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Hypersonic technologies offer potential solutions and applications that could have a strong impact on doctrine and conduct of future military operations. Different applications are conceivable for hypersonic flight vehicles in order to enable new or advanced military capabilities. Most obvious is the rapid delivery of weapons. Serving the ‘speed is...
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The proprieties of sound have fascinated humans for a long time. The first known theoretical treatise on sound was provided by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia (1687). Since then, scientists have been researching on quantifying the speed of sound.
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... The particles suspended in the flow exchange mass, momentum, and energy and form multiphase flow systems. It has been well-recognized that particle-laden flow can cause severe damage to vehicles [2] with the collision of solid particles leading to engine failure, severe damage to the vehicle, and erosion and cratering of thermal protection materials [3]. Hence, a thorough understanding of particle-laden flows and the characterization of their impact on the surface of slender bodies for typical flight profiles is critical for improving engineering designs. ...
This study utilizes in-situ data of stratospheric particle size distributions to understandparticle-surface impacts at hypersonic flight conditions. Simulations are performed to trackLagrangian particles through the flow field and statistically gather characteristics of particlesthat impact the surface. Probability density functions in terms of surface-impact locations,particle sizes, velocities, incident angles, and kinetic energies are presented. The results indicatethat sub-micrometer diameter particles most frequently impact the nosetip of the vehicle at arange of velocities that tend towards the free-stream velocity at higher altitudes. However, itdoes not appear that sub-micrometer particles significantly contribute to the net surface-impactkinetic energy. It is shown that larger particles between 6 and 8 𝜇m are responsible for the majority of net surface-impact kinetic energy, despite these surface-impact events being infrequent.
... The Ka-frequency band detection of HWs should be quite advantageous in such dense transmitters of opportunity given the HW plasma resonance frequency range of 284 MHz to 28 GHz. 53 ...
... Percentage transmission through Earth's atmosphere, along the vertical direction, under clear sky conditions.53 ...
This Scientific Report documents an unclassified analysis and literature review of key aspects and challenges related to hypersonic missiles and hypervelocity projectiles. Specifically, it introduces the nature and evolution of hypersonic weapons, discusses current and future sensor systems capabilities for detecting
and tracking these missiles and projectiles, advance information fusion systems for developing timely course-of-actions, interception methods, and effector technologies to defeat hypersonic and hypervelocity threats. Other strategic aspects of hypersonic missiles and hypervelocity projectiles, such as cost and sustainment considerations, are examined and presented. Examples of concerning hypersonic missile scenarios, assuming paths initiated along Canada’s coastline, are provided for illustration purposes. The study aims to inform decision-making about the new threats of hypersonic missiles and to suggest potential research and development activities/initiatives to advance the Canadian Armed Forces' knowledge and expertise of hypersonic weapon capabilities.
... Hypersonic vehicle, which is a kind of vehicles at the speed of Mach 5 or above, provides a cost-effective way to access space by reducing the flight time. It has received significantly resurgent interests in recent years since the two successful flight tests of the X-43A conducted by national aeronautics and space administration (NASA) [1,2]. As one of the key technologies of hypersonic vehicle, precise navigation technique is essential for ensuring the feasibility and efficiency of hypersonic vehicle. ...
The INS/GNSS integration is the commonly used technique for hypersonic vehicle navigation. However, owing to the complicated flight dynamics with high maneuverability and large flight envelope, the dynamic model of INS/GNSS integration inevitably exists errors which degrades the navigation performance of a hypersonic vehicle seriously. In this paper, a new model predictive based unscented Kalman filter (MP-UKF) is proposed to address this problem. The MP-UKF employs the concept of model predictive filter for the establishment of a dynamic model error estimator, and it subsequently compensate the model error estimation to UKF for nonlinear state estimation. Since the MP-UKF could predict the dynamic model error persistently and correct the filtering procedure of UKF online, it improves the UKF adaptiveness and is promising for the performance enhancement of INS/GNSS integration for hypersonic vehicle navigation. Simulation results and comparison analysis have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
... A large number of modern studies are devoted to the development of hypersonic technologies. The ability to travel at speeds five (or more) times the speed of sound, to perform maneuvers that are unpredictable for potential enemies, to deliver payloads anywhere on Earth within half an hourall these advantages of hypersonic vehicles allow to surpass conventional aircraft in many aerospace fields [1]. ...
... Hypersonic vehicle refers to a vehicle at the speed of Mach 5 or above. Due to the merits such as large flight envelope, high maneuverability and speedy global reach, hypersonic vehicle has received great attention in the recent years in both aeronautic and astronautic fields for various civil and military applications [1], [2]. As the ''eye'' of a hypersonic vehicle, the navigation system is the primary element of the overall vehicle flight control system (navigation, guidance and control system). ...
... where z k = (ρ (1) , ρ (2) , · · ·, ρ (m) ) T , h(·) is the nonlinear function describing the relationship between the pseudorange measurement and system state, and v k is the measurement noise. ...
Due to the high maneuverability of a hypersonic vehicle, the measurements for tightly coupled INS/GNSS (inertial navigation system/global navigation satellite system) integration system inevitably involve errors. The typical measurement errors include outliers in pseudorange observations and non-Gaussian noise distribution. This paper focuses on the nonlinear state estimation problem in hypersonic vehicle navigation. It presents a new innovation orthogonality-based robust unscented Kalman filter (IO-RUKF) to resist the disturbance of measurement errors on navigation performance. This IO-RUKF detects measurement errors by use of the hypothesis test theory. Subsequently, it introduces a defined robust factor to inflate the covariance of predicted measurement and further rescale the Kalman gain such that the measurements in error are less weighted to ensure the filtering robustness against measurement errors. The proposed IO-RUKF can not only correct the UKF sensitivity to measurement errors, but also avoids the loss of accuracy for state estimation in the absence of measurement errors. The efficacy and superiority of the proposed IO-RUKF have been verified through simulations and comparison analysis.
... Air-breathing hypersonic vehicles (AHVs) have been a research hotspot and frontier in the aerospace community during the last decade. Because of the extremely fast speed and large flight range, it is potential to be an available access to the economically reusable space shuttle and prompt global strike, and is recognized as game-changing technologies [1]. The successes of the NASA X-41 and USAF X-51A indicate that sustainable hypersonic flight will be a reality in the foreseeable future. ...
