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In this work, graphene nanosheets and carbon nanoparticles were synthesized by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid nitrogen using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The aim is to investigate the wavelength dependence of carbon nanostructures formation mechanisms using fundamental and second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser irradiations at different laser flue...
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... 103 Solati et al. also prepared graphene nanosheets by nanosecond laser ablation of a graphite target in liquid nitrogen with different wavelengths. 104 The authors argued that the graphene nanosheets were formed based on "top-down" fragmentation when the laser wavelength was 532 nm, whereas "bottom-up" formation occurred when near-infrared (NIR) light was used, which was caused by thermal evaporation thanks to stronger inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption of NIR light. 104 In 2016, Ren et al. reported the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons composed of up to 14 layers of graphene by nanosecond laser ablation of graphite flakes in water. ...
... 104 The authors argued that the graphene nanosheets were formed based on "top-down" fragmentation when the laser wavelength was 532 nm, whereas "bottom-up" formation occurred when near-infrared (NIR) light was used, which was caused by thermal evaporation thanks to stronger inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption of NIR light. 104 In 2016, Ren et al. reported the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons composed of up to 14 layers of graphene by nanosecond laser ablation of graphite flakes in water. 105 It was found that only amorphous carbon clusters were formed when the laser pulse energy was low, especially lower than 2 J. ...
With the increasing application of functional nanomaterials in numerous fields, considerable effort has been devoted to exploring simple and efficient methods for their synthesis. Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) is one such novel technique for producing colloidal nanomaterials. It is simple to setup, easy to operate, and can be carried out at room temperature and under atmosphere. This method employs a pulsed laser beam to ablate bulk targets or powders within different liquids, thereby creating colloidal nanomaterials. As a result, it holds significant promise for scalable processing. However, most prior research on PLAL has focused on the synthesis of larger spherical nanoparticles, even though low-dimensional nanomaterials, including zero-dimensional quantum dots, one-dimensional nanowires and nanotubes, and two-dimensional nanosheets and nanobelts, find more usage in various applications, such as optoelectronic devices, catalysis, and biomedicine. In the PLAL process, the high-intensity laser pulses not only fragment the illuminated solids to produce nanomaterials but also interact with liquid molecules, generating multiple reactive ions for chemical reactions. Consequently, various low-dimensional nanomaterials can also be generated. This study provides a comprehensive review of low-dimensional nanomaterials synthesized via PLAL, including their formation mechanisms and applications.
... Therefore, materials based on graphene are referred to as strategic Nano-materials because of their wide technological applications such as composites, sensors, super-capacitors, batteries and solar cells. Hence, high-quality fabrication of graphene Nano-sheets in industrial scales in a cost-effective and yet simple technique is considered to be ideal [7,8]. Additionally, graphene is considered as the desired substrate over all other species because of its properties such as optical transparency, mechanical strength, high surface area and good electrical and thermal conductivity [9]. ...
... A 1-cm-thick high purity graphite target (99.9%) is located on the bottom of irradiation container which is, in turn, filled with 40 mL of distilled water with a height of 0.8 mm above the target. Various liquids have been reported to be adopted as the environment of the pulsed laser ablation method for producing different types of carbon nano particles [7]. Here distilled water was used as medium of PLA container which is shown in the schematic setup of the Fig. 1. ...
... It's worth mentioning that the morphology of samples have been probed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Finally, the Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the quality, structure and the amount of carbon nanostructure in the suspension; and the crystalline structure of the carbon nanostructures was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) [7,10,11,13,14,29]. Raman spectra plays very important role for determination the type of produced nano structure. ...
... Laser wavelength in the PLAL process may have an effect on the produced nanostructures. To investigate the effect of laser wavelength on the production of graphene nanosheets, two wavelengths, 532 nm and 1064 nm, were compared while using liquid nitrogen as the ablation medium [90]. The wavelength of the laser beam has a great effect on the nature of the ablation process in PLAL, which in turn influences the produced nanostructures. ...
... It was observed that using 1064 nm as the ablation wavelength of a graphite target resulted in the production of graphene nanosheets. Decreasing the wavelength to 532 nm led to more ablation, which included graphene nanosheets and spherical carbon nanoparticles [90]. ...
... Two more important points that were investigated are the quality of the produced graphene nanosheets and the role of the wavelength on the quality and thickness of the nanosheets [90]. The quality of the graphene nanosheets is measured through the ratio of the intensities of the D and G bands (ID/IG), which indicates the level of disorders. ...
High-quality graphene has demonstrated remarkable mechanical, thermal, electronic, and optical properties. These features have paved the road for the introduction of graphene into numerous applications such as optoelectronics and energy devices, photodegradation, bioimaging, photodetectors, sensors, and biosensors. Due to this, graphene research has accelerated exponentially, with the aim of reaching a sustainable large-scale production process of high-quality graphene that can produce graphene-based technologies at an industrial scale. There exist numerous routes for graphene fabrication; however, pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) has emerged as a simple, fast, green, and environmentally friendly method as it does not require the use of toxic chemicals. Moreover, it does not involve the use of expensive vacuum chambers or clean rooms. However, the great advantage of PLAL is its ability to control the size, shape, and structure of the produced nanostructures through the choice of laser parameters and liquid used. Consequently, this review will focus on recent research on the synthesis of graphene nanosheets and graphene quantum dots via PLAL and the effect of experimental parameters such as laser wavelength, pulse width, pulse energy, repetition rate, irradiation time, and liquid media on the produced nanostructures. Moreover, it will discuss extended PLAL techniques which incorporate other methods into PLAL. Finally, different applications that utilize nanostructures produced by PLAL will be highlighted. We hope that this review will provide a useful guide for researchers to further develop the PLAL technique and the fabrication of graphene-based materials.
... At a pulse wavelength of 532 nm ( Figure 5), they observed spherical-shaped NPs adjoined, whereas, at 1064 nm, they observed both spherical and sheet-like structures. In the case of graphene sheets, Solati et al. [107] investigated the influence of both laser wavelength and fluence on structural formation. Multilayer sheets were formed at 532 nm, and two layers were formed at 1064 nm. ...
... However, deciding which parameter plays a decisive role in the resultant formation of the desired NPs remains a challenge. Furthermore, we found studies on PLAL [34,67,72,92,[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] that focused on single-parameter evaluation; however, the area of multiparametric analysis of laser parameters on nanoparticle formation can be explored. ...
Pulsed laser ablation in liquid, used for nanoparticle synthesis from solid bulk metal targets (a top-down approach), has been a hot topic of research in the past few decades. It is a highly efficient and 'green' fabrication method for producing pure, stable, non-toxic (ligand-free), colloidal nanoparticles, which is often challenging using traditional chemical methods. Due to the short time scale interaction between the laser pulses and the target, it is difficult to achieve complete control on the physical characteristics of metallic nanoparticles. Laser process parameters, liquid environment, and external fields vastly effect the shape and structure of nanoparticles for targeted applications. Past reviews on pulsed laser ablation have focused extensively on synthesising different materials using this technique but little attention has been given to explaining the dependency aspect of the process parameters in fine-tuning the nanoparticle characteristics. In this study, we reviewed the state of the art literature available on this technique, which can help the scientific community develop a comprehensive understanding with special insights into the laser ablation mechanism. We further examined the importance of these process parameters in improving the ablation rate and productivity and analysed the morphology, size distribution, and structure of the obtained nanoparticles. Finally, the challenges faced in nanoparticle research and prospects are presented.
... On the other hand, the G band is associated with the sp 2 bonded carbon atoms. Thus, when the graphene material loses sp 2 rings, the intensity of the D band peak, I D , increases with respect to I G which is the intensity of G band peak in a low-defect regime [35][36][37]. ...
... To record the spectra, distilled water was used as the reference of baseline for samples. The main peak which is related to the π-π* transition of the C = C bond in graphene was observed in the UV range 262 nm (graphene), 263 nm (sample 1), 268 nm (sample 2) and 272 nm (sample 3) [30,35,38]. The shoulder of this peak in the range of 300 nm is related to the n-π* transitions of C = O [38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
... The wide absorption band of 3420 cm −1 is due to the O-H stretching of the water stored in each sample. The oscillations of C ≡ C stretching bonds resulted in the formation of a peak in the region of 2000-2200 cm −1 [35,44]. The relatively sharp peak at l650 cm −1 indicates the existence of C = C bonds in the structure of pure graphene and graphene/CuO nanocomposites [45]. ...
The role of laser fluence on the properties of graphene/CuO nanocomposite, prepared by pulsed laser ablation method was studied experimentally. Ablation processes were carried out with the fundamental wavelength of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. First, the graphene nanosheets were synthesized by irradiation of a graphite target in distilled water. Then, a Cu target was irradiated by the same laser pulses in the graphene suspension. Three samples of graphene/CuO nanocomposites were formed by different fluences of laser pulse. Results indicate that decoration of graphene with CuO nanoparticles was performed in all nanocomposite samples. As the laser fluence increased, adhesion of graphene nanosheets was enhanced, and the size of CuO nanoparticles was decreased, while the rate of their production was increased. According to the results, it can be concluded that the laser fluence is an effective tool to control the characteristics of laser ablation produced nanocomposites.
... The difference in optical absorption corresponds to the color change from light blue for TiO 2 nanoparticles suspension to medium gray for graphene/TiO 2 nanocomposites suspensions (Fig. 1). In the sample of graphene nanosheets the absorption peaks in UV region can be attributed to pep* transition of C]C bands of graphene and nep* transition of C]O band [47,48]. Low intensity of absorption peak of graphene can be due to the fact that the concentration of TiO 2 nanoparticles is more than the concentration of graphene nanosheets in nanocomposite suspensions. ...
A simple and green method to decorate graphene nanosheets is introduced, according to laser ablation of graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticle suspension. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation of a high purity titanium target in distilled water with the fundamental wavelength of pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 7 ns pulse width. 4 samples of graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were produced by laser ablation of graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticle suspension with different laser fluence. The TiO2 nanoparticles and graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, UVeViseNIR absorption spectroscopy, FTIR and Raman spectroscope. Micro images of nanocomposite confirm that TiO2 nanoparticles have placed and fixed on graphene nanosheets during their exfoliation from graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticles suspension. It was found that absorption intensity of graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite is higher than the pure TiO2 nanoparticles which can be beneficial to the photogeneration of electronehole pair charge carriers for
improving the photocatalytic performance. The change in the intensity ratios of Raman peaks of graphene nanosheets show that charge transfer between them and TiO2 nanoparticles has taken place. Results show that the number and size of the TiO2 nanoparticles on the graphene nanosheets can be easily tuned by laser fluence.
... The GO sample obtained under 0.06 M concentration of CTAB exhibits the thin silk-like structure with the little folded region (Fig. 7c), while in other samples dark region, aggregation and even chopped GO nanosheet were observed in TEM micrographs. Thus, this study demonstrates that controlling the concentration (CTAB) can eventually provide a high-quality GO nanosheet for large-scale production [114][115][116]. ...
... Solati and the group studied the influence of laser fluence and wavelength on the synthesis of graphene sheets and carbon nanostructures in a liquid N 2 medium [116]. In this work, two sets of experiments were performed at two different wavelengths (1064 and 532 nm) with different laser fluence (0.5 and 0.8 J-cm −2 ). ...
... Their studies reveal the formation of graphene sheet in all the cases; however, the notable difference was observed in 532 nm laser wavelength (0.5 J-cm −2 ), that is, the generation of carbon nanostructure, whereas carbon nanostructure was not observed for the 1064 nm laser wavelength (0.5 J-cm −2 ). Moreover, as the laser fluence increases from 0.5 to 0.8 J-cm −2 that leads to the generation of larger-sized carbon nanoparticles in the case of 532 nm and porous or chopped graphene sheet in 1064 nm [116]. In the same year, Escobar-Alarcon et al. confirmed the synthesis of graphene sheets from ultrasonicmediated laser ablation of graphite in distilled water [98], which leads to the formation of defect-free 2D-nanostructure. ...
Pulsed laser ablation in liquid technique (PLAL) had started getting attention in late 1990, particularly for the production of
the nanomaterials due to its easy handling and room-temperature synthesis process. Soon after the initial demonstration of
nanomaterials generation from the PLAL technique, PLAL gradually becomes a green, facile and inexpensive method for the
generation of ultrapure carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). In the past two decades, different allotropic forms of CNMs have been
fabricated by using PLAL techniques such as graphene/graphene oxide nanosheet, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide quantum
dots, nanodiamonds, carbogenic nanoparticles, polyynes and carbon-encapsulated metal-based nanoparticles. In this review
article, we ofer a comprehensive discussion on the progress achieved in the design and development of the PLAL method for
the production of CNMs only (the year 1998–2020). Firstly, we have introduced the diferent types of PLAL methods widely
used for CNMs fabrication. Secondly, the diferent types of factors afecting the physicochemical (structural, morphological,
optical) properties of CNMs and the efciency of CNMs production from PLAL method have been summarized in detail.
The laser parameters and experimental conditions of the PLAL method, that afecting the physicochemical properties and
efciency of CNMs production are laser wavelengths, pulse duration and repetition rate, ablation duration, per-pulse energy
density (fuence), PLAL setup design and nature of solvents. The results from diferent spectroscopic techniques for each
kind of CNMs have been discussed thoroughly, to unambiguously differentiate the structural integrity of the CNMs from one
another. Finally, the uses of CNMs for different applications in the present time, existing challenges in the PLAL methods
and the future outlook of laser-assisted synthesized CNMs for novel applications were also discussed.
... The difference in optical absorption corresponds to the color change from light blue for TiO 2 nanoparticles suspension to medium gray for graphene/TiO 2 nanocomposites suspensions (Fig. 1). In the sample of graphene nanosheets the absorption peaks in UV region can be attributed to pep* transition of C]C bands of graphene and nep* transition of C]O band [47,48]. Low intensity of absorption peak of graphene can be due to the fact that the concentration of TiO 2 nanoparticles is more than the concentration of graphene nanosheets in nanocomposite suspensions. ...
A simple and green method to decorate graphene nanosheets is introduced, according to laser ablation of graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticle suspension. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation of a high purity titanium target in distilled water with the fundamental wavelength of pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 7 ns pulse width. 4 samples of graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were produced by laser ablation of graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticle suspension with different laser fluence. The TiO2 nanoparticles and graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy, FTIR and Raman spectroscope. Micro images of nanocomposite confirm that TiO2 nanoparticles have placed and fixed on graphene nanosheets during their exfoliation from graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticles suspension. It was found that absorption intensity of graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite is higher than the pure TiO2 nanoparticles which can be beneficial to the photogeneration of electron–hole pair charge carriers for improving the photocatalytic performance. The change in the intensity ratios of Raman peaks of graphene nanosheets show that charge transfer between them and TiO2 nanoparticles has taken place. Results show that the number and size of the TiO2 nanoparticles on the graphene nanosheets can be easily tuned by laser fluence.
... As an advantage, in this method, there are several tools to control the nature of produced NPs. There are high number of reports on the effects of laser fluence, wavelength, pulse width, and spot size, as well as ablation environment properties on the features of produced NPs (Solati et al. 2013(Solati et al. , 2014(Solati et al. , 2018(Solati et al. , 2020Moradi et al. 2016;Dorranian and Eskandari 2015;Sadeghi et al. 2019;Solati 2016, 2017;Golian and Dorranian 2014). Furthermore, there are some other external tools which have un-negligible effects on the size or morphology of NPs, including external electric or magnetic field (Abbas et al. 2016;Fallahazad et al. 2017;Sapkota et al. 2017;Al-Haddad et al. 2015;Moniri et al. 2017;Ghaem et al. 2020). ...
Effects of DC magnetic field in the range of 0–180 mT on the properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) synthesized by pulse laser ablation method in distilled water has been investigated. Ablation was carried out in the presence of permanent magnets with variable strengths. Significant blue shift in excitonic absorption peaks of produced nanoparticles show that with increasing the magnetic field strength during the ablation process, size of nanoparticles was decreased noticeably. This result was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. XRD pattern show that with applying external magnetic field we may have crystalline structure nanoparticles while in the absence of external magnetic field, only amorphous phase of Co nanoparticles was produced. FTIR spectra present the metal oxygen vibration at 614 and 668 cm⁻¹, revealed octahedral and tetrahedral site of cobalt oxide system. In overall it can be concluded that external magnetic field is a strong tool to control the properties of laser ablation produced ferromagnetic nanoparticles.
... The difference in optical absorption corresponds to the color change from light blue for TiO 2 nanoparticles suspension to medium gray for graphene/TiO 2 nanocomposites suspensions (Fig. 1). In the sample of graphene nanosheets the absorption peaks in UV region can be attributed to pep* transition of C]C bands of graphene and nep* transition of C]O band [47,48]. Low intensity of absorption peak of graphene can be due to the fact that the concentration of TiO 2 nanoparticles is more than the concentration of graphene nanosheets in nanocomposite suspensions. ...
A simple and green method to decorate graphene nanosheets is introduced, according to laser ablation of graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticle suspension. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation of a high purity titanium target in distilled water with the fundamental wavelength of pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 7 ns pulse width. 4 samples of graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were produced by laser ablation of graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticle suspension with different laser fluence. The TiO2 nanoparticles and graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy, FTIR and Raman spectroscope. Micro images of nanocomposite confirm that TiO2 nanoparticles have placed and fixed on graphene nanosheets during their exfoliation from graphite target in TiO2 nanoparticles suspension. It was found that absorption intensity of graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite is higher than the pure TiO2 nanoparticles which can be beneficial to the photogeneration of electron–hole pair charge carriers for improving the photocatalytic performance. The change in the intensity ratios of Raman peaks of graphene nanosheets show that charge transfer between them and TiO2 nanoparticles has taken place. Results show that the number and size of the TiO2 nanoparticles on the graphene nanosheets can be easily tuned by laser fluence.
