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Typical modern cable structures with steel cables: (1) suspension bridge, Highway Bridge Khor al Batah, Oman (photo credit: STRABAG); (2) cable-stayed bridge, Evripos Bridge, Greece (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (3) cable truss roof, Annex Lutherhaus Roof, Germany (photo credit: Monika Nikolic); (4) cable suspension roof, Glass Canopy of Station Plaza Heilbronn, Germany (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (5) cable net facade, Facade Airport Málaga, Spain (photo credit: Roschmann); (6) saddle-shaped cable net, Canopy in Autostadt Wolfsburg, Germany (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (7) cable net tower, Dry Cooling Tower in Schmehausen near Hamm, Germany (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (8) arch tower cable supported roof, Moses Mabhida Stadium, South Africa (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); and (9) spoked wheel cable roof, Bay Arena Leverkusen, Germany (photo credit: Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH).
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Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is an advanced composite material with the advantages of high strength, lightweight, no corrosion and excellent fatigue resistance. Therefore, unidirectional CFRP has great potential for cables and to replace steel cables in cable structures. However, CFRP is a typical orthotropic material and its strength and...
Contexts in source publication
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... example, the availability of high-strength steel cables allows the construction of long-span cable structures like modern suspension bridges with spans of more than 1000 m; it also makes the construction of cable structures with new forms become reality, such as cable roofs and cable facades. Several typical modern cable structures with steel cables are shown in Figure 1. (2) cable-stayed bridge, Evripos Bridge, Greece (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (3) cable truss roof, Annex Lutherhaus Roof, Germany (photo credit: Monika Nikolic); (4) cable suspension roof, Glass Canopy of Station Plaza Heilbronn, Germany (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (5) cable net facade, Facade Airport Málaga, Spain (photo credit: Roschmann); (6) saddle-shaped cable net, Canopy in Autostadt Wolfsburg, Germany (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (7) cable net tower, Dry Cooling Tower in Schmehausen near Hamm, Germany (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); (8) arch tower cable supported roof, Moses Mabhida Stadium, South Africa (photo credit: schlaich bergermann und partner); and (9) spoked wheel cable roof, Bay Arena Leverkusen, Germany (photo credit: Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH). ...
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... the mouth of the steel socket to its end, the distribution density of granules in the resin increases gradually, so as to achieve an anchorage mortar with gradient elastic modulus. The principle of this anchorage is illustrated in Figure 10, compared with normal conical mortar anchorage [25]. In the normal conical mortar anchorage, the elastic modulus of the anchorage mortar is constant. ...
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... the normal conical mortar anchorage, the elastic modulus of the anchorage mortar is constant. This will cause severe shear stress concentration of CFRP rods at the mouth of anchorage socket (see Figure 10a). However, due to the gradually increased elastic modulus of mortar from the socket mouth to the socket end, the stress peak of CFRP rods can be considerably reduced in the Gradient Anchorage System (see Figure 10b). ...
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... will cause severe shear stress concentration of CFRP rods at the mouth of anchorage socket (see Figure 10a). However, due to the gradually increased elastic modulus of mortar from the socket mouth to the socket end, the stress peak of CFRP rods can be considerably reduced in the Gradient Anchorage System (see Figure 10b). Hence the anchorage efficiency will be highly improved [25]. ...
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... due to the severe corrosion, the steel main cables were removed and replaced with CFRP cables in November 1998. The photo and sketch of Neigles CFRP footbridge are shown in Figure 11 [26,27]. The Neigles CFRP Footbridge is a pedestrian suspension bridge with a single span (see Figure 11). ...
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... photo and sketch of Neigles CFRP footbridge are shown in Figure 11 [26,27]. The Neigles CFRP Footbridge is a pedestrian suspension bridge with a single span (see Figure 11). It has two CFRP main cables, which were manufactured by the Tokyo Rope Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ...
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... cables are protected by the polyethylene sheaths and anchored by the Multiple Resin Filling Anchorage System. The diagrams of this anchorage system are shown in Figure 12 [23,26]. This anchorage system consists of an anchorage head and 16 Resin Filling Anchorages. ...
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... bridge was designed by COWI A/S and completed in June 1999. The photo and sketch of Herning CFRP Footbridge are shown in Figure 13 The Herning Footbridge is a single pylon cable stayed bridge with double cable planes (see Figure 13). It has 16 stay cables in total and all of them are CFRP cables. ...
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... bridge was designed by COWI A/S and completed in June 1999. The photo and sketch of Herning CFRP Footbridge are shown in Figure 13 The Herning Footbridge is a single pylon cable stayed bridge with double cable planes (see Figure 13). It has 16 stay cables in total and all of them are CFRP cables. ...
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... load bearing capacity of each cable is 1070 kN and all cables were supplied from factory in fixed lengths with Resin Filling Anchorages. The diagrams of this anchorage are shown in Figure 14 [28]. The above anchorage system is mainly composed of a straight tube shaped steel socket and a special resin filling. ...
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... bridge was designed by Freyssinet International and completed in 2002. The photo and sketch of Laroin CFRP Footbridge are shown in Figure 15 [29]. The Laroin CFRP Footbridge is a single span cable stayed bridge with twin towers and double cable planes (see Figure 15). ...
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... photo and sketch of Laroin CFRP Footbridge are shown in Figure 15 [29]. The Laroin CFRP Footbridge is a single span cable stayed bridge with twin towers and double cable planes (see Figure 15). The main span of 110 m long and 2.5 m wide is supported by eight pairs of CFRP stay cables. ...
Context 13
... diagrams of this anchorage (one module) are illustrated as follows [29]. Figure 16 shows one module of the Modular Clamp Anchorage system. In this figure, one module of CFRP cable, i.e., one CFRP 7-rod bundle, is gripped as a group by the wedge type anchorage. ...
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... one year's construction, this bridge was completed in the end of May 2005. The photo and sketch of this bridge are shown in Figure 17 [30]. The Jiangsu University CFRP Footbridge is a single pylon cable-stayed bridge with double cable planes (see Figure 17). ...
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... photo and sketch of this bridge are shown in Figure 17 [30]. The Jiangsu University CFRP Footbridge is a single pylon cable-stayed bridge with double cable planes (see Figure 17). All 16 stay cables are made of CFRP parallel rod bundles. ...
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... adopted CFRP bars are Φ 8 mm Leadline indented rods produced by Mitsubishi Chemical Company. Based on the different load-bearing requirements, three kinds of cables with different number of bars were applied (see Figure 17). The load bearing capacities of these cables are 720 kN (6 ˆ 8 mm), 1320 kN (11ˆ811ˆ11ˆ8 mm) and 1920 kN (16ˆ816ˆ16ˆ8 mm), respectively. ...
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... CFRP cable anchorage was specially designed, which is called the Straight Tube and Inner Cone Anchorage. The diagrams of this anchorage are shown in Figure 18 [30,31]. This anchorage consists of a steel socket and the mortar (epoxy resin or expansive cement) inside. ...
Context 18
... design has the advantages of straight tube anchorage and conical anchorage combined. The principle of this anchorage is illustrated in Figure 19, compared with normal conical anchorage [31]. The normal conical anchorage can effectively restrict the creep, but severe stress concentration of shear and radial stress of CFRP rods will occur at the socket mouth (see Figure 19a). ...
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... principle of this anchorage is illustrated in Figure 19, compared with normal conical anchorage [31]. The normal conical anchorage can effectively restrict the creep, but severe stress concentration of shear and radial stress of CFRP rods will occur at the socket mouth (see Figure 19a). However, in the Straight Tube and Inner Cone Anchorage (see Figure 19b), both the shear and radial stress peaks of CFRP rods will start near the joint of the straight tube and cone and go on constantly to the socket mouth. ...
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... normal conical anchorage can effectively restrict the creep, but severe stress concentration of shear and radial stress of CFRP rods will occur at the socket mouth (see Figure 19a). However, in the Straight Tube and Inner Cone Anchorage (see Figure 19b), both the shear and radial stress peaks of CFRP rods will start near the joint of the straight tube and cone and go on constantly to the socket mouth. In this way, the magnitudes of stress peaks are greatly reduced. ...
Context 21
... on the existing Resin Filling Anchorage for CFCC strands, the design team of Penobscot Narrows Bridge, who cooperated with Lawrence Technological University, developed a new kind of anchorage for this case. This anchorage can be named as "Highly Expansive Material Filling Anchorage", which is illustrated in Figure 21 [32]. This anchorage consists of a long threaded socket with a hollow straight tube and mortar inside. ...
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Citations
... The strength-enhancing component of FRP composites is fiber, that is, the reinforcing element, either carbon or glass; the polymer resin acts as a matrix to secure the fibers. 4,58,59 The structure and performance of FRPs are notably impacted by the orientation of the reinforcement; Figure 3A,B. An additional structural variation that improves the damage tolerance of FRPs is the mutual preparation of fibers (refer to Figure 3C). ...
This review explores uniaxial ultrasonic fatigue (USF) testing as a common and dependable method for quantifying the extended fatigue life of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The objective is to explain the complexities governing the fatigue life behavior of FRPs, particularly in the realm of very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) where the number of loading cycles exceeds 10 ⁷ . To this end, this review encompasses the analysis of VHCF behavior, including the derivation and interpretation of stress–life ( S – N ) data, the evaluation of various fatigue damage mechanisms (i.e., controlling mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation) exhibited in FRP composites, and a thorough investigation of the frequency‐dependent effects on fatigue responses. Furthermore, this review tries to analyze the microscopic intricacies intrinsic to the VHCF failure of FRP composites, encompassing aspects such as fiber‐matrix de‐bonding, matrix cracking, and delamination, unveiling their modes and effects in a detailed manner. This review also underscores the pivotal integration of simulations, machine learning, and modeling techniques, emphasizing their crucial role in explaining both macroscopic and microscopic interactions governing the VHCF of FRPs.
... Composite materials have a wide range of applications in the aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and naval construction industries and in structures for the manufacture of wind energy and sports goods, as well as special applications where low weight and high strength are required [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Polymer composite materials show high resistance to corrosion and allow for creating components with a complex shape [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. All composite materials are generally composed of two phases: the reinforcement (fibers or particles) and the matrix. ...
This article is focused on the experimental study of flexural properties in different multi-layer carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and correlations with the results of finite element method (FEM) simulations of mechanical properties. The comparison of the results shows the possibility of reducing the number of experimental specimens for testing. The experimental study of flexural properties for four types of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites with twill weaves (2 × 2) was carried out. As input materials, pre-impregnated carbon laminate GG 204 T and GG 630 T (prepreg) and two types of carbon fiber fabrics (GG 285 T and GG 300 T (fabric)) were used. Multi-layer samples were manufactured from two types of prepregs and two types of fabrics, which were hand-impregnated during sample preparation. The layers were stacked using same orientation. All specimens for flexural test were cut with the longer side in the weft direction. Pre-impregnated carbon laminates were further impregnated with resin DT 121H. Carbon fabrics were hand-impregnated with epoxy matrix LG 120 and hardener HG 700. To fulfill the aim of this research, finite element method (FEM)-based simulations of mechanical properties were performed. The FEM simulations and analysis were conducted in Hexagon’s MSC Marc Mentat 2022.3 and Digimat 2022.4 software. This paper presents the results of actual experimental bending tests and the results of simulations of bending tests for different composite materials (mentioned previously). We created material models for simulations based on two methods—MF (Mean Field) and FE (Finite Element), and the comparative results show better agreement with the MF model. The composites (GG 285 T and GG 300 T) showed better flexural results than composites made from pre-impregnated carbon laminates (GG 204 T and GG 630 T). The difference in results for the hand-impregnated laminates was about 15% higher than for prepregs, but this is still within an acceptable tolerance as per the reported literature. The highest percentage difference of 14.25% between the simulation and the real experiment was found for the software tool Digimat FE 2022.4 – GG 630 T composite. The lowest difference of 0.5% was found for the software tool Digimat MF 2022.4 – GG 204 T composite. By comparing the results of the software tools with the results of the experimental measurements, it was found that the Digimat MF 2022.4 tool is closer to the results of the experimental measurements than the Digimat FE 2022.4 tool.
... Weaving machines are crucial mechanical equipment in textile production, and the fabrics they produce have extensive applications in various fields such as clothing, home textiles, aerospace [1], military defense, rail transportation, marine vessels, hydraulic construction, environmental protection, and so on [2]. Particularly, lightweight and wide carbon fiber fabrics exhibit characteristics such as high strength, high modulus, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and seamless construction [3,4]. When used over large areas, they possess greater overall strength and stability [5]. ...
Wide-width weaving machines typically employ the method of increasing the shuttle’s initial speed to achieve a broader weft insertion. However, this approach not only leads to issues such as significant equipment vibrations, high noise levels, increased energy consumption, and reduced lifespan but also has limitations in achieving substantial increases in the fabric width. The article proposes a wide-width weft insertion method based on high-temperature superconducting magnetic levitation technology. It utilizes the levitation characteristics of high-temperature superconducting shuttles in a permanent magnet array’s magnetic field to levitate the shuttle. The shuttle is then propelled by a traveling wave magnetic field generated by an array of electromagnetic coils, enabling wide-width weft insertion. Based on the required thrust values and weaving speed for the shuttle insertion process, the structural parameters of the weft insertion guideway were calculated. A superconducting suspended weft insertion structure was designed, and a mathematical model between the weft insertion guideway and the shuttle was established. Subsequently, a simulation model of the weft insertion guideway was created using Simulink, and the model was simulated, verified, and analyzed using the field-oriented control algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the operating speed of the levitated shuttle and the driving force for weft insertion meet the requirements for high-speed wide-width weaving.
... Galvanized parallel steel wire cables [35] are used for the steel cables. The CFRP cables are constructed using standard CFRP tendons, with their material properties sourced from relevant literature [37]. The tensile strength of carbon fibers has significant randomness due to the presence of internal defects, and increasing fiber length increases the probability of material defects, thus significantly reducing its strength. ...
In this paper, a thorough investigation is presented on the static and dynamic behaviors of a short-span cable-stayed bridge (CSB) incorporating steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) hybrid cables. The study focuses on the world’s largest span and China’s first highway, CFRP CSB. The performance of the CSB was compared using numerical simulations under four different cable patterns: steel cables, CFRP cables, and steel, and two types of hybrid cables with different structural arrangements. The results indicate that the use of the use of CFRP cables in the long cable region in the short-span CSB project investigated in this study offers improved performance in terms of stability, seismic response, and reduced displacements. In comparison to CFRP cables, hybrid cables have demonstrated a reduction of 12% in the maximum vertical displacement of the main girder. On the other hand, the hybrid cables result in reduced maximum internal forces and longitudinal and lateral displacements of the main girders and towers compared to steel cables. The difference in the arrangement of CFRP cables in the long cable region or short cable region is not obvious under dead loads, but significant differences still exist between the CFRP cable bridges in the short cable region and the long cable region in terms of live load effects, temperature effects, and dynamic characteristics.
... The application of new materials can offer solutions to the challenges above. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables, characterized by low density, high strength, and a low thermal expansion ratio, present a viable alternative for use in long-span structures [4] . Some research on cables, such as design methods [5] , durability [6] , joint [7] and anchoring systems [8] [9] , have notably advanced the application of CFRP cables in structural engineering. ...
The extradosed bridge is defined as the structure between the girder and cable-stayed bridges. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables are favoured over steel cables due to their lower weight, higher strength, and reduced thermal expansion ratio, rendering them suitable for shorter tower structures. A comparative design study involving the replacement of steel cables and concrete girders with CFRP cables and steel girders in a 220m span extradosed bridge reveals that the cables bear most of the vertical loads. Proper implementation of CFRP cables reduces nonlinear effects and main girder stresses, increases deflection and vibration period, and mitigates the adverse impact of temperature load. This study offers a novel application of CFRP cables in an extradosed cable-stayed bridge, providing economic and environmental benefits, expedited construction, and enhanced structural performance.
... When fluid flows toward to the cable, the fluid flow changes dramatically near the cable and changes little away from the cable. For this reason, the (3) [σ ] = f y S (4) A C = A S Table 1. Mechanical properties of steel and CFRP cables. ...
... Test wind pressure coefficient around the cable under Reynolds number Re = 3.79 × 10 5 and drag coefficient of the cable under different Reynolds numbers when then wind came from different angles were compared with the CFD results in Figs. 3. In addition, a circular cylinder with a height of 500 mm and a diameter of 300 mm in 36 was also simulated with the CFD model. ...
To study the aerodynamic performance and wind-induced response of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables, CFRP cable was designed by replacing a steel cable in a tied arch bridge based on stiffness, strength and area equivalent criteria, respectively. The aerodynamic performance and wind-induced response of CFRP cable and steel cable were studied and compared by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Based on the computational results, optimal cable replacement criterion was proposed for CFRP cable to replace steel cable. In addition, surface modification was conducted by engrooving vertical symmetric (VS), vertical asymmetric (VA) and helical symmetric (HS) V-shaped grooves to improve the aerodynamic performance and wind-induced response of CFRP cable. Results showed that CFRP cables exhibited inferior aerodynamic performance and wind-induced response in most cases. However, CFRP cable based on stiffness equivalent criterion exhibited better aerodynamic performance and wind-induced vibration properties compared to the other two cable replacement criteria, thus is regarded as the optimal substitute for steel cable. In addition, HS grooves generated symmetric disturbances and caused approximately equivalent boundary layer separation delays uniformly and continuously along the cable length, thus exhibiting better effect in decreasing the reverse flow region, the maximum negative flow velocity, the vortex shedding frequency and the wind-induced vibration amplitude of CFRP cable. Hence, the stiffness equivalent criterion combined with surface modification with HS V-shaped grooves was proposed to replace steel cable with CFRP cable. This study can provide insights into the aerodynamic performance and wind-induced response of CFRP cable and instructions for cable replacement practice.
... Weaving machines are crucial pieces of mechanical equipment in textile production, and the fabrics they produce find extensive applications in various fields such as clothing, home textiles, aerospace [1], military defense, rail transportation, marine vessels, hydraulic construction, environmental protection, and more [2]. In particular, lightweight and wide carbon fiber fabrics exhibit characteristics such as a high strength, a high modulus, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and seamless construction [3]. When used over large areas, they possess greater overall strength and stability [4]. ...
Wide weaving machines traditionally enhance the weaving width by increasing the shuttle’s initial velocity. However, this approach introduces challenges like pronounced equipment vibration, elevated noise levels, heightened energy consumption, and a reduced lifespan. Moreover, its efficacy in significantly widening fabric is constrained. Addressing these concerns, this paper proposes a wide-width warp insertion solution that involves driving the high-temperature superconducting shuttle to achieve high-speed horizontal flight through a traveling magnetic field. The inductive weft insertion system structure of wide weaving machines comprises an insertion guideway with an iron core and wound electromagnetic coils. The shuttle consists of a high-temperature superconducting block and a conductive plate, serving as the driving element. By establishing the equivalent circuit of the weft insertion guideway and the suspended shuttle, the calculation formula for the dynamic driving performance of the weft insertion guideway is obtained. Utilizing a transient 3D magnetic field simulation model, the impact of parameters like the current frequency, shuttle conductive plate thickness, and suspension gap on weft insertion performance is explored. Successful wide-width weft insertion motion is achieved by controlling coil input current parameters. Finally, an experimental platform is constructed to validate the correctness of the weft insertion system structure and simulation model through practical experiments.
... Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tendon has emerging as a desirable substitution for traditional steel tendon in civil engineering structures under harsh environment, given the advantages of high strength, low weight, and excellent corrosion and fatigue resistance of FRP [1][2][3][4]. The commonly used FRP tendons in civil engineering mainly includes CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) tendon, GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer) tendon, AFRP (aramid fiber reinforced polymer) tendon and BFRP (basalt fiber reinforced polymer) tendon [5][6][7]. Compared to CFRP tendon, GFRP, AFRP and BFRP tendons are more cost-low. However, their low elastic modulus and inferior relaxation performance make them unsuitable for high-stress service conditions [8,9]. ...
... Cable-supported bridges, mainly consisting of cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges, only account for about 1.5% of the total number of bridges while being employed as an effective structural form for large-span requirements and complex environments [3][4][5]. By optimizing the material properties of cables [6] and increasing the accuracy of numerically simulating their behavior [7,8], the introduction of cables in bridges significantly improves their applicable span. ...
Compared with common bridges, large-span cable-supported bridges contain more components, are located in a more complex environment, and play a more important role in traffic system sustainability. Throughout the service life, it is more necessary to evaluate their safety, functionality, and environmental status. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation system is proposed to fill the gap using advanced sensor-guided structural health monitoring data and probability-based digital twins. Safety evaluation is the basis of the system and can be divided into overall and component levels. The former includes an over-limit analysis of main structural responses and degradation identification of dynamic characteristics. The abnormal areas discovered in this phase and the hot spots prompted by prior information during the design process will be checked in the latter. The functional assessment of this system is mainly based on checklist-type inspection and is often carried out together with appearance inspection and non-main structural component detection. Environmental assessment includes the monitoring and analysis of wind fields, temperature, humidity, foundation scour, and traffic flow and is the source of external information in the aforementioned two modules. The temperature and humidity of the example bridges are basically uniformly distributed along the spatial dimension, fluctuating over a period of one day.
... Reviews of Reda Taha and Shrive [8], Schmidt et al. [6], and Wang et al. [9] focused on single FRP tendons used for retrofitting concrete structures, normally in the form of internal or external prestressing members. Liu et al. [10] and Wang et al. [11] both reviewed the CFPR cables for cable-supported structures, in which the novel strip-shaped cable was easy to be anchored and was promising in roof structures. Zhao et al. [12] summarized the progress of creep, relaxation, and fatigue studies of FRP cable-anchorage systems. ...
... Assume there is a unique point of e, namely e * to make the total cable force μ(e) reach the maximum value μ max , i.e., dμ(e) /de = 0. For each given e, μ(e) and Γ(e, e) can be solved numerically from Eqs. (10) to (13). The cable capacity μ max and corresponding ultimate global strain e * can then be captured from the μ(e)-e curve. ...
In this study, the classic fiber bundle model is exploited in the statistical modeling of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) cables. Important features of large-scale multi-tendon FRP cable are considered including initial random slack, uneven tensile deformation among tendons, and other statistical mechanical properties of tendon. Aiming at the prediction of load-displacement relation and design of thousand-meter-scale FRP cables, a parametric study and reliability analysis are conducted, in which the relation of reliability index β of cable and safety factor γ of FRP material is emphasized. In four different types of FRP cables from previous studies, the simulated load-displacement curves are in good agreement with experimental ones. The random slack and non-uniform deformation of tendons are found to have significant impacts on cable capacity. For a 10,000 m-long cable, compared to the original strength of the tendon, the retention rate of strength in real FRP cable can vary from 0.26 to 0.82, depending on the scattering of tendon strength. The recommended γ is 3.0, 3.2, and 3.4 for target reliability index βT = 3.7, 4.2, and 4.7, respectively. Then, the limits of design parameters for large-scale FRP cables are calculated under a given reliability index.
