Figure - available from: ZooKeys
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
![Table 4 . Measurements [in mm; mean±SD (range)] of adult specimens of...](publication/321939811/figure/tbl2/AS:670494982422558@1536869869973/Measurements-in-mm-meanSD-range-of-adult-specimens-of-Rana-dabieshanensis-sp-n_Q320.jpg)
A new species Rana dabieshanensis sp. n. is described from the Dabie Mountains in Anhui Province, China, based on morphological character differences and molecular analyses. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of diagnostic characters. The results of phylogenetic analyses (based on 12s rRNA, 16s rRNA, ND2, Cyt b...
Similar publications
Skeletochronology is a reliable method for estimating the age and growth rate of many ectothermic vertebrates, including amphibians. The Levant green frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Ranidae), is a relatively large frog distributed in the western and northern parts of Iran. The age structure of Pelophylax bedriagae was determined by examining 52 females...
The characteristic is given and the taxonomic structure of the modern bathrachological collection of the Zoological Museum of the Saratov National Research State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky is analyzed. Currently, it has 1903 specimens of amphibians belonging to 46 species of 13 families. The Ranidae family is the most fully presente...
Amphibian’s skin bacterial community may help them to cope with several types of environmental perturbations, including osmotic stress caused by increased salinity. This work assessed whether an amphibian skin bacterium could increase its tolerance to NaCl after a long-term exposure to this salt. A strain of Erwinia toletana, isolated from the skin...
Amphibians are poorly known in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve (RFO) in DRC, and amphibians are identified as one of the most threatened animal taxa among vertebrates living on Earth. The aim of this study was to inventory amphibians in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. To do this, amphibians were caught by hand during the day (between 06:00-08:00 hrs) and at...
Many amphibian species possess male-specific secretory breeding glands. In anurans, such specialized glands are often present as nuptial pads at the first digit of the hand, which are pressed against the female during amplexus. However, the role of nuptial pad secretions remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the inner morphology as well as...
Citations
... Principally, they show a white continuous stripe covering the totality of the upper lip, and red smooth spots on their ventral side during the breeding season (see details reviewed by Borzée et al., 2023). In the parts of the range outside of DPR Korea, R. amurensis has two clearly visible and prominent dorsolateral stripes and black spots on the tubercles on the back that R. coreana does not (Song et al., 2006;Wang et al., 2017a), and more rough redbrown spots on the flanks than R. coreana. Finally, the webbing between the toes of R. amurensis is moderately developed compared to R. coreana, likely an adaptation to colder habitats (Song et al., 2006;Zhao et al., 2017;. ...
... In terms of morphological variations, R. coreana is most similar to R. amurensis, and the key to discriminating these two species from other Rana of the region is the white continuous stripe covering the totality of the upper lip and the red smooth spots on their ventral and lateral sides during the breeding season (see details of review in Borzée et al., 2023). In the parts of the range outside of DPR Korea, R. coreana does not have clearly prominent dorsolateral stripes, in opposition to R. amurensis (Song et al., 2006;Wang et al., 2017a), and not as many clearly marked rough redbrown spots on the flanks. Finally, the toes of R. coreana are only half webbed, and the toes are underdeveloped (Song et al., 2006;Zhao et al., 2017;. ...
... Generally, the species complex can be discriminated from the R. dybowskii species complex through the presence of tubercles on the ventral side of the thighs (Song et al., 2006;AmphibiaChina, 2022). Rana chensinensis and R. kukunoris differ from R. huanrenensis in the shape and structure of the dorsolateral stripes (Song et al., 2006;Wang et al., 2017a), although R. chensinensis and R. taihangensis are similar in that the dorsal folds may not be straight, and sometimes interrupted (AmphibiaChina, 2022), and some individuals show an inverted V on their upper back, but the dorsolateral line is not prominent (Kuzmin et al., 2017). In addition, the R. chensinensis species complex has well-developed toe-webbing showing a wide angle between the first and second toe (noting here a similarity with R. dybowskii; Othman et al., 2022; AmphibiaChina, 2022). ...
The Ranidae family in northeast Asia is the most speciose anuran family, including three native genera: Rana, Glandirana and Pelophylax, and the invasive Lithobates. The Rana genus is composed of seven species, with two main contact zones in species distribution, one at the centre of the Korean Peninsula and the other north of the Yellow Sea. The Glandirana genus includes only one species, distributed on the Korean Peninsula and northeast China. The Pelophylax genus includes four species, in need of taxonomic clarification.
Rana species are variable in habitat preferences, some breeding in flowing streams and others in lentic waterbodies. Glandirana emeljanovi is able to exploit a wide variety of habitats, from lentic pools to the edge of large flowing rivers where it also hibernates. Pelophylax species are generally restricted to stagnant water, with intrageneric preferences, where they lay large floating egg masses.
None of the species is massively threatened, but all populations are decreasing in size. In addition, P. chosenicus is nationally listed as threatened in R Korea where most of its habitat is threatened by habitat change.
... The two phylogenetic reconstruction methods (ML and BI) yielded identical tree topologies that favored the clades and/or relationships of the family Ranidae ( Figure 4). Overall, the reconstructed phylogeny at the genus level in our study verified that R. longicrus and R. hanluica belong to the R. japonica group, which is consistent with the results of Wang et al. [57] and Wan et al. [17]. Further studies are required to clarify the phylogenetic position of the genus Rana. ...
... Overall, the reconstructed phylogeny at the genus level in our study verified that R. longicrus and R. hanluica belong to the R. japonica group, which is consistent with the results of Wang et al. [57] and Wan et al. [17]. Further studies are required to clarify the phylogenetic position of the genus Rana. ...
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) possesses several invaluable attributes, including limited recombination, maternal inheritance, a fast evolutionary rate, compact size, and relatively conserved gene arrangement, all of which make it particularly useful for applications in phylogenetic reconstruction, population genetics, and evolutionary research. In this study, we aimed to determine the complete mitogenomes of two morphologically similar Rana species (Rana hanluica and Rana longicrus) using next-generation sequencing. The entire circular mitogenome was successfully identified, with a length of 19,395 bp for R. hanluica and 17,833 bp for R. longicrus. The mitogenomes of both species contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and one control region; mitogenome size varied predominantly with the length of the control region. The two synonymous codon usages in 13 PCGs showed that T and A were used more frequently than G and C. The ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions of all 13 PCGs were <1 in the Rana species, indicating that the PCGs were under purifying selection. Finally, phylogenetic relationship analyses suggested that R. hanluica and R. longicrus were classified in the R. japonica group. Our study provides valuable reference material for the taxonomy of the genus Rana.
... extends the distribution of the genus northward to Dabie Mountain in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To date, many new vertebrate species have been discovered in the Dabie Mountains [32][33][34][35][36][37]; the discovery of the A. dabieshanensis sp. nov. ...
Simple Summary
A new species of odd-scaled snake in the genus Achalinus is described from Dabie Mountains Luan City, Anhui Province, China, based on one male and two female specimens. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses based on a mitochondrial DNA fragment (CO1) indicated the new taxon is different from its congeners (p–distance ≥ 9.4%). Morphologically, the new species can be diagnosed from the other species by a combination of 12 characters. The recognition of the new species brings the number of described Achalinus species to 22.
Abstract
A new species of Xenodermid snake, Achalinus dabieshanensis sp. nov., was described based on three specimens (two female and one male) collected from the Dabie Mountains of western Anhui Province. It can be distinguished from known congeners by a significant genetic divergence in the mitochondrial gene fragment COI (p-distance ≥ 9.4%) and the following combination of characteristics: (1) length of the suture between the internasals being distinctly shorter than between the prefrontals; (2) a single loreal; (3) dorsal scales strongly keeled, in 23 rows throughout the body; (4) two pairs of prefrontals; (5) six supralabials; (6) five infralabials; (7) temporals 2 + 2 + 3 (or 2 + 2 + 4); (8) 141–155 ventrals; (9) 45–55 subcaudals, unpaired; (10) anal entire; (11) weakly iridescent tinged, uniform, brown to black dorsum with vertebral scales and about three adjacent dorsal scales dark brown forming a longitudinal vertebral line from posterior margin of parietals to tail tip; (12) light brown venter, ventral shields wide, visible on both sides, light brown flanks, giving the appearance of a black subcaudal streak. The recognition of the new species increases the number of described Achalinus species to 22.
... Currently, 56 species of the genus Rana are recorded, with 28 species distributed in China (AmphibiaChina, 2022;Frost, 2022). In the last five years, new species described within Rana indicated the presence of cryptic species, i.e., R. dabieshanensis Wang, Qian, Zhang, Guo, Pan, Wu, Wang & Zhang, 2017, R. luanchuanensis Zhao & Yuan, 2017 R. jiulingensis Wan, Lyu & Wang, 2020, R. wuyiensis Wu, Shi, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Hoang, Wu & Wang, 2021, and R. taihangensis Chen, 2022Zhao et al., 2017;Wan et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2021;Shen et al., 2022). ...
... In China, Fei et al. (2009b) classified 14 species of the subgenus Rana into three species groups based on morphological comparisons and geographical distribution, namely, R. longicrus group, R. chensinensis group, and R. amurensis group. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses supported the delineation of these species groups and revised the taxonomy of several species members (Yan et al., 2011;Yuan et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2017;Zhao et al., 2017;Wan et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2021). The taxonomic revisions merged the R. longicrus group as the R. japonica group ) and proposed a new species group, R. johnsi group (Wan et al., 2020). ...
... IND-internarial distance (distance between nares); IOD-interorbital distance (the minimal distance between upper eyelids); LAHL-lower-arm and hand length (from the tip of finger III to the elbow joint); NED-nasal to eye distance (distance between the nasal and the anterior corner of the eye); NSD-nasal to snout distance (distance between the nasal the posterior edge of the vent); SVL-snout-vent length (from tip of snout to vent); SL-snout length (from tip of snout to the anterior corner of the eye); TD-tympanum diameter (horizontal tympanic diameter); TED-tympanum-eye distance (from anterior edge of tympanum to posterior corner of the eye); TFL-length of tarsus and foot (from the proximal end of tarsus to the tip of the toe IV); TIB-tibia length (distance from knee to heel); TW-tibia width (the greatest width of tibia); UEW-upper eyelid width (the maximal width of the upper eyelid). We determined sex by secondary sexual characteristic, i.e., the presence of nuptial pads in males, following Fei et al. (2009a), and compared the morphological characteristics of the new species with other species of the R. japonica group, and the 11 species comparison data were obtained from the literature (Fei et al., 2009b;Shen et al., 2007;Li et al., 2008;Yan et al., 2011;Wang et al., 2017;Wan et al., 2020). In addition, for comparison, we also examined the topotype materials for R. culaiensis and R. omeimontis (see Appendix 2). ...
The diversity of the brown frog genus Rana may be underestimated as the high similarity of morphological characters. In this study, a new species of Rana from Guizhou Province, China is described, namely Rana zhijinensis Luo, Xiao & Zhou, sp. nov. Molecular phylogenetic analyses clustered the new species into the R. japonica group of Rana and significant morphological characters can be distinguished from the 11 recognized species of the R. japonica group. This description increases the number of recognized Rana to 57 species and the R. japonica group to 12 species, and increases our knowledge of the diversity of the genus Rana.
... Exclusively Chinese, the rest of the 'japonica' clade has been the focus of numerous taxonomic additions in the last decades, and now includes the alloparapatric Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946, Rana longicrus Stejneger, 1898, Rana omeimontis Ye & Fei, 1993, Rana zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei & Matsui, 1995, Rana hanluica Shen, Jiang & Yang, 2007, Rana culaiensis Li, Lu & Li, 2008, Rana jiemuxiensis Yan, Jiang, Chen, Fang, Jin, Li, Wang, Murphy, Che & Zhang, 2011, Rana dabieshanensis Wang, Qian, Zhang, Guo, Pan, Wu, Wang & Zhang, 2017 and Rana jiulingensis (Yuan et al., 2016bWang et al., 2017a;Wan et al., 2020). While some taxa are undisputable species with their old (Miocene) origin (e.g. ...
... While some taxa are undisputable species with their old (Miocene) origin (e.g. R. chaochiaonensis, R. hanluica and R. jiumuxiensis), others feature weak mitochondrial sequence divergences, which are questioning their validity (Yan et al., 2011): < 2% at 16S between R. omeimontis, R. dabienshanensis and R. jiulingensis; < 1% at 16S and < 5% at Cytb between R. longicrus, R. zhenhaiensis and R. culaiensis (Wang et al., 2017a;Wan et al., 2020) -which all translate into low speciation probabilities [P(S) < 0.5]. The same applies to COI distances [~3-4%, P(S) ~0.4-0.5], and multilocus analyses dated the diversification of the R. longicrus group to be no older than the Plio-Pleistocene (1.6-3.4 ...
... The same applies to COI distances [~3-4%, P(S) ~0.4-0.5], and multilocus analyses dated the diversification of the R. longicrus group to be no older than the Plio-Pleistocene (1.6-3.4 Mya, depending on studies; Pyron, 2014;Yuan et al., 2016b;Chan & Brown, 2017;Zhou et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2017a), which is also inconclusive to predict speciation [P(S) ≤ 0.5]. The available evidence thus seems insufficient to split these cryptic allopatric taxa, and we consequently synonymize them under the respective older nomina R. omeimontis and R. longicrus. ...
Biodiversity analyses can greatly benefit from coherent species delimitation schemes and up-to-date distribution data. In this article, we have made the daring attempt to delimit and map described and undescribed lineages of anuran amphibians in the Eastern Palaearctic (EP) region in its broad sense. Through a literature review, we have evaluated the species status considering reproductive isolation and genetic divergence, combined with an extensive occurrence dataset (nearly 85k localities). Altogether 274 native species from 46 genera and ten families were retrieved, plus eight additional species introduced from other realms. Independent hotspots of species richness were concentrated in southern Tibet (Medog County), the circum-Sichuan Basin region, Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula and the main Japanese islands. Phylogeographic breaks responsible for recent in situ speciation events were shared around the Sichuan Mountains, across Honshu and between the Ryukyu Island groups, but not across shallow water bodies like the Yellow Sea and the Taiwan Strait. Anuran compositions suggested to restrict the zoogeographical limits of the EP to East Asia. In a rapidly evolving field, our study provides a checkpoint to appreciate patterns of species diversity in the EP under a single, spatially explicit, species delimitation framework that integrates phylogeographic data in taxonomic research.
... The true frogs of the genus Rana are a complex and diverse group that are widely distributed across Eurasia and the Americas [2,3]. Due to their body coloration and habitat preferences, the species in Rana are commonly known as brown frogs or wood frogs [4][5][6]. In the genus Rana, approximately 60 species are recorded in the world [7], and five of seven clades exist in China [2], including 25 species have been recorded [8]. ...
... The conservative morphology of Rana makes many species difficult to identify [9]. Moreover, with the rapid and notable developments in the knowledge about the true frogs, many new species have been discovered in China with the help of molecular markers associated with morphological traits in recent years [4,[10][11][12]. The recent study of new species descriptions has accelerated quickly, suggesting that insufficiently explored regions may contain many cryptic new species, indicating that the diversity of this genus is probably underestimated [13,14]. ...
The true frogs of the genus Rana are a complex and diverse group, containing approximately 60 species with wide distribution across Eurasia and the Americas. Recently, many new species have been discovered with the help of molecular markers and morphological traits. However, the evolutionary history in Rana was not well understood and might be limited by the absence of mitogenome information. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of R. longicrus and R. zhenhaiensis, containing 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, and a non-coding region, with 17,502 bp and 18,006 bp in length, respectively. In 13 protein codon genes, the COI was the most conserved, and ATP8 had a fast rate of evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio analysis among Rana indicated the protein-coding genes were suffering purify selection. There were three kinds of gene arrangement patterns found. The mitochondrial gene arrangement was not related to species diversification, and several independent shifts happened in evolutionary history. Climate fluctuation and environmental change may have played an essential role in species diversification in Rana. This study provides mitochondrial genetic information, improving our understanding of mitogenomic structure and evolution, and recognizes the phylogenetic relationship and taxonomy among Rana.
... All the vulnerable factors were categorical variables. The data of species thermal tolerance, individual reproductive, population diffusion and diversity, food and habitat evaluation were acquired from Fei et al. (2006Fei et al. ( , 2009Fei et al. ( , 2012, the published literatures (e.g., Hou et al., 2014;Sung et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2017;Zeng et al., 2017), as well as the experts opinions. Data of habitat climate conditions was extracted from Worldclim database (Version 1.4). 2 Then, we divided the species vulnerability to each factor into three levels (1: Low vulnerability; 2: Moderate vulnerability; 3: High vulnerability), and the definition of each level related to each vulnerable factor was obtained following the criteria of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). ...
Global climate change is considered to be one of the main threats to organisms. As poikilothermic animals, amphibians are in particular sensitive because they cannot adapt to the dramatic climate change through active physiological regulation. Using 104 representative species, the present study conducted an assessment of amphibians vulnerability to climate change in China through the combination of two approaches. Specifically, 18 vulnerability criteria belonging to five categories (i.e., thermal tolerance, individual reproductive, population diffusion and diversity, food and habitat, and climate conditions) were first selected and scored based on literatures and experts opinions. Species were then ranked into three levels of climate change vulnerability (i.e., high, moderate, and low) by calculating vulnerability scores and conducting natural breaks analyses, as well as performing a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and k-means cluster analyses, respectively. To integrate the two results, a matrix with the ranks from each result was developed to produce a final integrated list. Our results indicated that the 104 amphibian species were classified into three types by natural breaks, with 54 low vulnerable species, 41 moderately vulnerable species, and nine highly vulnerable species. Based on the results of PCoA and k-means cluster analyses, five species were highly vulnerable, 38 species were moderately vulnerable, and 61 species were low vulnerable. The combination of the two ranks suggested that 36 species such as Hyla tsinlingensis and Liangshantriton taliangensis were of low vulnerability, 54 species such as Echinotriton chinhaiensis and Hynobius chinensis were of moderate vulnerability, and 14 species such as Ichthyophis kohtaoensis and Zhangixalus prasinatus were of high vulnerability. Overall, our results indicated that climate change could have strong potential effects on amphibians in China. And the highly vulnerable species such as Ichthyophis kohtaoensis, Zhangixalus prasinatus, and Theloderma corticale should be the priority in future conservation activities.
... In the genus Rana sensu lato, 26 species have been recorded in China Wang et al. 2020;Frost 2021), which are R. amurensis Boulenger, 1886, R. arvalis Nilsson, 1842, R. asiatica Bedriaga, 1898, R. chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946 David, 1875, R. chevronta Hu & Ye, 1978, R. coreana Okada, 1928, R. culaiensis Li, Lu, & Li, 2008, R. dabieshanensis Wang, Qian, Zhang, Guo, Pan, Wu, Wang, & Zhang, 2017 dybowskii Günther, 1876, R. hanluica Shen, Jiang, & Yang, 2007 huanrenensis Fei, Ye, & Huang, 1990, R. jiemuxiensis Yan, Jiang, Chen, Fang, Jin, Li, Wang, Murphy, Che, & Zhang, 2011, R. jiulingensis Wan, Lyu, & Wang, 2020, R. johnsi Smith, 1921, R. kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918, R. longicrus Stejneger, 1898, R. luanchuanensis Zhao & Yuan, 2017, R. maoershanensis Lu, Li, & Jiang, 2007 omeimontis Ye & Fei, 1993, R. sangzhiensis Shen, 1986, R. sauteri Boulenger, 1909 shuchinae Liu, 1950, R. weiningensis Liu, Hu, & Yang, 1962, R. zhengi Zhao, 1999, and R. zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei, & Matsui, 1995. Recent research on this genus discovered several new species from China (Yan et al. 2011;Yuan et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2017;Yang et al. 2017;Zhao et al. 2017), indicating that the diversity of the genus is probably underestimated. ...
... For phylogenetic analyses, the corresponding sequences for congeners especially for the topotypes of species in the subgenus Rana were downloaded from GenBank (Table 1), mainly derived from previous studies (Yuan et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2017;Wan et al. 2020). For phylogenetic analyses, corresponding sequences of one Odorrana versabilis and one Pelophylax nigromaculatus (Hallowell, 1861) were also downloaded (Table 1), and used as outgroups according to Yuan et al. (2016). ...
... The description of digital pad followed Ohler (1995). Comparison characters of known congeners were obtained from the literature (Stejneger 1898;Liu 1946;Fei et al. 1990Fei et al. , 2005Fei et al. , 2009Fei et al. , 2012Liu et al. 1993;Ye et al. 1993Ye et al. , 1995Lu et al. 2007;Shen et al. 2007;Li et al. 2008;Yan et al. 2011;Wang et al. 2017;Zhao et al. 2017;Wan et al. 2020). We also examined a series of specimens of Rana (Suppl. ...
A new species of the frog genus Rana sensu lato from Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China is described. Molecular phylogenetic analyses clustered the new species into the R. johnsi group and indicated that it was genetically divergent from its closely related species. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size medium, SVL 41.4–45.6 mm (42.9 ± 1.9 mm, n = 4) in adult males and 47.6–50.3 mm (n = 2) in adult females; adult male with a pair of internal subgular vocal sacs; lateroventral grooves present on tip of toes; webbing on fourth toes reaching the tip of toe; transverse skin ridges distinctly present on the dorsal surface of thigh and tibia, the number large (mean 26.5 ± 2.7, range 22–29, n = 6); breeding males possess creamy white nuptial pad with tiny velvety spines on the dorsal surface of the first finger, divided into three parts.
... Based on morphological comparisons and geographical conditions, Fei et al. (2009) proposed three species groups for the Chinese species of the subgenus Rana: R. longicrus group, R. chensinensis group, and R. amurensis group. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses have revised several memberships of these groups (Yan et al. 2011;Zhou et al. 2015Zhou et al. , 2017Yuan et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2017;Zhao et al. 2017), and the nomenclature of the R. longicrus group was replaced by the R. japonica group . Currently, 16 Chinese species are recognized as members of the three species groups. ...
... Webbing formula was based on Savage (1975). Comparison characters of known congeners were obtained from the literature (Stejneger 1898;Liu 1946;Liu et al. 1993;Ye et al. 1993Ye et al. , 1995Lu et al. 2007;Shen et al. 2007;Li et al. 2008;Fei et al. 2009Fei et al. , 2012Yan et al. 2011;Wang et al. 2017;Zhao et al. 2017) and 80 examined museum specimens listed in the Appendix 1. ...
Rana jiulingensissp. nov. , a new species from Hunan and Jiangxi, southeastern China, is described. The new species is assigned to the R. japonica group. The clade comprising R. jiulingensissp. nov. and R. dabieshanensis from Anhui is the sister taxon of R. omeimontis from Sichuan. Rana jiulingensissp. nov. can be distinguished by the significant divergences in the 16S and COI genes, and the combination of following morphological characters: body size medium, SVL 48.3–57.8 mm in adult males and 48.2–57.5 mm in adult females; dorsolateral fold straight; digits without circummarginal grooves; dorsal skin smooth; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching forward beyond the tip of snout; heels overlapping; webbing formula of toes: I 1⅓ – 2 II 1⅓ – 2⅓ III 1½ – 2⅔ IV 3 – 1⅓ V; absence of vocal sacs in males; and presence of creamy white nuptial pad with tiny hoar spines on the finger I and reddish tubercles on loreal and temporal regions in breeding males. Furthermore, based on our results and the previous literature, R. zhengi is synonymized with R. sangzhiensis , and a new species group, the Rana johnsi group, is proposed for the R. johnsi and R. sangzhiensis . Currently, the Rana contains 41 recognized species, and the phylogenetic placements of several species remain unresolved.
- Ban the trade of non-native species for consumption as food or derived products and for personal use (i.e., as pets).
- Ban the trade of native species when they do not originate from within the nation (i.e., same genetically defined conservation unit).
- Tracking of potential established alien Rana populations.
- Eradication of potentially established alien Rana populations.
