Fig 7 - uploaded by Jun Endo
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Typical appearance of the azygos arch valves. a: Maximum intensity projection image shows residual contrast material in both sides of tha azygos arch valves (black arrow). b: Volume rendering image shows the azygos arch valves (white arrow) posterior to the superior vena cave (asterisk).
Source publication
To evaluate the frequency and appearance of azygos arch valves after short and long scanning delays and high injection rates of contrast material (CM) using a 64-slice multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT).
We retrospectively reviewed the findings from 264 contrast-enhanced MDCT chest examinations. The rate of injection for 300 mg I/ml CM w...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... cm of the SVC, and the median distance of the azygos arch valve from the SVC was 1.9 cm on CT [4]. We found that the mean maximum length of the azygos arch valves was 8.510.42 mm [5]. If residual CM is suspected on axial image, the prob- lem can be solved by adding multiplanar reformatted, three dimensional and maximum intensity projection images (Fig. 5, ...
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Objectives
To analyze the relationship between the dietary preparation status prior to contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) and adverse drug reactions (ADR) and emetic complications.
Methods
Non-emergency adult patients who underwent routine CECT in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Stratified dietary preparatio...
Citations
... Residual contrast in the azygos system due to reflux from superior vena cava (SVC) may be mistaken for pathology (pseudolesion) [1]. This was mainly described in computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), due to short delay times allowing for scan acquisition before contrast washout [2]. We report a case of residual contrast in azygos vein seen during CT coronary angiography (CTCA) resulting in diagnostic uncertainty and highlight the steps for correct diagnosis. ...
... Contrast within the azygos system may be mistaken for pathology such as abnormal masses or lymph nodes [1,5,6]. Majority of reported cases describe contrast reflux from SVC into azygos veins in the context of CTPA as high contrast injection rates and short scan delays are associated factors [2]. The high density of contrast also allows retrograde venous flow, aided by gravity [6]. ...
... We highlight this report for the following learning points relevant to cardiac CT. Firstly, right arm contrast injection as recommended by CTCA guidelines [7] increases the likelihood of contrast reflux into the azygos system [2]. Secondly, contrast reflux into the azygos is associated with right-sided heart fail- ...
... Ozbek et al reported a case in which hemiazygos vein was absent. 3 A right subcostal vein joining the ascending lumbar vein formed in 70% of cases.30% of cases it is formed from back of Inferior Vena Cava. The position of Azygos vein in on right side in 53.33%, in midline in 46.66% of subjects. ...
Background
Traditionally, it takes an average of 17 years for a research outcome to reach clinical practice. Similarly, the field of anatomy is not exception to that rule. This indicates there is a significant information gap between medical research and its finalized incorporation into patient care.
Methods
A list of current anatomy textbooks and atlases are reviewed, and the breach between basic science and clinical research is investigated through the coverage of six specific topics.
Results
This includes the parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland, the oversimplification of the parasympathetic innervation to the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, clinical presentation of middle ear pathology (Ramsay Hunt Syndrome), as well as the presence of venous valves in the arch of azygos and in the head and neck region. The progressive anatomical research findings are discussed while comparing information currently taught to medical students.
Conclusion
The impact of the widening gap is considered through presentation of clinical implications where applicable. As the need for bridging this mismatch is immanent, means of feasible first steps are proposed.
