudėties druskos. Sergamumas inkstų akmenlige per pastaruosius dešimtmečius pasaulyje išaugo beveik 3 kartus ir tai siejama su besikeičiančiais mitybos įpročiais, sėsliu gyvenimo būdu, greitu gyvenimo tempu. Mokslinėje literatūroje vis daugiau kalbama apie inkstų akmenligės prevencijos būdus, siekiant išvengti ar sumažinti inkstų akmenligės epizodų pasikartojimų. Tyrimo tikslas − remiantis mokslinėmis publikacijomis apžvelgti inkstų akmenligės prevencijos būdus. Atlikta 11 publikacijų mokslinė apžvalga. Straipsniai atrinkti naudojantis PubMed, UpToDate ir ScienceDirect duomenų bazėmis.
... Only 18 articles matched the eligibility requirements and were included in this scoping review. The quality of these 18 articles (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) was subsequently evaluated and ranged from poor to excellent. Most of the articles matched one or two of the three criteria for quality assessment and was classified as good quality. ...
... Most of the articles matched one or two of the three criteria for quality assessment and was classified as good quality. Six papers were deemed low quality (11,14,25,26,31,35), while two publications (23,28) were judged as high quality. ...
... Studies were conducted in South Africa (n=8), Italy (n=2), Germany (n=1), the United Kingdom (n=1), Argentina (n=1), New Zealand (n=1), Sweden (n=1), the United States (n=2), and Japan (n=1). Almost all studies featured participants who appeared to be in good health, except for Hesseling and Joubert (35), Marnewick et al (13,14), Rodgers et al (31), and Munmum et al (28), which included individuals with at-risk factors and those diagnosed with clinical conditions. While the at-risk individuals were defined as those with one or more risk factors for a chronic condition, the seemingly healthy populations comprised individuals who were said to have no diagnosis of any risk factor or chronic condition. ...
Introduction: Natural remedies in the treatment of health conditions are an appealing option for many individuals. Previous studies reported that fermented and unfermented rooibos tea have considerable anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Most of this knowledge, however, originates from animal and cell culture studies. Objectives: The aims of this review are to evaluate the existing, but limited, body of knowledge regarding rooibos tea interventions in humans and to identify the gaps in the literature. Methods: The PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were followed in the collation of this scoping review. Among the databases searched were Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: This review comprised 18 publications, with half (50%) of the studies being conducted in South Africa. There were 488 participants in all, ranging in age from six to 83 years, in the investigations. Rooibos tea was either fermented, unfermented, or black in 62% of the studies. Doses ranging from 200 mL to 1200 mL were employed. In both healthy and at-risk individuals, rooibos has been shown to enhance lipid profiles, boost antioxidant status, and lower blood glucose levels. The existing findings suggests that rooibos consumption demonstrated to improve lipid profiles, boost antioxidant status, and lower blood glucose levels in both apparently healthy, and individual at-risk individuals or diagnosed of chronic conditions. Conclusion: Thus, it can be presumed that rooibos tea provides some health benefits, yet these findings are based on a limited number of human intervention studies and a small total sample size. Additionally, a variety of rooibos dosages and types of tea in the experiments had inconsistent results that were probably impacted by the amount consumed. Future studies should include a dose-response study in humans, as well as large scaled clinical trials to evaluate the health effects of Rooibos.
... However, they did observe that COM stones were extremely lower in green tea drinkers, accompanied by a decrease in the oxalate supersaturation index [122]. Green tea from Japan and herbal tea from South Africa (both rich in polyphenols) were administered to CaOx stone formers in a pilot study [123]. Crystal morphology showed that both tea consumption favored the tendency to change from COD to COM, which is more adherent to renal epithelial cells and not protective against stone formation [123]. ...
... Green tea from Japan and herbal tea from South Africa (both rich in polyphenols) were administered to CaOx stone formers in a pilot study [123]. Crystal morphology showed that both tea consumption favored the tendency to change from COD to COM, which is more adherent to renal epithelial cells and not protective against stone formation [123]. Tracy et al. explored the effects of pomegranate administration on risk factors for nephrolithiasis [124]. ...
Urolithiasis is a common urological disease with increasing prevalence and high recurrence rates around the world. Numerous studies have indicated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) were crucial pathogenic factors in stone formation. Dietary polyphenols are a large group of natural antioxidant compounds widely distributed in plant-based foods and beverages. Their diverse health benefits have attracted growing scientific attention in recent decades. Many literatures have reported the effectiveness of dietary polyphenols against stone formation. The antiurolithiatic mechanisms of polyphenols have been explained by their antioxidant potential to scavenge free radicals and ROS, modulate the expression and the activity of endogenous antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, regulate signaling pathways associated with OS, and maintain cell morphology and function. In this review, we first describe OS and its pathogenic effects in urolithiasis and summarize the classification and sources of dietary polyphenols. Then, we focus on the current evidence defining their antioxidant potential against stone formation and put forward challenges and future perspectives of dietary polyphenols. To conclude, dietary polyphenols offer potential applications in the treatment and prevention of urolithiasis.
... Although it is an oxalate-rich natural agent and cannot be recommended for calcium oxalate-formed renal calculi [94] , due to the anti-lithogenic, anti-atherosclerotic and antioxidant effects of C. sinensis, it has gained significant attention for use as a dietary supplement in patients with nephrolithiasis and urinary stones. [95][96][97] The existence of polyphenols and other phytochemicals in C. sinensis has been shown to be preventive in urolith formation. The major phytoconstituents include polyphenols such as flavonols, flavonoids, phenols and catechins such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (21), epigallocatechin (EGC) (5), epicatechin gallate (ECG) (7) and epicatechin (EC) (6) that protect against oxalate-induced toxicity. ...
... [100] Supplementation with C. sinensis in the diet prevented crystal formation in rat kidneys, decreased oxalate excretion, and inhibited the activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and N-acetylβ-D-glucosaminidase. [96,97] It decreased brushite supersaturation, [97] decreased osteopontin protein expression, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased Bcl-2 expression, and decreased apoptotic index in experimental rats of urolithiasis. [95] Furthermore, EGCG decreased oxalate-induced free radicals in NRK-52E cell lines, leading to a decreased incidence of kidney stone formation. ...
... [100] Supplementation with C. sinensis in the diet prevented crystal formation in rat kidneys, decreased oxalate excretion, and inhibited the activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and N-acetylβ-D-glucosaminidase. [96,97] It decreased brushite supersaturation, [97] decreased osteopontin protein expression, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased Bcl-2 expression, and decreased apoptotic index in experimental rats of urolithiasis. [95] Furthermore, EGCG decreased oxalate-induced free radicals in NRK-52E cell lines, leading to a decreased incidence of kidney stone formation. ...
Background:
Urolithiasis has been a major health concern for centuries, primarily owing to the limited treatment options in the physician's armamentarium. However, various studies have underscored a lesser incidence of urolithiasis in cohorts predominantly consuming fruits and vegetables. This article aims to review various dietary plants, medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in the prevention and management of urolithiasis.
Methods:
To provide context and evidence, relevant publications were identified on Google Scholar, PubMed and Science-Direct using keywords such as urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, renal stones, phytochemicals and dietary plants.
Results:
Growing bodies of evidence suggest the incorporation of plant-based foods, medicinal and herbal supplements, and crude drugs containing phytochemicals into the staple diet of people. The anti-urolithiatic activity of these plant bioactives can be attributed to their antioxidant, antispasmodic, diuretic, and inhibitory effect on the crystallization, nucleation and crystal aggregation effects. These mechanisms would help alleviate the events and symptoms that aid in the development and progression of renal calculi. In addition, it will also avoid the exacerbation of secondary disorders like inflammation and injury, which can initiate a vicious circle in turn worsening the disease progression.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the results presented in the review demonstrate the promising role of various dietary plants, medicinal and herbal supplements, and phytochemicals in preventing and managing the precipitation of uroliths. However, more conclusive and cogent evidence from preclinical and clinical studies is required to substantiate their safety, efficacy and toxicity profiles in humans.
... Firstly, from human supplementation studies with a chronic administration design, it has been concluded that less than 6 cups of rooibos per day is not enough to result in significant antioxidant benefit -although it was able to significantly reduce cortisol synthesis in humans and rodents (Schloms et al., 2014),suggesting mild anti-inflammatory outcome. This is in line with literature suggesting the use of at least 6-8 cups of tea as daily supplement (Breiter et al., 2011;Marnewick et al., 2011;Rodgers et al., 2016). Secondly, the dose chosen here, which equates to 8 cups of tea in terms of polyphenol content, has been shown to exert sufficient antioxidant capacity to protect human neuronal cells from H 2 O 2 -associated oxidative damage in cell culture models (Lopez et al., 2022), which by nature has a more acute design and is more similar to the design of the current study. ...
Ethnopharmacology relevance
Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren (rooibos) tea is anecdotally renowned for its calming effect in the context of gastrointestinal discomfort, but little scientific support is available to elucidate potential mechanisms of action. Enhancement of dietary polyphenol content to improve gut health via prebiotic-like modulation of the gut microbiota has gained significant research interest. Given the known high polyphenol content of rooibos, rooibos tea may potentially exert a prebiotic effect in the gut to facilitate an improvement in chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions.
Aim of the study: This study aimed to determine the prebiotic or health-modulating potential of rooibos tea in terms of its effect on gut microbial growth and secretome trace amine composition, as well as to determine how differential rooibos processing alters this activity.
Methods
Three rooibos preparations (green and fermented leave aqueous extracts, as well as a green leaf ethanol extract) were compared in terms of their phenolic composition (qTOF-LC/MS). Moreover, the effect of rooibos exposure on growth and secretome trace amine levels of probiotic and commensal microbes were assessed (LC/MS). In addition, given the known female bias prevalent for many gastrointestinal disorders, experiments were conducted in the absence and presence of estradiol.
Results
Polyphenolic composition of rooibos was drastically reduced by fermentation. Aqueous extracts of both green and fermented rooibos improved microbial growth, although fermented rooibos had the most pronounced effect (p < 0.01). In terms of secretome trace amine profile, both aqueous extracts of rooibos seemed to facilitate increased putrescine secretion (p < 0.0001) and decreased tryptamine production (p < 0.0001). Estradiol seemed to suppress trace amine secretion by bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri and Enterococcus mundtii) but increased it in yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii).
Conclusion
Rooibos altered gut probiotic and commensal microbial growth and secretome trace amine profiles in vitro, suggesting it has potential to modulate gut microbial composition and functionality as a prebiotic. Current data suggest that these effects are highly dependent on raw material processing. Finally, rooibos may be able to prevent estradiol-associated alterations in trace amine profile, which may have important implications for patient management in female-predominant gastrointestinal disorders.
... Most uropathogenic strains are inhibited or prevented by aqueous extracts of Calluna vulgaris (common heather) and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry, cowberry, or bearberry [164]. The antibacterial effects of various C. vulgaris extracts revealed that phenolic compounds and flavonoids were responsible for bacterial strain growth inhibition. ...
Natural products have been known for their antimicrobial factors since time immemorial. Infectious diseases are a worldwide burden that have been deteriorating because of the improvement of species impervious to various anti-infection agents. Hence, the distinguishing proof of antimicrobial specialists with high-power dynamic against MDR microorganisms is central to conquer this issue. Successful treatment of infection involves the improvement of new drugs or some common source of novel medications. Numerous naturally occurring antimicrobial agents can be of plant origin, animal origin, microbial origin, etc. Many plant and animal products have antimicrobial activities due to various active principles, secondary metabolites, or phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, lectins, phagocytic cells, and many other organic constituents. Phytocomplexes’ antimicrobial movement frequently results from a few particles acting in cooperative energy, and the clinical impacts might be because of the direct effects against microorganisms. The restorative plants that may furnish novel medication lead the antimicrobial movement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of the phytocomplexes and natural extracts of the plants that are ordinarily being utilized as conventional medications and then recommended the chance of utilizing them in drugs for the treatment of multiple drug-resistant disease
... Locations of kidney and urinary stones in the urinary tract(Rodgers et al., 2016). ...
Kidney and urinary stone disease (Nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis)
are the condition where urinary stones or calculi are formed in the
urinary tract. The problem of urinary stones is very ancient; these
stones are found in all parts of the urinary tract, kidney, ureters, and
the urinary bladder and may vary considerably in size. It is a common
disease estimated to occur in approximately 12% of the population,
with a recurrence rate of 70-81% in males and 47-60% in females. The
treatment of kidney and urinary stone diseases such as a western
(allopathy) medicine and surgery is now in trends. However, most
people preferred plant-based (herbal) therapy because of the overuse
of allopathic drugs, which results in a higher incidence rate of adverse
or severe side effects. Therefore, people every year turn to herbal
therapy because they believe plant-based medicine is free from
undesirable side effects, although herbal medicines are generally
considered to be safe and effective. In the present article, an attempt
has been made to emphasize an herbal therapy is better than allopathic
therapy for the management of the kidney and urinary stone disease.
... An earlier bioavailability trial comprised of 10 adults drinking a similar quantity of Rooibos tea also showed that most metabolites were absorbed either via the small or large intestine [14]. In two trials involving Rooibos tea ingestion, one did not show any significant effects on renal stone formation [23] and the other showed that rooibos tea and plain water similarly rehydrated 23 athletes [24]. ...
... Subsequently, after these exclusions seven human studies were included in the final review. Of the human studies three were conducted in South Africa [21][22][23], one in the USA [24], one in Italy [14], one in Sweden [25] and one in Germany [20]. ...
... Seven human studies were identified using Rooibos tea preparations (Table 1) [14,[20][21][22][23][24][25]. Sample sizes ranged from eight to 40 subjects. ...
An expanse of research has investigated the effects of black and green teas in relation to aspects of health. Rooibos tea, also known as Red bush is derived from the South African Cape fynbos plant, Aspalathus linearis, and is caffeine free, naturally sweet and abundant in polyphenols. Evidence related to the health aspects of drinking Rooibos tea is advancing, but does not appear to have been collated. Therefore, we aimed to examine the health effects of Rooibos tea through a systematic review of the literature. A PUBMED search was undertaken (2000 up to June 2020) for human and laboratory studies investigating the efficacy of Rooibos in relation to health. Seven human studies and 49 laboratory studies were identified. Overall Rooibos tea consumption seems to benefit the lipid and redox profiles of those at risk of cardiovascular disease. It also appears to possess other promising ‘general’ effects on glycaemic control, bone, liver, cognitive and respiratory health. Ongoing research using standardised interventions is now needed to help formulate congruent conclusions that are relevant to public health.
... [34] The use of Berberine, Boerhaavia diffusa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Moringa oleifera, Rubia cordifolia, Rosa canina, Pyracantha crenulata and Pinus oil demonstrated similar effects. [25,31,32,39,40,49,53,57,58] ...
This article is a review of the scientific literature. The purpose of this research was the systematization of the updated information on potential herbal medicine in hyperoxaluria treatment. We analysed the English language scientific literature Medline published from January 2008 to December 2018. Data in vitro, experimental and clinical studies demonstrated antiurolithiatic properties of many plant extracts. Reducing hyperoxaluria is mainly caused by the ability of plants to inhibit nucleation and agglomeration of crystals by changing the ionic composition of urine and due to diuretic, nephroprotective, antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Keywords: Experimental and clinical studies, hyperoxaluria, plant extracts, urolithiasis
... Green tea (Camellia sinensis) exhibit antioxidant and antiatherosclerotic properties, thereby, making it an effective dietary supplement for patients suffering from nephrolithiasis and urinary stones [28,29]. Green tea contains several molecules such as polyphenols, catechins, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (GGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC) which are principally responsible for oxalate induced toxicity. ...
... In rat kidneys, green tree supplements, have presented prohibitory effects on the growth of crystal and also reduced oxalate excretion as well as inhibit the activities of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and N-acetylβ-D-glucosaminidase. While in rat model of kidney stones, brushite supersaturation is significantly decreased [28], Bcl-2 expression is enhanced, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is increased, and the apoptotic index is decreased [30]. Hence by and large formation of calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys is impeded by the antioxidant rich green tea [8]. ...
It has been centuries since humans are being affected by kidney stones or urolithiasis. In the past decade, in rural and the urban sectors, kidney stone cases are rising at an alarming rate having a high relapse rate. The rate and prevalence of urolithiasis has been attributed to a number of factors such as age, fluid intake, infections of the urinary tract, climatic conditions sex, genetic predisposition, ethnicity as well as diet. Kidney stones may cause extreme pain and blockage of urine flow, urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis and severe bleeding which necessitates the use of surgery in some cases to remove or break the stones. Although a number of treatments for kidney stones are
available which include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and drug therapy but the expensive nature of these therapies and the severe side effects caused by exposure to these shock waves such as acute renal injury, decreased renal function and increased stone recurrence limit their use. As proposed by several in vivo and in vitro
studies and clinical trials, using phyto-molecules in the treatment and management of kidney stones has emerged as a novel option. The following study discuses about the various plants, their chemical constituents involved along with their mechanism of action that can be used for the treatment of kidney stones.
