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There are a number of factors which govern the strength of masonry, namely strength and elasticity of masonry units and mortar, slenderness ratio of the wall, nature and magnitude of eccentric loads and masonry efficiency. There have been a number of publications on these factors, although many are with respect to brick masonry or masonry used in w...
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Context 1
... a prism strength which is more than the block strength. This is unlikely. Hamid et al. [32] and Bartolome et al. [33] also suggest that the slenderness ratio of 2.0 for normalization of prism strength is not satisfactory. Therefore, three-block prisms were considered and tested for its compressive strength. The typical test setup is as shown in Fig. 4. The prism compressive strength is tabulated in Table 3. The correction factor is applied for the prism strength as per the codal recommendations [1]. However, in the construction stage of the wall, the representative mortar cubes were tested for its 28-day compressive strength (5.37 MPa). A total of nine walls were tested, out of ...
Context 2
... was also interesting to observe material failure regarding crushing of topmost course on the loading face of the wall. The significant rotation was also observed at both ends of the wall from load deflection curves evaluated for various stages of loading. The load deflection and failure pattern are as indicated in Fig. 14. The stress developed at the base of the wall is 4.37 MPa. Both wall no. 8 and wall no. 9 were with similar specifications. The failure patterns observed were almost similar with considerable damage at top courses only. The average compressive strength was recorded as 4.74 MPa as indicated in Table 7. The average stress reduction ...
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Citations
... Even though there have been several experimental efforts in recent years to study the compressive behaviour of masonry, the method of evaluating the characteristics of these types of walls appears to be inconsistent. The majority of the investigations involved conducting compressive strength tests on masonry prisms, yet it is commonly acknowledged that the testing of such specimens does not accurately reflect the deformation behaviour of full-scale walls [11,12,13,14]. Laboratory tests on wallette or specified scaled walls is the most effective approach for evaluating masonry walls because it provides realistic strength and deformation characteristics of full-scale walls that prism specimens cannot provide [15]. ...
... A number of studies on the performance and behaviour of solid load bearing masonry walls under axial compressive load have been reported [14,25,26,27]. In contrast, research concerning the performance of masonry wall panels with openings squarely loaded in compression is extremely limited in the experimental database. ...
... These factors contributed to the initial deformation of the wall and premature failure of the specimen, consequently diminishing the compressive strength of the wall panel. Nonetheless, the decrease in compressive strength of the solid wall panel, WS1, when compared with the compressive strength of the hollow block unit is in agreement with results previously reported for axially loaded unreinforced hollow concrete block walls [14,25,26]. ...
Openings such as windows or channels for ventilation and heating systems are commonly encountered in masonry buildings to meet with functional needs. Although these openings are known to reduce the strength and stiffness of masonry walls, however, the relationship between the position of openings and load bearing capacity of masonry walls is not well understood. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of double opening positions on the axial compressive behaviour of masonry walls constructed with hollow concrete block units. Seven one-half scale walls with different double opening positions were constructed using hollow concrete block units and subjected to a uniformly distributed axial load. The compressive performance such as the strength, stiffness, load-deformation behaviour, stress-strain response, cracking pattern and failure behaviour of the walls have been reported. The results indicate that the 50% reduction in sectional area ratio caused by introducing two small openings in the walls reduced the load bearing capacity by 36 to 50%. Measured ultimate strain values ranges between 5.5 to 38.8% reduction in walls with openings compared with the wall without opening. Vertical cracking, face spalling, and block rupture were the dominant failure modes for walls with double openings, in contrast to mainly vertical cracks observed in the solid wall. This research provides valuable insights into how the positions of double openings influence the performance and overall structural response of hollow concrete block masonry walls under compression load.
... The likelihood of shrinkage and pathologies increases when walls are laid wet, therefore, before installation, the concrete hollow block should not be wet (Inst., 1985). Masonry unit properties, mortar strength properties, loading eccentricity, all boundary conditions at the top and bottom of the wall, with the wall slenderness ratio (the ratio of effective height divided by effective thickness or effective length divided by effective thickness, whichever is greater) are considered (Amalkar et al., 2020). These are the elements that contribute to a masonry block wall's strength, in addition to the previously mentioned factors, workmanship has a significant impact on masonry strength (Udi et al., 2020). ...
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The research aim is to investigate large-scale foundation hollow blocks with open and closed cavities, to model their work in various software packages, to develop recommendations for use in construction. Experimental and numerical research methods were used. Results: experimental and theoretical values of bearing capacity and deformability of hollow blocks are obtained. Scientific novelty: on the basis of complex experimental researches, including field tests, and the analysis of numerical modeling results in various software complexes criteria are proved and recommendations on calculation of bearing capacity of concrete hollow structures which can be used at designing of similar concrete hollow structures of other sizes are developed. Practical significance – the existing concrete hollow structures have been improved and new types of concrete hollow structures have been created, which allow to significantly reduce the concrete consumption and decrease its weight – from 23.6% to 43%. A significant reduction in concrete costs helps reduce CO2 emissions, which is in line with European and global low-carbon development strategies.KeywordsConcrete blocksOptimizationCavity formationResearchStrengthDeformability
This paper presents the details of experimental investigations on the compressive strength of full scale hollow concrete block masonry walls. Comparison of load carrying capacity of unreinforced masonry walls with reinforced masonry walls have been studied as part of this study. The failure mechanism of reinforced hollow concrete block masonry (RHCBM) walls and unreinforced hollow concrete block masonry (URHCBM) walls have been studied. It is observed that the load carrying capacity of RHCBM walls are about 39.40% higher compared to URHCBM walls which is due to presence of marginal amount of reinforcement (about 0.12% of cross sectional area) and grout.
