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Typical SEM fractography of specimens tempered at 550°C. (a) Overall fracture mode (b) final fracture.
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Effects of tempering temperature and shot peening on fatigue behavior of SAE 1045 steel are reported. Tensile and fatigue property measurements are reported for samples tempered and shot peened at 300 and 550°C. Microstructural studies and fracture surface observations were carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopes. The experimental...
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Citations
... Vieira [11] conducted quenching research using aqueous polymer solutions to increase hardness and mechanical strength. Yazdania et al. [23] report on the effect of tempering temperature on fatigue behaviour in S45C steel. This study aims to enhance the properties of S45C material to make it suitable as the main material for coupler, in accordance with the allowable stress criteria of the designed structure. ...
Coupling links and hooked plates constitute the primary components of automatic couplers in trains, enduring substantial tensile and compressive loads during train connections. This study endeavours to enhance the strength of S45C material through heat treatment techniques. The research commenced with the preparation of JIS S45C tensile test specimens adhering to ASTM E8 standards. The material's chemical composition was validated using an Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES). Six heat treatment variations were employed, including quench oil without tempering (QO), quenching water without tempering (QW), quenching oil tempered at 660°C (QOT660), quenching water tempered at 660°C (QWT660), quenching oil tempered at 550°C (QOT550), quenching water tempered at 550°C (QWT550), alongside untreated conditions (NT) for comparison. The efficacy of heat treatment was evaluated through tensile testing, optical metallographic analysis, and micro-Vickers hardness tests. QO and QW scenarios were excluded from the tensile tests. Results revealed that QWT550 demonstrated the most substantial enhancement in material yield, exhibiting a 115% increase. Moreover, hardness testing indicated superior hardness in QWT550 specimens compared to other tempered variants. The metallographic analysis illustrated the formation of identical and smooth martensitic structures. Overall, the combination of cooling heat treatment and tempering proved sufficient to meet the design requirements of hooked plates and coupling links for automatic couplers.
... An investigation of the fatigue of CK45 steel in the ... [2] Enhancement of fatigue strength of SAE 1045 steel by ... [3] 3D FEM simulation of steel quenching and investigation of the ... [4] Quenching and cold-work residual stresses in aluminum hand ... [5] Analytical solutions for determining residual stresses in ... [6] Experimental study of process parameters' effect on surface ... [7] Prediction and measurement of residual stresses in ... [8] A new procedure to measure near yield residual ... [19] Residual stress measurements in single and multi-pass ... [20] The influence of bending mode ultrasonic-assisted ... [21] Residual stress, tensile strength, and macrostructure ... [22] The measurement of residual stress in railway rails ... [23] Assessment of tensile residual stress mitigation in alloy ... [24] Effect of stress relief annealing on microstructure ... [25] Comparison of Microstructure and Surface Properties of ... [26] Comparison of the quenching capacities of hot ... [27] The influence of alkaline salt bath quenching on the ... [28] Estimation of uncertainty for contour method ... [29] Mechanical properties of dual phase steel quenched ... [30] Comparison of mechanical properties of medium ... [31] Hardening characteristics of medium carbon steel using ... [32] Effects of varios quenching media on mechanical ... [33] Influence of forging and cooling rate on microstructure and ... [34] Fundamentals of materials science and ... [35] Evaluation of mechanical properties of medium ... [36] Experimental and finite element investigation ... [37] Experimental and numerical study of severe plastic ... [38] Quenching theory and ... ...
Quenching heat treatment is one of the most used processes in the industry, which has a great influence on the properties of materials. Accurate understanding of the effects of this process on the behavior of materials can be effective in better use of this process. In this research, the effect of quenching media on the mechanical behavior of wide used steel of AISI 1045 has been investigated and the residual stress created in the structure has been studied using the contour method. In this regard, three cooling environments of water, oil, and molten salt have been utilized, and after examining the strength and contour of hardness resulted by each cooling environment, the residual stresses have been investigated by the contour method. Also, the uncertainty of residual stresses in the environment with the most influencing factor has been evaluated. Investigation of the results shows that quenching in water can create higher hardness and strength, and more excessive compressive residual stress with greater penetration depth than the other environments. But cooling media of water creates more heterogeneous of the structure between the surface and the center of the piece, while quenching in a molten salt environment, with maintaining a structural homogeneity close to the annealing state, can increase the hardness and strength, and generate compressive residual stresses with a penetration depth of about 1.3 mm. Investigation of uncertainty for quenching in the water environment showed that the greatest error in the residual stresses was about 9%, and the error resulting from data smoothing had the most effect on the measurement of residual stresses by the cantor method.
... Concerning the 1045steel: the effect of heat treatment on hardness and microstructure on this steel, Ibrahim and Sayuti (2015); the parameters involved and the mechanical properties modification of the 1045 steel, cutting at very high speeds, Ye et al. (2012). The enhancement on fatigue strength of 1045 steel by tempering treatment and shot peening, Yazdani et al ((2007). Some investigations have been carried out to access the fatigue behavior of these two popular car steels: the improvement of fatigue strength of 4140 steel by dynamic strain aging and dynamic precipitation during warm laser shock peening, Ye et al. (2011). ...
Ultrasonic fatigue tests were carried out on two automotive steels: AISI/SAE 4140T and 1045, to investigate the fatigue endurance of these materials and the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation under this modality of loading. Tests were obtained at room temperature and without control of environmental humidity; the last parameter was maintained between 50 and 65%.
Ultrasonic fatigue results show that the effect of non-metallic inclusions plays an important role in the decay of fatigue endurance for the 4140T steel, together with the effect of previous heat treatments. Concerning1045 steel, non-metallic inclusions play an important role too, but this time the temperature and variation of ductility with temperature induce an effect on the ultrasonic fatigue endurance. Finally, the fracture surfaces were analyzed in order to obtain the principal trends of crack initiation and propagation on these steels, under the ultrasonic loading modality.
... Several mechanical elements used in industrial applications are subjected to cyclic loads, which can cause fatigue damage and reduce its service life [1][2][3]. In conventional manufacturing pro- cesses, heat treatments, thermochemical treatments and some sur- face coatings are employed to increase the fatigue strength, and prolong the fatigue life of mechanical elements [4][5][6]. However, there are other alternatives to increasing the fatigue strength of these elements. ...
... One of the alternatives includes mechanical treat- ments of surface deformation. These treatments are surface hard- ening treatments that produce compressive residual stresses due to the application of highly concentrated pressures on the surface [4,7,8]. They may also produce microstructural changes in these elements due to the application of the load with a high applied strain rate [9]. ...
This third part of the review on defects as root cause of fatigue failure addresses cavities (pores, micro-shrinkages, unmelted regions), defective microstructures and microcracks as material defects and defects due to local damage during manufacturing, service and maintenance such as dents, scratches and localized corrosion. In addition, damage due to contact fatigue and the effect of surface roughness are discussed in the context of fatigue failure. Also addressed is the competition between different kinds of defects in controlling the initiation and early growth of fatigue cracks.
SAE 1045 steel is widely used for manufacturing shafts in the sugar cane mills of the sugar industry. These shafts are designed with an expectation of a long lifetime. However, fatigue failures occur frequently. The sugar cane juice processed in these mills has corrosive properties that can alter the fatigue life of these shafts. In this research, the fatigue strength of SAE 1045 steel between 1×104 and 2×105 cycles in air and in sugar cane juice, with two different microstructures (tempered martensite at 300°C and tempered martensite at 600°C), was determined in rotating bending. The microstructure of the materials was characterized using optical microscopy, and the fracture surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the fatigue strength at 2×105 cycles for the tempered condition at 600°C decreases 7% because of the sugar cane juice effect, and for the tempered condition at 300°C, the fatigue strength decreases 15%.
The finite element modeling and analysis have been performed to investigate the effects of nitriding, cold rolled and shot peening on fatigue life of an automotive lower suspension arm component which fabricated of SAE1045 steel. The finite element analysis (FEA) results indicate a great effect for all surface finish parameters on fatigue life. It shows that nitriding increased the fatigue life of the component better than shot peening, while cold rolled effect was between them. In a nut shell, nitriding can be considered as the best surface treatment to improve the fatigue life of the automotive lower suspension arm which fabricated of SAE1045 steel.
