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![Typical drip irrigation system layout [1].](profile/Maksudjon-Usmonov/publication/323205314/figure/fig1/AS:600814997483523@1520256866668/Typical-drip-irrigation-system-layout-1.png)
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![Figure 1. Typical drip irrigation system layout [1].](profile/Maksudjon-Usmonov/publication/323205314/figure/fig1/AS:600814997483523@1520256866668/Typical-drip-irrigation-system-layout-1_Q320.jpg)
The deployment of drip irrigation systems has been prevailing over the last few decades and it poses many difficulties to manual control them once they are installed on a large scale. A common approach to overcome this issue is to set up a wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN). However, using wireless technologies in the field of agriculture...
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Context 1
... is distributed through a network of valves, pipes, tubings, and emitters and it is then dripped slowly, but directly to the root zone of the plant either from above or below the soil surface. Figure 1 shows the general layout of typical drip irrigation system and its main components [1]. At first, a pump pushes the water to the distribution network at high pressure. ...
Context 2
... main goal of the project has been to design low-cost system for controlling a drip irrigation process such as the one shown in Figure 1. It is also crucial to maintain the reliable performance, easy installation and use, even for large-scale deployments. ...
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Citations
... They also contain filters for filtering and fertilizer injectors so that the water comes out of small holes called emitters (Parthush and Suman, 2012) [14] . Usmanov and Gregoritti (2017) [15] mentioned that drip irrigation is a type of irrigation that has gained great interest in recent years, due to its ability to increase production and reduce water waste, which slowly emerges from the emitter and directly to the plant's root area. Many researchers have confirmed that an important part of irrigation water is lost after irrigation from the surface of the soil as evaporation. ...
... A characteristic of LoRa is that it ofers an improvement of criteria such as SF (spreading factor), TP (transmission power), CR (coding rate), and BW (bandwidth) with a relation given by equation (1) [23][24][25]. ...
LoRa technology is widely used in the Internet of things network applications. It enables low-volume data transmission via small wireless devices. Te principle of LoRa networks (an LPWAN technology: Low Power Wide Area Network) is to transmit data by air from sensors with a short transmission range, about over ten kilometers. Tese sensors should not be powered by electricity, and batteries power them. Hospital visits are inevitable, but current advances in communication could reduce the burden on hospitals with remote (from home) treatments using these wireless sensors. Tus, using the LoRaWAN protocol could greatly facilitate patient diagnosis by transmitting data between doctors and patients in real time and with minimal energy consumption. Te objective of this work is to set up a multihop IoTnetwork containing a large number of sensors based on LoRa for uplink communication. Tis work evaluates the energy consumption and the packet delivery rate in the multihop IoTnetwork. Te simulation result shows that the proposed approach reduces power consumption by 50% and improves the packet delivery rate by 2% compared to the existing state of the art.
... LoRa-based IoT systems offer a cost-effective and straightforward application [9,10]. It adopts a modulation technique that is capable of transmitting 300~19,200 bps data rate, and the maximum communication distance is about 11 km. ...
In beyond 5G (B5G) non-terrestrial network (NTN) systems, satellite technologies play an important role. Especially for data collection systems (DCS), low-earth orbit satellites have many advantages. Such as global coverage, low latency, and high efficiency. As a miniaturization technology, CubeSat has attracted extensive attention from a large number of scholars. Satellite constellations can coordinate for distributed tasks. This paper proposes a B5G NTN-based data collection system. A CubeSat constellation achieves global coverage as the basic space platform for DCS. The 5G terrestrial network is used as the data bearer network of the gateway station. A traffic load balance strategy is proposed to optimize the system’s efficiency. As a unified hardware platform, software-defined radio (SDR) is compatible with various sensor data models. Finally, the design was verified by a series of experiments.
... Use cases tend to address automation for devices distributed in wide areas. For example, Sánchez Sutil (2020) [44] developed a smart public lighting control, while Usmonov (2017) [45], the authors implemented a LoRa-based wireless control for a drip irrigation system, and in [46], an IoT multi-sensory platform was presented for agriculture monitoring and pump control. Due to the low cost and range capabilities of LoRa, there are attempts to modify it to make LoRa closer to industrial requirements. ...
Wireless technologies are increasingly used in industrial applications. These technologies reduce cabling, which is costly and troublesome, and introduce several benefits for their application in terms of flexibility to modify the layout of the nodes and scaling of the number of connected devices. They may also introduce new functionalities since they ease the connections to mobile devices or parts. Although they have some drawbacks, they are increasingly accepted in industrial applications, especially for monitoring and supervision tasks. Recently, they are starting to be accepted even for time-critical tasks, for example, in closed-loop control systems involving slow dynamic processes. However, wireless technologies have been evolving very quickly during the last few years, since several relevant technologies are available in the market. For this reason, it may become difficult to select the best alternative. This perspective article intends to guide application designers to choose the most appropriate technology in each case. For this purpose, this article discusses the most relevant wireless technologies in the industry and shows different examples of applications.
... This has tremendously helped them to monitor and control appliances at competitively lower cost and power efficiently while being in a fault-free, hazard-free manner from a large distance. A LoRa-based automation technology has a simple and cost-efficient option [7,8]. M. Shahjalal et al. have shown that around 45.12% of people worldwide with over 3.5 billion smartphones are currently controlling their appliances remotely [9]. ...
In recent times, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been getting a lot of traction. Embedded systems have become ingrained in our daily lives connecting day-to-day devices to a network. IoT-enabled devices have helped us operate, monitor, and do various tasks efficiently from afar. This is achieved while consuming less space with each iteration due to technological advancements. Being compact and modular, IoT-based devices are frequently battery-powered and require a large battery backup. Although in an ideal situation, a lowpower consuming device that also traverses great distances is expected. However, many current technologies, such as Zig-Bee,Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, take a lot of power and aren’t ideal for battery-powered systems. LoRa is a relatively new technology that is rapidly gaining traction. LoRa can consume a fraction of energy while maintaining a higher coverage area, making it a great contender for IoT applications. This paper covers a combinational work of implementing smart office and parking systems using IoT-based technology while the communication between different nodes is handled using LoRa. The implementations of LoRa have proven to show greater performance while consuming significantly less power. Therefore, implementing the work can surely ease overall office management while being energy efficient.
... WSAN can be a great uprising for any sphere in which any connectible things will be connected. [6] In fact, so far LoRa has been used in various agricultural research projects which were developed by the Libelium Company [7] of Spain, which are smart irrigation system for kiwi production in Italy, smart garden system to monitor green areas in Spain, improving fertilization technique for corn yields in Italy and banana yields in Colombia, climate condition control for tobacco crops in Italy, smart irrigation system to decrease water usage in Barcelona, Spain and monitoring system for vineyard crops in Switzerland and Spain. ...
Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN) have been tremendously developed and therefore it can be employed in smart agriculture to establish optimal scheduled irrigation systems. It helps to interconnect physical objects that are equipped with sensors, actuators, control and computing units and is capable to collaborate them on any task in a network. Wherein each smart objects collects data from the environment, process them and starts appropriate actions. So, the wireless sensor and actuator networks can bring incredible benefits and assists people in building smart and luxuries life. Since it is achievable to build high potential applications using WSAN, it has been being considered as a very important subject of scientific research. Therefore, in this paper, applications of wireless sensor and actuator networks on smart irrigation systems has been studied and analyzed. Furthermore, this paper comprehensively introduced the WSAN technologies, different applications domains in which WSAN is applied for the modern irrigation systems, its benefits and includes a review of literature.
... This has tremendously helped them to monitor and control appliances at competitively lower cost and power efficiently while being in a fault-free, hazard-free manner from a large distance. A LoRa-based automation technology has a simple and cost-efficient option [7,8]. M. Shahjalal et al. have shown that around 45.12% of people worldwide with over 3.5 billion smartphones are currently controlling their appliances remotely [9]. ...
In recent times, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been getting a lot of traction. Embedded systems have become ingrained in our daily lives connecting day-to-day devices to a network. IoT-enabled devices have helped us operate, monitor, and do various tasks efficiently from afar. This is achieved while consuming less space with each iteration due to technological advancements. Being compact and modular, IoT-based devices are frequently battery-powered and require a large battery backup. Although in an ideal situation, a low power consuming device that also traverses great distances is expected. However, many current technologies, such as Zig-Bee, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, take a lot of power and aren't ideal for battery-powered systems. LoRa is a relatively new technology that is rapidly gaining traction. LoRa can consume a fraction of energy while maintaining a higher coverage area, making it a great contender for IoT applications. This paper covers a combi-national work of implementing smart office and parking systems using IoT-based technology while the communication between different nodes is handled using LoRa. The implementations of LoRa have proven to show greater performance while consuming significantly less power. Therefore, implementing the work can surely ease overall office management while being energy efficient.
... Design and Implementation of a LoRa Based Wireless Control for Drip Irrigation Systems [11]. ...
... Another work that provides evidence of a wireless irrigation system implementation is the one proposed by [11]. In this project, the authors develop a wireless communication based on LoRa communication protocol. ...
... Another feature is the technology used in platforms for sending field data. It was found that other authors mostly use modules in ISM free band [9,11,26,13,14,15,16,21,23,24,25], due to their low energy consumption capacity and portability. This project evaluated the protocol and technology suitable for this application, which has led to the choice of LoRa technology, which is used in other specific projects for sending data due to its scope for applications in rural areas [11,15,26,27,28]. ...
Objective: This paper presents a detailed selection of IoT technologies for the design of an ambient humidity monitoring infrastructure to control crop irrigation. Methodology: The prototype design was supported by previous studies carried out by the authors and tests in 2019 at Finca el Porvenir in Cundinamarca, Colombia, in order to determine the best option to implement in the field through the use of Python software, and elements such as Raspberry Pi and the TTGO development board. Results: To determine the functionality of the software and hardware of the system, different static tests of the prototype were carried out by monitoring humidity and ambient temperature by means of the DHT22 sensor, whose information is sent from a transmitter node to a receiver node in a concentrator to later save the information in a database and, finally, to obtain graphs of the behavior of the relative humidity, temperature, and the actuation of the control element (solenoid valve). Conclusions: With this information it is possible to demonstrate the effectiveness of the prototype, the possibility of remote connection with the LoRa protocol and the handling and management of information from different crop areas through the GUI on the Raspberry Pi, generating a low-cost solution for access by small and medium producers in rural areas in Colombia.
... Some works presents as differentials the possibility of transmitting data using LoRa technology, allowing to monitor over considerable distances and with reduced energy consumption [11,12]. ...
This work consists in the development of a system for data acquisition of parameters in an agricultural application. For this, the system includes the monitoring of soil moisture and atmospheric sensors (temperature and relative humidity), in order to provide subsidies to farmers in decision-making, aiming at a future implementation of an automated irrigation system, with minimization of waste of water resources. Data acquisition is carried out by means of sensors connected to a microcontrolled system, and the signals are transmitted through a radio frequency module using LoRaWanTM protocol. Data is received at a gateway and made available in the cloud, applying Internet of Things (IoT) concepts, and can be monitored in real time in an academic interface. Additionally, the data can also be monitored through a simplified interface accessible through an app developed specifically for the application.
... The irrigation framework's automation also faces the challenge of data transmission over long distances [31]. The information transmitted through Wi-Fi and other radio communication devices is intended for a target individual (Figure 1.4). ...
