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![Fig. 1. Typical flare gas recovery system [8]](profile/Meysam-Amini/publication/313880241/figure/fig1/AS:464459761229824@1487747244980/Typical-flare-gas-recovery-system-8_Q320.jpg)
Flaring reduction has high priority as it meets both environmental and economic efficiency objectives. Flare Gas Recovery system (FGRs) reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant by recovering low pressure off gases that be flared. In the present study, the impact of FGRS include GHGs and Air pollutants emission for three different cases of...
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Citations
... Compression entails either the low, medium, or high-pressure phases needed to prepare flare gas for ingestion as fuel gas (Tahouni et al., 2016). Common methods for lowering gas flaring include recycling to the plant's feed (Ghasemikafrudi et al., 2017), condensate or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) separation (Hajizadeh et al., 2018), or reinjection into oil and gas wells (Soltanieh et al., 2016). Reinjection is the main method for recovering the associated gas when no proper substitute removal is possible (Spence and Kessler, 2011). ...
The oil and gas (O&G) industry generates pollutants from the exploration, refining, transportation, storage, and consumption of crude oil products that potentially pollute soil, aquatic environments, and ecosystem. They produce high quantities of gas pollutants, produced water, and other complex organic contaminants. These pollutants are associated with environmental risks, disrupt the well-being of humans, and are fatally hazardous. In fact, the release of pollutants leads to the displacement of animals and the loss of arable land for agricultural purposes. In addition, their influence on the surrounding environment is detrimental to global safety, as described by the World Health Organization (WHO). Controlling these pollutants below the standard emission limits set by global environmental regulations to achieve a safe and sustainable environment is crucial. Herein, the policies related to oil and gas pollution and the harmful effects of O&G pollutants have been reviewed. Also, the applications of catalytic and adsorption technologies in removing O&G pollutants have been discussed. Notably, the roles of novel catalysts and adsorbents in activating and converting harmful O&G pollutants into environment-friendly and value-added products have been highlighted. In addition, this review discusses the prospects of renewable energy technologies in mitigating waste pollutants related to O&G. Moreover, future research directions and useful scientific recommendations have been provided to stimulate further progress aimed at mitigating the harmful effects of O&G pollutants.
... Compression in one or more stages and preparing the gas for consuming as fuel gas (low, medium, or high pressure) (Tahouni et al., 2016), recycling to the feed of the plant (Ghasemikafrudi et al., 2017), condensate or LPG separation (Hajizadeh et al., 2018), or reinjection to oil and gas wells are common solutions for reducing gas flaring (Soltanieh et al., 2016). Reinjection is the main option for the recovery of any associated gas in the absence of a clear alternative evacuation opportunity (Spence and Kessler, 2011). ...
The flaring network is an inseparable part of the oil, gas, and petrochemical industries to provide safe and reliable operating conditions. Since flaring results in significant greenhouse gas emissions and economic loss, over the last decade, different processes have been developed to recover and utilize flare gas in upstream and downstream of oil and gas industries. According to the wide range of flare and associated gas specifications, all flare gas recovery and utilization technologies are not always feasible and economically justified. Since performing a detailed analysis on all available recovery processes is time-consuming, a guideline for an initial screening and crossing out unattractive economic options for a specific flare gas would be beneficial. In the current research, for seven flare gas recovery and utilization technologies (compression and reinjection to well, natural gas liquids, gas to liquids, methanol and dimethyl ether production, liquefied natural gas, and power generation using reciprocating internal combustion engine cycle) and sixteen flare and associated gas samples economic analysis has been carried out. The results indicate that power generation using the reciprocating internal combustion engines is economically justifiable for an extensive range of flare gas specifications. The calculation of CO2 emissions shows that by using flare gas recovery and utilization technologies, the CO2 emission can be reduced by 50–90% compared to the flare stack. According to the results obtained in this study, some guidelines are provided for an initial screening on the flare gas recovery and utilization technologies.
... The current refineries emission abatement technology types available in the market for supply and installment are as follows: gas-to-NGL [6,7], gas-to-wire [8,9], gas-to-fired turbines through Brayton [10], gas-to-power through SRC and ORC [11], gas-to-gas processing plant development [12], gas-to-compressed gas [10], gas-to-fuel cell power through SOFC [5], gas-to-industries through membrane and gas condition [13,14], gas-to-recycling injection through compression to low-pressure process equipment [15], gas-to-fuel gas [16], gas-to-feed through the further process method [17], gas-to-LPG through feed [18], gasto-ethylene [19], gas-to-liquefaction [18], and gas-to-FGRS [20], among others. However, none of these studies paid attention to flared flue gas emission capture and storage in petrochemical refineries. ...
This paper introduced the use of two new adsorbents, Akrosorb soda-lime and Bentonite clay, for refinery flare flue gas capture and storage. This study also developed a novel pilot plant model with 409.7149 kg/h capacity refinery flare emission capture with a novel adsorption column configuration using Akrosorb soda-lime and Bentonite clay adsorbents. The flare flue gas adsorption unit was designed, fabricated, test run, and commissioned. The adsorption column temperature is 28 ± 10 °C and has a pressure of 131.7 kPa. The novel plant RSM optimization result shows that 93.24% of CO2 and 62.18% of CO were absorbed, while 86.14% of NOx and 55.87% of HC were absorbed. The established optimum conditions of CO2, NOx, HC, and CO removal efficiency are 22 °C, 2 atm, and 60 min. The variation in flare gas emission could impact the removal efficiency of the plant. The results show the maximum adsorption ability or capacity of 314.30 mg/g, and 68.90 mg/g was reached at 60 min for Akrosorb soda-lime and molded Bentonite adsorbents. Therefore, the developed novel technology for CO2 and other GHG capture is technically feasible and friendly. The combined usage of both adsorbents will enhance the capture of GHG at a low cost compared to using Akrosorb alone as an adsorbent.
... 6. Calculate and analyse Integrated Reciprocating Compressors economics for the following scenarios (Ghasemikafrudi, et al., 2017): ...
Flare gas is light hydrocarbon gas, by product of any petroleum industry activities, that is flared; and it could not pass into production facilities due its to low pressure. The gas flare volume frequently is significant, causing greenhouse gas emissions which gives serious environmental issue. Aims: The purpose of this research is to utilize flare gas in oil and gas fields to reduce environmental issue. Methodology and Results: Flare gas in an oil producing field is compressed to produce higher pressure gas flow, by using three one-stage Integrated Reciprocating Compressors to enter the production trunk line. The gas is flown to CO2 Removal Plant, as the gas would be gas sales. The subject field in West Java, the production wells experiences pressure decline; resulting the wellhead flowing pressure becomes low, so the gas is being flared. The gas flare recovery system is economically profitable both for purchase and rental scenarios. Renting the equipment is more profitable and has lower technical risk, because all risks is burdened to rental service provider. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Monetizing flare gas will reduce environmental issue, and it is utilized for own use or gas sales. The best Economics Scenario is rental scenario.
... In another study, a combination of natural gas liquid separation and lean gas underground storage in the aquifer are applied in the Bakken oil field [14]. Ghasemikafrudi et al. [15] investigated using of flare gas recovery system in three scenarios. Scenarios 1, 2, and 3 are applied the low-pressure fuel gas, high-pressure fuel gas, and injection of gas recovered into the feedstock line. ...
Gas refinery is one of the large emitter of carbon emissions in the world. Flaring of gases in the open atmosphere, in addition to economic losses, increase the CO2 emission significantly. Some methods are presented in the literature for reducing the normal flare while about 60% of total flare in a gas plant is related to the gases flared during the plant start-up after an emergency or normal shutdown. In this work, a new approach is proposed to reduce gas burning in a flare at the phases 2 & 3 of South Pars gas refinery by zero flaring in the start-up of the plant. Histories were reviewed, the conditions were simulated, and the bottlenecks were determined. The operational solution was detected and field test is carried out. In result of this work, total flared gas was reduced from 190 to 31 million metric standard cubic meter per day (MMSCMD). Also, the level of CO2 emission decreased from 380,000 to 63,000 ton and totally, greenhouse gas emissions dropped by more than 700%.
... The associated decrease in emissions [29] and possible change in the refinery electric energy balance if fuel gas is used for cogeneration purposes [30] may represent additional drivers for fuel management improvement. Fuel and flare gas management system improvement has been introduced in various studies; producing reformatted [31,32] or recovered material [33,34] is another viable option for exploiting the material value instead of energetic refinery fuel gas content. Several studies investigated the possibility of replacing refinery fuel gas with hydrogen, thereby increasing the fuel system flexibility and decreasing the GHG emissions [35,36]. ...
This study of process heat source change in industrial conditions has been developed to aid engineers and energy managers with working towards sustainable production. It allows for an objective assessment from energetic, environmental, and economic points of view, thereby filling the gap in the systematic approach to this problem. This novel site-wide approach substantially broadens the traditional approach, which is based mostly on “cheaper” and “cleaner” process heat sources’ application and only takes into account local changes, while neglecting the synergic effect on the whole facility’s operations. The mathematical model employed assesses the performance change of all the affected refinery parts. The four proposed aromatic splitting process layouts, serving as a case study, indicate feasible heat and condensate conservation possibilities. Although the estimated investment needed for the most viable layout is over €4.5 million, its implementation could generate benefits of €0.5–1.5 million/year, depending on the fuel and energy prices as well as on the carbon dioxide emissions cost. Its economics is most sensitive to the steam to refinery fuel gas cost ratio, as a 10% change alters the resulting benefit by more than €0.5 million. The pollutant emissions generated in the external power production process contribute significantly to the total emissions balance.
Challenges of world’s energy supply and fuels consumption are highly dependent on the use of fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gases. The depletion of these resources is a major challenge as it leads to an increase in prices and a decrease in the availability of energy. Therefore, renewable energy sources, particularly sustainable fuels become critically demanding. Renewable sources of energy and fuels are abundant and do not emit greenhouse gases or contribute to climate change. The promotion of efficient energy use techniques promises to reduce energy consumption, thereby conserving fuel supplies. The diversity of sustainable fuel supplies is another driving force for the stakeholders to explore in this direction to fostering development and commercialization. The exploration and production of more diverse energy sources like natural gas, nuclear power, and biofuels help to sustain a diverse and secure energy supply. This chapter summarized the background of energy development, different families of fuel supplies, Geopolitical instability and grand challenges of sustainable aviation fuels.
