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Wastewater, spent solvent, spent process solutions, and sludge are the major waste streams generated in large volumes daily in electroplating industries. These waste streams can be significantly minimized through process modification and operational improvement. Waste minimization methods have been implemented in some of the electroplating industri...
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... minimization assessments are key components of a WM program. During the assessment, the plant’s process and waste streams are reviewed and assessed. Areas requiring specific attention are identified, and the appropriate WM options are developed. The technical and economic feasibility of those options is evaluated. The most feasible options are then implemented (23). When a waste minimization program is being set up within a company, a WM team who become responsible for all WM activities for the company usually accompanies it. The number of people in the team will depend on the size of the company. In a small company a single person may be responsible. The establishment of quantifiable goals is important to a WM program. It serves as a guide for the company and is a good measure of success. Table 2 shows the effluent from the electro-chemical plating industry. Pollution prevention includes a number of heuristic rules. These rules of thumb are typically based on accumulated experience from a large number of similar applications and can provide guidelines for the development of good design or retrofit options. Seven heuristic rules have been proposed (24). 1. Eliminate waste materials at their source wherever possible. 2. Rapid low-cost reduction in waste generation can often be achieved through changing set points or tightening control variations of key variables. Modi- fications to single equipment items can also yield significant improvements with little capital expenditures. 3. Recycle waste material within the process. If this is not possible, use off-site recycling. 4. If waste byproducts are formed reversibly within a reaction process, they should be recycled to extension. 5. Use the utility with the lowest practical temperature for all heating duties that require utilities. 6. Minimize the total number of main equipment items in the process, espe- cially in areas that handle toxic materials. Also, minimize the total number of pipe work connections to and from equipment items. 7. Due to practical purposes, continuous processes are preferred to others because pollution prevention is generally more costly in batch operations. These heuristic rules are useful tools and can be applied in each waste minimization program. Their use helps us to achieve the goals of the waste minimization program more easily and more efficiently. An electroplating process involves the application of thin metal through electro-deposition. In the process, work pieces are loaded in barrels or on racks and are processed in a series of process units. As illustrated in Figure 3, one follows each process bath or two rinse units for removing the residual process solutions from the surfaces of work pieces. Thus, cross-contamination and plating quality can be improved. The plated work pieces are finally air-dried. Waste streams generated from the process can be classified into four categories: wastewater, spent solvents, spent process solutions, and sludge. Table 3 indicates the waste generated from electroplating industry (25). A major por- tion of the wastewater comes from the rinsing steps. Wastewater also comes from leakages, spillage, cleaning, and dumping process solutions. A plant may generate 80 to 200 m 3 of wastewater per day, which contains heavy metals, cyanide, oil, and many chemical compounds (4). Various solvents, such as soak cleaners, electro-cleaners, and acid cleaners, are widely used to remove oil, grease, soil, and other extraneous substances from metal surfaces. Thus, large quantities of spent solvents are generated. All process bath solutions have to be dumped after exceeding their useful lives due to contaminants in the baths. The contaminants contain a large quantity of metals, and some compounds are difficult to handle. The solutions can be bled into on-site waste-treatment facilities for pretreatment and recovery; otherwise, they can be encapsulated for off-site treatment and disposal. Treatment residues always occur in the form of sludge, such as degreaser sludge, filter sludge, and wastewater treatment sludge. The sludge contains more than 65% of water on average, which can be largely reduced through waste segregation, water de-ionization, and sludge ...
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... In general, electroplating processes tend to produce large amounts of environmentally-hazardous wastewater [12]. In the case of chromium, strict regulations limit concentrations in wastewater in most European countries. ...
A batch RO system was designed and built for high-pressure (120 bar) operation. The system was developed for a ZLD application involving treatment of metal plating wastewater from a Cr(III) electroplating process at a major industrial plant. Hybrid semi-batch/batch operation enabled a compact design to be achieved. To maximize water recovery without exceeding a set peak pressure, a method for controlling the switch point between semi-batch and batch phases was developed. The system was tested with feed representative of rinse water from the electroplating process. A range of feed concentrations (at 10-20× dilution of the plating bath), feed flows (0.21-0.46 m3/h), water fluxes (6-14 LMH) and water recoveries (87-95.7%) were investigated. The system successfully recovered Cr(III) and restored its concentration to that of the electrolyte bath, thus meeting the requirements for reuse in the electroplating process. Rejection of most species was >99.8%, sufficient for reuse of the permeate as rinse. However, rejection of boric acid was only 69-80% such that a second RO pass may be needed to remove boric acid. Specific Energy Consumption was <2.25 kWh per m3 of treated rinse water, representing a 50-fold saving compared to the current method of treatment and disposal at the industrial plant.
... Separating the various elements contained in the garbage is critical for recovering useful resources, reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills, and allowing recyclable products to find new life. In developing countries, solid waste is rarely separated and recycled, instead, it is being dumped into landfills (Babu et al, 2009). In most emerging and transitional economies, solid waste management is seen as one of the most pressing and critical issues affecting city governments (UN-Habitat, 2010). ...
... The main solid wastes generated by Thailand's manufacturing industries were paper, cardboard boxes, plastic, and glass (Muttamara et al., 1994). According to Babu et al. (2009), industrial sectors lack source segregation of solid wastes with the purpose of on-site recycling as one of the waste minimization methods. This demonstrates that most sectors produce a variety of recyclable solid waste, but lack the essential waste management practices. ...
Waste segregation at the source, which is a pre-requisite aspect in waste management challenges, is a concept that mining sectors in Zimbabwe are yet to completely appreciate and put into practice on a broader scale. The accumulation of solid waste has become a global challenge in various mining industries. Despite the efforts of Unki Platinum Mine in environmental management participation in solid waste segregation at Unki Platinum Mine is still limited. Since the organization needs to accomplish its aim of zero waste to landfills by 2030, it is critical to encourage source separation practices among its personnel. There is a need to recognize the issues at a general employee level in order to propose appropriate suggestions for enhancing solid waste segregation at the source. The goal of this study was to look into the issues of solid waste segregation at the source at the Unki Platinum Mine in Shurugwi. Several departments at the mine that create significant solid wastes were chosen to participate in this investigation. Within the Mining, Concentrator, Human Resources, Mineral Resources Management, Engineering, and Environmental, Health and Safety and Quality (SHEQ) departments, questionnaire sets were distributed to the targeted audience. This research included a variety of data collection methods, including questionnaires, observations, and guided interviews. The problems with solid waste segregation at the source have been highlighted. These include a lack of adequate awareness and enough receptacles, especially in underground working locations, and failure to recognize substantial waste in sections, as well as behavioral tendencies and indifference on the part of most employees toward solid waste segregation systems. More recyclable waste is being dumped into landfill as a result of poor solid waste segregation at the source. The study findings revealed that inadequate receptacles, trash collection equipment, and a lack of effective instruction to staff are likely infrastructure hurdles to correct solid waste segregation at the source. Solid waste segregation at the source can be achieved by providing adequate receptacles, motivating personnel with incentives, and implementing appropriate instructions, awareness and initiatives.
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... Large quantities of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater generated in the National Capital Territory (Delhi) is directly discharged into the river which feeds the bird sanctuary (Mutiyar and Mittal, 2014;Manral et al., 2012). Electroplating industries, lead-battery based industrial units, dyeing units, pharmaceutical and agro-chemical units, etc. generally discharge acidic waste into surface waters (Yaseen and Scholz, 2019;Parween et al., 2017;Sivasubramanian, 2016;Gadipelly et al., 2014;Rahangdale et al., 2012;Babu et al., 2009). Therefore, lower pH in summer season might reflect more concentrated discharge of acidic wastewater. ...
Environmental pollution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban wetlands is a serious concern due to their toxic, persisting nature and potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic food chain. A total of 34 samples (23 surface water, 8 surface sediment and 3 sediment cores) were analyzed for PTE concentrations in Okhla Bird Sanctuary. The surface waters are alkaline with pH ranging from 7.2 to 8.5, electrical conductivity ranging from 454 to 1557 μS cm−1. Hydrogeochemically, these are Na+-SO42− type in summer and Ca2+-Mg2+- SO42− type in winter season as per Piper classification. These show low compliance with recommended quality guidelines for Pb in winter (33%), and no compliance for Cd and Pb in summer season. As per heavy metal pollution index (HPI), high pollution in winter and critical pollution in summer season is observed. A sharp seasonal decline in the water quality indicates concentration of pollution load in summer. The surface sediments of Okhla Bird Sanctuary show severe PTE pollution as per nemerow pollution index (NPI). As per geoaccumulation index (Igeo), sediments are moderately to strongly contaminated for Pb. As per enrichment factor (EF), the sediments show moderately severe enrichment for Pb. On an average, the sediments show low-medium toxicity as per mean ERM quotient (MERM-Q) and moderate ecological risk as per potential ecological risk index (RI). As per hazard index (HI), in winter season, waters from the riverine and middle part show toxicity, whereas in summer, all the waters show toxicity for adults and children. Similarly, the surface sediments also show non-carcinogenic toxicity for children.
... Electroplating sludge containing various heavy metals is toxic and harmful waste from electroplating industry, which can be harmlessly treated by solidification and thermal treatments [35][36][37][38]. Electroplating sludge contains abundant transition metals, such as iron, copper and nickel, indicating that electroplating sludge is also a promising renewable resource [35,39,40]. ...
A series of inexpensive electroplating sludge-derived magnetic copper-containing catalysts were developed for the selective hydrogenation of biomass-based furfural (FFR) into furfuryl alcohol (FA) and 2-methylfuran (MF). The specific structural characteristics of as-prepared magnetic copper-containing samples were clearly identified through various techniques, including XRD, XPS, N2 adsorption–desorption, NH3-TPD, SEM and so on. The characterizations revealed that the hydrogen pre-activated magnetic catalysts supplied metallic Cu species, medium acidity and porosity for the catalytic upgrading of FFR in hydrogen atmosphere. As for FFR-to-FA as well as FFR-to-MF transformations, the magnetic copper-containing catalyst with calcination temperature of 800 °C exhibited excellent performance towards the formation of FA and MF, wherein desirable FA yield of 98.5 mol% and MF yield of 71.3 mol% were achieved at reaction temperatures of 160 °C and 240 °C, respectively. The reuse experiments indicated that the recycled catalysts still maintained excellent activity and stability even after four-time recycling. The present study thus highlights a new approach for the resource utilization of electroplating sludge, which also supplies low-cost and efficient catalytic materials for the selective upgrading of various biomass-derived platform molecules.
... -13 -mismos (por ejemplo: cobre, zinc, plomo, cadmio, cromo, níquel, mercurio, cobalto, plata y oro), operaron muchos años sin tener un control de sus emisiones y sin conocimiento alguno de los problemas que sus vertidos podrían generar en el ambiente.La generación de efluentes que contienen metales conlleva el desafío de su tratamiento, ya que los metales una vez que se liberan al ambiente lo perturban y ponen en riesgo la salud de diversos ecosistemas(Gogoi, 2016;Babu, 2009). En los últimos años se ha intensificado la preocupación sobre los problemas de contaminación ambiental que genera el desarrollo de las actividades industriales, en particular, el de las industrias relacionadas con el uso de metales. ...
... En Argentina se han producido transformaciones tecnológicas para adaptarse a los estándares internacionales de calidad y tipos de producción aceptados, requiriéndose ampliar la posibilidad de tratamientos económicamente rentables y que aseguren la calidad de los efluentes. Esto ha forzado a muchas industrias a buscar tecnologías más "verdes" y minimizar los residuos producidos(Scarazzato, 2017;Babu, 2009;Baral, 2002).La utilización del cinc para realizar recubrimientos con el objetivo de retardar la corrosión del hierro y el acero, ha sido el método más práctico y utilizado durante muchos años. Horvick en su trabajo "Zinc in the World of Electroplating"(2006) cuenta que la historia de la aplicación de esta técnica comenzó en1840. ...
The objective of this thesis is to generate knowledge about the potential use of natural or modified diatomites as zinc adsorbents in the treatment of galvanoplastic effluents.
In the first part of the work, the total metal content in the rinsing baths of a galvanoplastic industry is quantified and its complexing capacity is determined. On the other hand, commercial diatomites are characterized and zinc (II) retention is evaluated. With the aim of improving this parameter natural diatomites are modified by incorporating known ligands and the resulting solids are characterized. Zinc removal efficiency of the modified diatomites is compared to that of natural diatomites, and the effect of the presence of dissolved ligands on zinc (II) removal in model systems is also evaluated. Finally, the use of natural and modified diatomites is evaluated for the retention of metals present in the second rinse baths characterized in the first part of the work.
... Pollution is caused by the usage of various chemicals and metals salt. Several series of processes are done during the electroplating process, which involves alkaline cleaning, plating, acid pickling, and rinsing, which create a large amount of untreated wastewater (Babu et al. 2009). This process with waste effluents treatment facilities is carried out in a particular sequence, as shown in Fig. 1. ...
Water pollution by recalcitrant compounds is an increasingly important problem due to the continuous introduction of new chemicals into the environment. Choosing appropriate measures and developing successful strategies for eliminating hazardous wastewater contaminants from industrial processes is currently a primary goal. Electroplating industry wastewater involves highly toxic cyanide (CN), heavy metal ions, oils and greases, organic solvents, and the complicated composition of effluents and may also contain biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SS, DS, TS, and turbidity. The availability of these metal ions in electroplating industry wastewater makes the water so toxic and corrosive. Because these heavy metals are harmful to living things, they must be removed to prevent them from being absorbed by plants, animals, and humans. As a result, exposure to electroplating wastewater can induce necrosis and nephritis in humans and lung cancer, digestive system cancer, anemia, hepatitis, and maxillary sinus cancer with prolonged exposure. For the safe discharge of electroplating industry effluents, appropriate wastewater treatment has to be provided. This article examines and assesses new approaches such as coagulation and flocculation, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, adsorption, electrochemical treatment, and advanced oxidation process (AOP) for treating the electroplating industry wastewater. On the other hand, these physicochemical approaches have significant drawbacks, including a high initial investment and operating cost due to costly chemical reagents, the production of metal complexes sludge that needs additional treatment, and a long recovery process. At the same time, advanced techniques such as electrochemical treatment can remove various kinds of organic and inorganic contaminants such as BOD, COD, and heavy metals. The electrochemical treatment process has several advantages over traditional technologies, including complete removal of persistent organic pollutants, environmental friendliness, ease of integration with other conventional technologies, less sludge production, high separation, and shorter residence time. The effectiveness of the electrochemical treatment process depends on various parameters, including pH, electrode material, operation time, electrode gap, and current density. This review mainly emphasizes the removal of heavy metals and another pollutant such as CN from electroplating discharge. This paper will be helpful in the selection of efficient techniques for treatment based on the quantity and characteristics of the effluent produced.
... However, drawbacks such as the lack of reliable large-scale production techniques and difficulties in precise morphology control limits though their applications [12,23]. Moreover, the entire process chain further includes multiple complex steps with pollutant residues [80][81][82][83], and the resultant materials need post-processing purification to obtain high-quality (relatively pure) MoS 2 products. The novel, green, low-cost, and highly efficient laser-assisted techniques have been investigated to overcome the cons of conventional preparation and MoS 2 exfoliation methods. ...
Investigation of next-generation manufacturing methods for the processing of functional materials and offering products with improved performance/functionalities has always been a challenge in terms of energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Additive manufacturing (AM) attributes to rapid prototyping techniques that provide new opportunities to test new concepts and design complex 3D structures from metals, ceramics, and composites. Moreover, as a well-known transition metal dichalcogenide, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a two-dimensional (2D) material with outstanding electrochemical, physical, and mechanical properties that make it a potential candidate for energy storage electrodes via intercalation of different H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ cations. In this review, we discuss the existing conventional MoS2-processing methodologies and compare them with the novel additive manufacturing processes (especially laser-based powder bed fusion). The authors are convinced that the processing of prominent MoS2-based functional structures by the novel additive manufacturing processes can provide complex structures for different electrochemical applications, particularly for energy conversion/storage systems.
... Although the solution for wastewater problems related to the electroplating industry have been analyzed in the literature [4][5][6], the increasing attention to sustainability issues calls for more environmentally friendly processes. Electroplating technology has recently Sustainability 2021, 13, 4453 2 of 11 been subject to investigation due to the high environmental impacts related to water pollution: electroplating wastewater contains highly toxic cyanide, cyanide complexes, and metal ions, making postproduction treatment a complex problem to be addressed by these companies [7,8]. ...
This work deals with a comparison between electroplating and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) finishing technologies applied in the fashion industry, with a special focus on their environmental impacts. The goal of this work is to present and validate a Decision Support System (DSS) allowing companies to identify, through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis, which of the two types of finishing processes is more suitable in comparison with specific KPIs. After an investigation on the literature and an industrial background regarding the two technologies, the model and, in particular, the sequence of activities that were conducted, are presented. Since LCA is an articulated process, requiring specific and adequate skills that are often unavailable within companies operating in this specific sector, a tool that facilitates LCA execution is a requisite. This tool, though potential publicity will facilitate the adoption of these approaches and sustainability as a driver in the selection of different production process strategies.
... In electroplating units, the primary source of wastes is recognized as drag out losses, spend alkali baths, spent passivation dip, concentrated liquid wastes, spent acid bath, and rinse water (Babu et al., 2009;Tarvin and Taevin, 1956). The electroplating wastewater has a low pH in the range of 3e5 and contains several metals (soluble forms). ...
The biological wastewater system was developed in England in the early 1900s and is extensively used in municipal and industrial applications. Biological processes are used for the treatment of wastewater over physico-chemical processes due to its flexibility, efficiency, and low cost. It is a secondary process that uses microbes to clean water. These microbes help in the degradation of organic matter (OM) and convert the same into suspended solids. Industrial and human activities generate vast amounts of wastewater, which contains organics compounds, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and also heavy metals, etc. Further modifications of a conventional biological system are developed to get the desired effluent standards such as membrane bioreactors, moving bed biofilm reactors, etc. This chapter focuses on the biological reactors used for organic removal and advancements in biological reactors. The impact of heavy metals on biological processes and drawbacks in the remediation has also been discussed in this chapter.
... River Yamuna primarily brings in wastewater generated in the National Capital Territory to OBS, which consists of both municipal and industrial wastes containing high amounts of trace metals [5,[47][48][49]. Such industrial waste is contributed by electroplating industries, lead-battery based industrial units, dyeing units, pharmaceutical units, agro-chemical units, etc. which generally discharge waste of acidic nature into surface waters [50][51][52][53][54][55]. Apart from the presence of chemical species (and associated processes), the pH of water also depends upon biological properties of a wetland. ...
The present study aims to understand the water quality of four urban wetlands of Delhi-NCR (Sanjay lake, Okhla bird sanctuary, Indira Gandhi stadium lake and Bhalswa lake). Several surface water samples from these wetlands were studied in two seasons (winter and summer) for various physico-chemical properties (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, major cations and anions) including trace metals. Water from all these wetlands are alkaline and show seasonally varying chemical composition. Hydrogeochemistry (Piper plot and Gibb’s diagram) indicates that water from Bhalswa lake is Na+ − SO42− type and shows an evaporation dominance regime, whereas water from the other three wetlands is Na+ − SO42− and Ca2+ −Mg2+ −SO42− type, and show a dominance of rock-water interaction. The water quality index reveals that water from all the wetlands is poor to unsuitable for drinking. Concerning irrigation water quality, water from Bhalswa lake is unsuitable, whereas water from other wetlands is marginal to suitable. Both drinking and irrigational water quality deteriorate during summer. In light of the immense ecological importance of these wetlands, urgent measures are required to arrest their deteriorating health.
