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In last 30 years innovative research in the area of auto exhaust catalysis is being developed and CeO 2 has been found to play a major role in this area due to its unique redox properties. In this review, auto exhaust emission and its impact on earth's environment, global concern and recent advances in science and technology in automotive exhaust c...
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Context 1
... amount of NO x produced from diesel engine is less due to its cooler combustion nature compared with gasoline engine. Typical exhaust gas composition of a gasoline powered spark ignition internal combustion engine is given in Table 1. 26 The main atmospheric oxides of nitrogen include nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). ...
Context 2
... emission (Ton) On road vehicles 6,491,821 Non road equipment 4,162,872 Electricity generation 3,783,659 Fossil fuel combustion 2,384,297 Industrial processes 1,163,635 Waste disposal 155,415 Fires 94,372 Residential wood combustion 38,324 Solvent use 6,400 Fertilizer and livestock 2,098 Miscellaneous 3,644 of the atmosphere, extending from the ground to roughly 10-15 km altitude, whereas the stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere that extends to 45-50 km altitude from the tropopause which separates troposphere and stratosphere. Ozone layer means that compared to troposphere below and mesosphere above a higher fraction of ozone molecules is found in the stratosphere between 15-30 km altitude. ...
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Citations
... The exhaust gas is actually a composition of some gaseous compounds, whereas for gasoline engines, the composition contains nitrogen (N 2 -71%), carbon dioxide (CO 2 -18%), water vapor (H 2 O-9.2%), oxygen with noble gas (O 2 -0.7%), and carbon monoxide (CO-0.85%) as a major contribution [50] at higher temperatures of around 300 • C, and the typical gasoline engine exhaust pressure is between 1.20 bar and 3 bar, as the pressure must be larger than atmosphere pressure of 1 bar. The entropy and enthalpy data of the individual gas mentioned above are collected from the property table of EES: Engineering Equation Solver software. ...
Exhaust heat recovery from internal combustion engines is growing interest to reduce fuel consumption, increase the efficiency and consequently, reduce the environmental pollution and global warming. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a promising technology to harvest engine exhaust heat by directly converting it into electrical power via the Seebeck effect. In this work, commercial Bi 2 Te 3 (SP1848-27145 SA) thermoelectric modules (TEMs) were used for recovering exhaust heat from gasoline engines and convert it directly into electricity. Two types of setups were constructed using copper and steel materials, where both setups consist of triangular channels. The first setup was constructed entirely from copper material to work as a heat exchanger from exhaust heat to the TEMs' hot surface. The second setup was constructed with a portion of copper at the installation area of TEMs and the rest of the portion was constructed with steel material to investigate the best performance from these two TEG systems. Six TEG modules which are electrically series connected were installed on the outer surfaces of each copper made and steel made setup. The maximum power output from copper made TEG was found to be 2.96 W for an exhaust temperature of 297 • C and at 126 • C temperature difference between the hot and cold sides. Whereas steel made TEG provided the maximum power output of 2.0 W for an exhaust temperature of 305 • C and at a 107 • C temperature difference between hot and cold sides. Therefore, the copper made TEG setup provided 48% higher power output than the steel made TEG setup. The higher power output of copper made TEG lowers the expelled exhaust temperature to the environment, which results in the decrease of entropy loss. Furthermore, since there is no effect of engine operating pressure on enthalpy loss, therefore, the engine can operate at higher operating pressure which means the contribution of the reduction of fuel cost, fuel consumption and environmental pollution parallelly. Between exhaust gas temperature ranges 297 • C to 300 • C, the highest conversion efficiency was found 4.65 % and 4.63% for steel made TEG setup and copper made TEG setup, respectively.
... Noble metal ions do not form metal clusters due to metal ions separated by oxide ions and the catalysts do not get deactivated [6][7][8][9][10][11]. ...
The Pd ion substituted TiO2, synthesized by solution combustion method crystallizes in anatase structure with stable composition Ti1-xPdxO2-x (x = 0.01–0.03) creating an oxide ion vacancy per Pd²⁺ ion substitution. Over 1.35 mol of H2 per mole of bulk Pd ions, in ~ 5 nm nanocrystalline catalyst Ti1-xPdxO2-x (x = 0.03) is adsorbed at 300 K. On exposure of only hydrogen to Ti0.98Pd0.02O1.98 at 300 K, water is formed making the catalyst wet. On heating in a vacuum, mass loss due to water is 0.026 mol /mole of catalyst meaning 1.3 mol of hydrogen per mole of Pd ion in the catalyst. Pd ion substitution in TiO2 anatase activates lattice oxygen leading to the formation of H2O on exposure to H2 gas at 300 K utilizing lattice oxygen. On heating in air at 650 K the reduced catalyst is regenerated. The catalyst produces a high rate of H2 + O2 recombination up to 9 µmoles⁻¹ g⁻¹ at 300 K, and over 230 µmoles⁻¹ g⁻¹ at 330 K with a TOF of 2000 h⁻¹. The catalyst is coated on cordierite honeycomb avoiding handling of powder catalyst. The rates are highest compared to any catalyst for H2 + O2 recombination known so far. Extensive DFT calculation on (101) surface in Ti31Pd1O63 slab confirmed (a) one oxygen out of 4 bonded to Pd ion in nearly square geometry is fully activated to form water molecule creating an oxide ion vacancy; (b) dissociative adsorption of H2 on one of the Pd as well as oxide ion and not both on Pd ion; (c) exchange of feed oxygen with lattice oxygen during 2H2 + O2 recombination; (d) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O molecules form per Pd ion in one cycle regenerating the catalyst, Ti0.97Pd0.03O1.97 surface explaining high rates of recombination and (e) Pd ion undergoes redox cycle with Ti and oxide ions acting as charge reservoirs.
Graphical Abstract
... On the other hand, stratospheric ozone is very much necessary for life on earth, because here it filters out photons with shorter wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun that would be harmful to most forms of life in large doses. In the troposphere or lower atmosphere, when NO X and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, they form photochemical smog, a significant form of air pollution, especially in the summer [14]. It is considered the most harmful of all existing compounds with oxygen and therefore the total amount of NO X has been drastically reduced in newer emission limits [4]. ...
... The adsorbed part of the substance can have a mass up to three times greater than the primary mass of carbon atoms, which is the core of the solid particles. The group of the smallest solid particles emitted by the engine is fine particle dust, which consists primarily of solid particles, polycyclic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, sulphur compounds and lubricating oil called the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or the soluble organic fraction (SOF) [4], [10], [14]. ...
... The washcoat constitutes about 5 to 15 % of the weight of the monolith. Its thickness typically varies in the range 10-30 μm on the walls and 60-150 μm on the corners of the square cells [4], [5], [14], [21]. The metal substrate is formed by spirally winding corrugated and flat metal sheets (stainless steel or metal alloys e.g. ...
The aim of the dissertation was to conduct experimental and numerical research for a
selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system of a passenger cars with a diesel engine. The research consists of comparing the results for two different SCR systems, existing and new developed. The developed SCR system is aimed at introducing it to the secondary market (Aftermarket), which is also associated with the development of its own mixer design.
Due to increasingly stringent emission standards in particular nitrogen oxides (NOx), the SCR systems have recently been invented and installed in diesel cars around the world. These systems must be validated during emission tests on the reduction of NOx to the appropriate limit, in order to authorise a car do drive. To achieve this goal a coupled approach needs to be applied incorporating both extensive experimental research and advanced numerical methods based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Therefore, in the research work various design variants of the SCR system and mixers
at different operational parameters were studied. Several solutions were investigated under conditions that reflected the real operating conditions of the diesel engine operation. Among other things, pressure drops on monoliths, gas distribution and conversion of nitrogen oxides were tested and analyzed on prototypes in Tenneco laboratories. Furthermore, for the purpose of numerical model development, laser scanning was used to extract 3D models of the real geometries of the system elements by using a reverse engineering approach.
A commercial code ANSYS Fluent was used to perform the multiphase computational
fluid dynamics studies. A careful analysis has been done for the subsequent processes occurring in the system, i.e. the evaporation and mixing of the reactants prior to the catalyst, proper distribution of flow through the catalyst and selection of appropriate thermal conditions for the process. Attention was given to the implementation of the SCR reaction kinetics. The CFD model was then validated against the experimental data showing good agreement between the measured and simulated parameters.
The final design of the replacement SCR part was compared with an original system
delivered by the original equipment manufacturer. It was found that application of the new mixer in the replacement SCR system led to slightly lower NOx emission, which was confirmed in the certification unit through emission tests in a car on the chassis dynamometer.
https://bip.polsl.pl/nadania_dr/damian-kurzydym/
... Hedge et al. developed a new series of metal oxide supported noble metal ionic catalysts by solution combustion method [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Among those, palladium metal ion substituted TiO 2 was found to be unique in contrast with normal palladium metal-based catalysts such as Pd/C and PdCl 2 [22,23]. ...
... Therefore, Ti 0.97 Pd 0.03 O 1.97 catalyst extensively supports coupling reaction rather than dehalogenation in water with metal powder. The coupling reaction was carried out in presence of π-acids like formaldehyde, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide and ethyl formate furnished 2a in 99% yields (Table 1, entry [14][15][16][17]. This indicates, π-acids do not alter the rate of reaction. ...
Facile protocol for the synthesis of biaryls from aryl halides in presence of magnesium metal without prior formation of organometallic intermediate has been exploited. Irrespective of aqueous medium, Ti0.97Pd0.03O1.97 catalyst supports C–C bond formation reaction in presence of metals rather than dehalogenation without any additives. Homocoupling of 16 different aryl halides furnished corresponding biphenyls in good yield with better functional group tolerance. The recovery of the catalyst was carried out by employing catalyst coated cordierite monolith up to 7th cycle with high yields. A new approach for the cross-coupling reaction is also attempted.
Graphic Abstract
... The composition of spark-ignited internal combustion engines consists of 71% N2, 18% CO 2 , 9.2% H 2 O, and 0.7% by volume O 2 and noble gases. Pollutants in gasoline exhaust include 0.85% CO, 0.08% NOX, 0.05% unburnt HC, 0.005% particulate matter (PM), 0.115% SOX, and others (Bera and Hegde, 2012). Diesel engine intake consists of air, fuel, and lube. ...
Air pollution, climate change, and plastic waste are three contemporary global concerns. Air pollutants affect the lungs, green gases trap heat radiation, and plastic waste contaminates the marine food chain. Two-thirds of climate change and air pollution drivers are emitted in the process of burning fossil fuels. Pollutants settle in months, green gases take centuries, and plastics take thousands of years. The most polluted regions on the planet are also the ones that are greatly affected by climate change. Air pollutants grow in most climate-change affected areas, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Smog affects local and regional transboundary countries. The biggest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters may not be the worst-hit victims because wind and water flow distribute green gases and plastic waste worldwide. The major polluters are often rich and developed countries, and the worst affected countries are the underdeveloped poor communities. Technologically advanced countries may help the developing countries in research into removing particulate matter, green gases, and plastic waste. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Paris Accord have emphasized on immeasurable efforts to encourage the conversion of pollution, green gases, and plastic waste into energy. Conversion of CO2 into petrol, GHG gases into chemicals, biowaste into biofuels, plastic waste into building bricks, and concrete waste into construction materials fosters a circular economy. This work reviews existing waste to power, energy, and value-added product conversion technologies.
... Palladium (Pd) is a rare element in the earth crust, which is intensively used in numerous catalytic reactions [1][2][3]. In recent years, the unique properties of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) promoted their intensive experimental and theoretical study. ...
Palladium (Pd) is a scarce metal, which is able to catalyze a variety of important chemical reactions. In the bulk form, Pd is anomalous paramagnetic, but in the form of nanoparticles, it has been reported as ferromagnetic. Detecting the magnetism of Pd nanoparticles is, however, difficult due to their reduced dimension. In addition, the ferromagnetic nature is a size-dependent property and, for Pd, the strength of magnetism decreases with slight increments in size. A "green" methodology for the preparation of small Pd nanoparticles was followed in this study. It is based on the ability of bacteria to take up Pd 2+ ions from its surrounding solution and to enzymatically reduce it to metallic Pd 0 nanoparticles. The efficiency of the production can be determined by transmission electron microscopy and, as a new technique, magnetic force microscopy. Notwithstanding, the study of nanoparticles of the size of just a few nanometers with these techniques is still difficult. Here we present a methodology for the enhancement of the magnetic signal of biologically produced Pd-based nanoparticles through the decoration of Escherichia coli bacteria cross-sections with Fe nanoparticles. This methodology allows the visualization of bacteria that are loaded with magnetic nanoparticles even when conventional transmission electron microscopy has difficulties to resolve them inside the microorganisms.
... Eugene Houdry, the french engineer, was the first one invented the catalytic converter. Later, catalytic converters were improved by other engineers, such as Carl Keith, John Mooney, Rodney Bagley and Irwin Lachman, making the first production of catalytic converters in 1973 [1][2][3]. The catalytic converter was introduced in 1975 on a large scale in automobiles to comply with the regulations on exhaust emissions. ...
... The rich mixture is necessary for the presence of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the catalyst, elements that contribute to the chemical reactions of reduction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) [6]. Photochemical reactions are triggered by the decomposition of NO2 into NO and atomic oxygen under the influence of light that reacts with hydrocarbons, which form ozone and various oxidation products presented in the reactions below: (1) O + organic product → O3 + reaction products (2) NOx + HCs → O3 + reaction products (3) Exhaust emissions from the engine must be strictly controlled due to the consequences for the environment and health. The most effective way to control exhaust emissions are catalytic converters with different types of catalysts that convert the exhaust into water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. ...
Abstract: Diesel vehicles produce exhaust gases that include nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. A major environmental problem is the elimination of nitrogen oxides, as they are major air pollutants. Global restrictions on NOx emissions from fuel combustion have been imposed. Efforts have been made to develop catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx. In this paper is presented the types of catalytic converters used nowadays for dissipate emissions and selective catalytic reduction.
Keywords: catalytic converter, exhaust gas, two-way converter, three-way converter, selective catalytic reduction, catalysts
... Narendrasinh R. Makwana [2], in his work built up a financially savvy Nickel based oxidation exhaust system to be utilized with four stroke diesel motor. Modest CAT advancement, execution development and motor test outcomes have been given conversation. ...
Automobiles throughout the world are the essential shoppers of non-renewable energy sources, which radiate harmful gases when consumed; including HC, CO and NOx. Exhaust systems were created to detoxify these gases into less destructive gases, for example, carbon dioxide and H2O. In this paper, the development of a catalytic converter for efficient emission reduction is presented. The results are presented after performing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) on the proposed catalytic converter. In this catalytic convertor Two Different materials used they are stainless steel wire mesh and ceramic stones at time and we are conducted tests with catalytic convertor at different blended fluids and engine speeds such as methane, ethane and 1800,2000 RPM.3D modelling done by CATIA parametric software And analysis done in ANSYS software.
... In the vehicle source of automobile exhaust pollutants control the certain emissions standard of tailpipe, evaporative emissions controlling, increased durability and application of computerized diagnostic system. The older and heavy vehicles emit more pollutants like HC, CO, NOx and particulate matter per mile as comparison to new and small-sized vehicles (Bera and Hegde, 2010; Air improvement resource, Inc., 2005; Environmental protection agency, 1991). ...
The emissions of pollutants from vehicles are generally low but the numbers of vehicles increasing on the road therefore the environmental pollutions are also increases. About 35% of CO, 30% of HC and 25% percent of NOx produced into the atmosphere is from the transportation sector. These pollutants have adverse effects on the environment and human health. The emissions from vehicles are generally depends upon the air–fuel ratio. The control techniques for exhaust gas emissions are engine modifications, fuel pretreatment, fuel additives, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) and an application of catalytic converters. A catalytic converter is a device that converts more toxic exhaust gas pollutants into less toxic pollutants. There are different types of catalysts used in the automobile exhaust gas treatment like noble metal and base metals catalysts etc. The catalytic converter was effective and consistent for reducing the noxious tailpipe emissions so that it was developed for use in the trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles and other construction equipped. This paper will discuss about the different types of recent developments in catalysis for automobile exhaust pollution control.
... Catalytic converter is a device which converts harmful exhaust gases (CO, unburned HC, NO x ) into benign gases by using different types of catalysts [13]. Initially, India had adopted European emission standards for four wheeler. ...
The chapter provides an assessment of environmental governance in India which includes the need of environmental metrology, ideal quality infrastructure, interface between stakeholders and the role of National Metrology Institute (NMI). The chapter also discusses the training needs for developing human resources to implement best measurement practices for improving the quality of measurement data. An attempt has also been made to estimate the potential economic impacts of improving the existing quality framework in India. Apex level test and calibration facilities for all of the environmental and emission monitoring systems are currently not available in the country. The lack of these facilities in India is not only a major constraint for industries dealing with manufacturing/production of environmental monitoring equipment but also to user organizations/agencies in respect of ascertaining the data quality. Realizing this need, the Government of India has designated the CSIR-NPL as the national agency for certifying instruments and equipments for monitoring emissions and ambient air. To cater to this need a ‘CSIR-NPL India Certificate Scheme (NPLI CS)’ has been developed to provide certification of performance evaluation of air pollution monitoring equipment. In addition, technologies developed by CSIR-NPL in the field atmospheric measurements are also discussed along with the capacity building efforts undertaken in this field by CSIR-NPL.
