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Typical photographs of the cultured Lyophyllum decastes without ( left ) and with ( right ) electrical stimulation.
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The effect of high-voltage electrical stimulation on fruit body formation in cultivating mushrooms was evaluated using a compact pulsed power generator designed and based on an inductive energy storage system. An output voltage from 50 to 130 kV with a 100 ns pulse width was used as the electrical stimulation to determine the optimum amplitude. The...
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... average yield was obtained using the total weight harvested from 20 substrate beds. The average yield of the control group is approximately 392 (±17) g/substrate. The average yield increased to 505 (±19) g/substrate by applying a voltage of 50 kV. The yield was 1.3 times larger than that of the control group with statistical significance of p < 0.05. The applied voltage of 100 kV corresponds to 3.57 kV/cm in an averaged electric field, as shown in Figure 4. Figure 12 shows photographs of cultured L. decastes taken the same day. The L. decastes in the stimulation group grew faster than those in the control group. This tendency is similar to the experimental result reported by Tsukamoto et al . [20]. The experimental results indicate that the application of a high voltage to a mushroom bed-log and/or a substrate induces fruit body formation of the mushroom, as shown in Figure 8. The high-voltage application also works as stimulation for fruit body formation, as shown in Figure 6. The effective amplitudes of the voltage for the stimulation are 1.32 and 3.57 kV/cm for the bed-log and the substrate, respectively, as shown in Figures 4–11. The results reveal that the mushroom hyphae are activated by applying the voltage. The hypha activity was evaluated by the amount of hydrophobin release, which was mainly observed before the fruit body formation ...
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Citations
... The effects of electric current on many topics such as the activation of in vitro matured porcine oocytes (Liu et al., 2015), the parthenogenetic development of rabbit oocytes (Ozil, 1990), the transmission of electric current in the human body and the effects on the natural healing of injuries (Fish & Geddes, 2009), the effects of grounding the human organism during sleep on physiological processes (Sokal & Sokal, 2011), the effects of electricity on fruiting body formation in mushroom cultivation (Takaki et al., 2014), the effects of electrical stimuli on skin surface (Xu et al., 2021), the use of electrical pulses in tissue repair and replacement (Balint et al., 2013), the use in bone and muscle therapies (Koşalay, 2014), DNA damage and the use of electrical stimuli in cellular functions (Su et al., 2017), in vitro effects of electromagnetic fields on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Atasoy et al., 2009), the parasitic effects of electricity on Leishmania major in vitro and in vivo (Hejazi et al., 2004), the use of electrosensing for object recognition in fish (Caputi et al., 2011), the use and transmission of electricity by electric eels (Finger et al., 2013), muscle contractions and nerve transmissions in frogs (Piccolino, 1998;Bresadola, 2008;Steinbach, 1950;Finger et al., 2013), the effect of electricity on the crispness and quality of animal meat (Yanar, 1996), the use of electrical stimulation to heal damaged muscles in mice (Dow et al., 2005) have all been studied and have contributed to science. ...
Many scientific studies are conducted directly or indirectly with humans, animals, and plants. We believe that body electricity, which is generated and constantly present in the bodies of living beings, should be considered in scientific studies as an effective factor for production activity. We believe that body electricity should be included in the environment to bring the rumen fluids of sheep used in Daisy II rumen simulators closer to reality. In this way, the most realistic environment is created by adding the influencing factors of body electricity and many factors that can affect the outcome. The study was conducted on a total of 16 Karayaka ewes, including 4 lambs, 4 one-year-old ewes, 4 pregnant ewes and 4 lactating ewes. The data obtained in the study were collected by measuring the body electricity of the animals before and after grazing in 3 different periods for each group. At the end of the study, it was found that the value of body electricity of sheep determined at 0.12±0.001 v (volt) before feeding was higher than the value determined at 0.09±0.002 v after feeding. The difference between the two values was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). However, it was found that the fact that the live weights of the animals in the groups were different and they were in different physiological periods did not cause a significant (P>0.05) difference in the electrical body currents before and after feeding (except in lambs (P<0.05)). It can be said that the measurements made in other periods and groups can change the electrical body currents after feeding and that the electrical body currents differ according to the animals fed in the barn, especially during the grazing period, before going to pasture and when returning to pasture.
... It can be categorized into high-temperature plasma, thermal plasma, and nonthermal or cold plasma [2]. The latter is an emerging nonchemical pretreatment technology that has been recently applied in agricultural applications and food safety to induce changes in plant characteristics [3][4][5], eliminate pathogens or inhibit microorganisms [6][7][8], promote seed germination [9], increase crop quantity [10,11], improve crop preservation, and reduce pesticides [12,13]. ...
Several studies suggested that plasma-activated water (PAW) increases crop yields and confronts drought. This study determined the total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of water spinach to elucidate whether PAW induced changes in the antioxidant potential of water spinach planted in soil with and without metal contaminants. PAW was selected as the irrigation water for pot experiments. Results showed that PAW increased the TP of water spinach planted in soil without any contaminants and, to some extent, in Cd-added soils but decreased the TP of those planted in Pb-added soil. PAW significantly enhanced the TF of water spinach planted in Cd-added cultivation soil, but not for Pb-added cultivation soil. Meanwhile, PAW can elevate the TF of water spinach by adding fertilizer and sunlight exposure. This study demonstrated that PAW application could increase TF, powerful antioxidants of water spinach planted with fertilizer and sunlight, in the cultivation soil with Cd, or without any contaminant.
... 19 Recent studies on associations between electrical impulses and mushroom growth have found that mushroom substrates increase up to two times their yield of fruiting bodies when subjected to intentionally applied electricity. 37,42,45 Therefore, myths between fungi and lightning have an empirical basis. ...
This essay expands the boundaries of so-called “folk” perceptions or Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of Latin American mycology through a review of fungi in ethnographic and scientific research. I focus on macrofungi, but also address the microscopic ambient yeasts and molds which have been essential to fermentation since the origins of agriculture (despite a lack of documentation in ancient societies). The research of cultural uses and perceptions of mushrooms and other fungi is called ethnomycology–a field that receives far too little attention.
... Veratryl alcohol stimulates fruiting body formation in the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Suguimoto et al. 2001). The use of electrical stimulation can accelerate the production of fruiting bodies during cultivation (Takaki et al. 2014), as seen in the natural habitat of Tricholoma matsutake. After applying the electrical stimulator to the specific area, the mushroom number increased more than twice (Takaki et al. 2018). ...
We studied the effect of rutin on mycelial growth and fruiting of Hericium coralloides, Polyporus umbellatus, and Flammulina velutipes on sunflower husks and on agar nutrient media. On sunflower husks, rutin (300 mg/30 g husk) inhibits the mycelial growth of H. coralloides, but the formation of fruiting bodies of the fungus occurs 3 weeks earlier than on the substrate, where rutin was not used. In half of the cases with rutin, we observed two waves of fungus fruiting. The weight of fruiting bodies formed on sunflower husks with rutin was 2.5 times greater than the weight of fruiting bodies formed on sunflower husks without rutin. For P. umbellatus and F. velutipes, adding rutin (300 mg/30 g husk) confers no net benefit. On wort agar (WA), the addition of rutin at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg per Petri dish inhibits the mycelial growth of H. coralloides but stimulates the rapid emergence of the fungus fruiting bodies rudiments. For F. velutipes on WA, rutin accelerates the complete overgrowth of the fungus on the Petri dish twice as fast, but it is not effective for accelerating fruiting. Rutin does not stimulate the formation sclerotia of P. umbellatus. Due to the fact that rutin is a stimulant of fruiting bodies only for H. coralloides, we believe that the initiating mechanism causing fungal fruiting is not isolated only to rutin. However, it may be more widely effective in influencing growth in mycelium than is shown in this study due to a limited number of strains. Production of metabolites as a result of secondary synthesis need to be tested as do more strains/species from a diverse group of Agaricomycetes.
... The agricultural application of high voltage is a new technology that can be used as seed germination promotion [6,7], plant growth acceleration [8,9], inactivation of bacteria in soil-liquid hydroponic media [10][11][12], and promotion of mushroom body formation [13,14]. There are many other applications of high voltage technology in agriculture industry [15]. ...
Bacillus velezensis is a kind of beneficial bacteria that is widely used in agriculture industry. Bacillus velezensis was irradiated with corona discharge generated by a needle-array high-voltage electrode. The results showed an improvement of activity of Bacillus velezensis by the corona discharge treatment was confirmed at an optimum input energy. Mutation of the Bacillus velezensis by the corona discharge treatment was also confirmed through an rRNA sequence alignment analysis. The enzyme activity of the mutated bacteria was greatly improved, which was a positive effect that can meet the production demand.
... However, two possible mechanisms hav been explained in some previous studies [40][41][42][43][44]. One is that the mushroom mycelia we ruptured by the application of high-voltage pulses, and that physical damage to th mycelia could stimulate fruiting body formation [37,[41][42][43]. Another viable explanatio would involve the act of enzyme activation. ...
... edodes) via log cultivation and the cultivation yields of a fried chicken mushrooms (Lyophyllum decastes) via bed cultivation, respectively. The highest yield of nameko (Pholiota nameko) and chestnut (Hypholoma sublateritium) mushrooms by log cultivation was observed when a high-voltage pulse at 100 kV was applied a single time [37]. Additionally, Norarat et al. [38] found that the application of high-voltage pulse values of 20, 30, 40 and 50 kV for 10 s could improve cultivation yields of shitake mushrooms by bag cultivation, while the production yields at each voltage value were not found to be significantly different. ...
... However, two possible mechanisms have been explained in some previous studies [40][41][42][43][44]. One is that the mushroom mycelia were ruptured by the application of high-voltage pulses, and that physical damage to the mycelia could stimulate fruiting body formation [37,[41][42][43]. Another viable explanation would involve the act of enzyme activation. ...
Tropical bolete, Phlebopus spongiosus, is an edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom indigenous to northern Thailand. This mushroom has the ability to produce fruiting bodies without the need for a host plant. In this study, the technological cultivation of P. spongiosus was developed. Cultivation experiments indicated that fungal mycelia could completely colonize the cultivation substrate over a period of 85–90 days following inoculation of liquid inoculum. Primordia were induced under lower temperatures, high humidity and a 12-h photoperiod. Mature fruiting bodies were developed from young fruiting bodies within a period of one week. Consequently, yield improvement of P. spongiosus cultivation was determined by high-voltage pulsed stimulation. The results indicated that the highest degree of primordial formation, number of mature fruiting bodies and total weight values were obtained in cultivation experiments involving a high voltage of 40 kV. The total weight of the mushrooms increased by 1.4 times after applying high-voltage pulses when compared with the control. Additionally, the results revealed that the size of the fruiting body and the proximate composition of the fruiting bodies from high-voltage stimulation treatments were not different from the control. This research provides valuable information concerning successful cultivation techniques and yield improvement by high-voltage pulsed stimulation for the large-scale commercial fruiting body production of P. spongiosus.
... The pre-harvest phase consists of seed germination, seedling growth, plant growth and growth mode change from vegetative to reproductive. Pulsed power technologies are used to promotion of seed germination (Eing et al. 2009;Attri et al.2021), plant growth enhancement through direct stimulation (Wang 2021) or indirect effect such as inactivation of bacteria in soil and liquid hydroponic media (Okumura et al. 2016;Takahata et al. 2015), and promotion of mushroom fruit body formation (Takaki et al. 2014). The post-harvest phase consists of harvesting the agricultural produce, storing the products, transporting the products to consumers and food processing such as drying, pasteurization (sterilization of bacteria), permeabilization and fermentation. ...
... Pulse electric fields and artificial lightning using impulse high-voltage generator have been used to improve yielding rate of edible mushroom by some research groups from 1987 (Takaki 2021). Effect of high-voltage direct stimulation to bed-log of L. edodes (Shiitake mushroom) on promotion of fruit body formation was confirmed by some researchers (Takaki et al. 2014). This effect was also confirmed in sawdust-based cultivation of L. edodes of promotion of fruit body formation (Kudo et al. 1999;. ...
... Takaki et al. reported the effect of high-voltage stimulation to L. edodes bedlog on harvest yield of fruit body in period of four flashes (two years), as shown in Fig. 67. Four stages Marx generator was used to generate high voltage with pulse width of several microseconds as shown in Fig. 13 (Takaki et al. 2014). The output voltage was changed from 50 to 125 kV of strength and was applied to top of bed-log which has 0.9 m of length and approximately 1 kW of resistance. ...
Recently, pulsed power technologies, including pulsed electric fields (PEFs) and time-modulated plasmas, are starting to be applied actively in agriculture and food processing. In the applications, compact pulsed power generators with moderate peak power and repetitive operation are developed for controlling discharge plasmas and electric field distribution. These applications are mainly based on the biological effects of a spatially distributed electric field and the chemically active species in the plasma. The PEFs are caused by applying pulse voltage between the electrodes and contribute to form pores on the cell membrane or to change conformation of protein. When the applied voltage exceeds the discharge onset criterion, plasmas are generated through the avalanche process of electron accelerated with intense electric field in a gas or liquids medium. The plasmas produce chemically active species, UV radiation, an intense electric field in the vicinity of discharge channel and shock waves, which also have different biological effects. The agricultural applications of pulsed power can be categorized as two phases: pre-harvest and post-harvest phases. The pre-harvest phase consists of seed germination, seedling growth, plant growth and growth mode change from vegetative to reproductive. Pulsed power technologies are used to promotion of seed germination, plant growth enhancement through direct stimulation or indirect effect such as inactivation of bacteria in soil and liquid hydroponic media, and promotion of mushroom fruit body formation. The post-harvest phase consists of harvesting the agricultural produce, storing the products, transporting the products to consumers and food processing such as drying, pasteurization (sterilization of bacteria), permeabilization and fermentation. The pulsed power technologies are also used to keep freshness of agricultural produce through decontaminating airborne, inactivating bacteria and decomposition of plant hormone in the storage containers. The poration of cell membrane by PEF contributes improvement of extraction of juice, nutritional agents, and antioxidant metabolites such as polyphenols from agricultural products. In this review, at first, a basis of pulsed power system for agricultural applications and bio-effect by high-electric field exposure is outlined. After that, pre-harvest and post-harvest agricultural applications are described. The utilization of pulsed power technologies to contribute efficient food processing and improve food safety and quality is also described.
... Therefore, the application of plasma in agriculture is one of the most promising applications being studied in recent years. The main research direction in agricultural applications and food safety are as follows: inducing changes in the plant characteristics, eliminating pathogens or inhibiting microorganisms, promoting seed germination, increasing crop quantity, and improving crop preservation, and pesticide elimination [6][7][8][9]. ...
... Ma et al. proved that the polysaccharides of a mutant strain of Ganoderma lingzhi mycelia increased by 25.6% after treatment with atmospheric DBD non-thermal plasma [7]. Another similar study by Takaki et al. included the application of a pulsed high-voltage electrical stimulation to cultivation mushrooms at 50-130 kV, where the fruiting body formation increased by 1.3-2 times [9]. Plasma-treated water or plasma-activated water (PAW) is produced by applying plasma to water in order to generate active oxygen molecules and excited OH radicals. ...
Toxic heavy metals accumulate in crops from the environment through different routes and may interfere with biochemical reactions in humans, causing serious health consequences. Plasma technology has been assessed for the promotion of seed germination and plant growth in several past studies. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the growth rate of plants can be increased with the application of non-thermal plasma, as well as to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in leafy vegetables (water spinach). In this study, several kinds of plasma treatments were applied, such as treatment on the seeds (PTS + NTW), irrigation water (NTS + PAW) or both (PTS + PAW). The results of the study showed that the heavy metals accumulated in water spinach were affected by the heavy metals available in the soil. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd in water spinach decreased from 0.864 to 0.543 after plasma treatment in seed or irrigating water, while the BCF of Pb was low and did not show any significant changes. Therefore, the results suggest that plasma treatment may suppress Cd absorption, but not for Pb. In this study, plasma treatment did not help to improve the product yield of water spinach planted in Cd-added soil. In the future, fertilizers can be used to supply nutrients that are not provided by plasma-activated water to support the growth of water spinach.
... However, cultivation of fruiting body under blue light-emitting diode is a useful technique in improving biological efficiency of L. tigrinus [32]. Moreover, application of voltages of 50 or 100 kV stimulated the fruiting body formation and increased the accumulated yield of Lentinula edodes from 160 g to 320 g in four seasons of cultivation [33]. These above-mentioned techniques can be used for the improvement of fruiting body production of L. swartzii in the future studies. ...
... Supplementary material for this article is available online N ovel applications of non-equilibrium atmosphericpressure plasmas (APPs) in a liquid or in contact with a liquid have been found in medicine, [1][2][3][4][5] agriculture, [6][7][8][9][10] materials synthesis, 11,12) and waste water treatment. [13][14][15] Many of these utilize APP as a source to deliver reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) into the liquid phase, while much of the RONS chemistry at the plasma-liquid interface has not been well understood. ...
Breaking-through methods for experimental observation on short-lived reactive species in the liquid phase, generated at the interface of atmospheric-pressure plasmas (APPs), can contribute greatly to an understanding of the reaction processes. A newly developed high-speed liquid flow interface in helium plasma transports APP-generated liquid-phase OH radical (•OH) by advection, enabling observation of rapid APP-generated •OH decay within approximately 0.5 ms for the first time, to our best knowledge. This experimental detection and the deduced quantification of the rapid •OH decay suggests a surface localization of •OH, and thus can be an important finding to characterize the inhomogeneous •OH distribution.
