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Typhula sp.: A. symptoms in winter wheat, B. sclerotia on winter wheat under natural conditions, C. sclerotia on dead leaves of deciduous trees in natural conditions, D. the rind cell pattern in cultivated mature sclerotia.
Source publication
Three kinds of sclerotia of Typhula spp. from Ardabil, East Azerbaijan and Qazvin
Provinces in the northwest of Iran were collected. Morphology and ITS sequences of rDNA
suggested that the collected fungi belonged to Typhula incarnata Lasch, Typhula
phacorrhiza (Reichardt) Fr. and Typhula sp. These three taxa are new records in the Middle
East and...
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Citations
... Sclerotia of T. cf. subvariabilis Berthier in northern Iran were formed ca. 2 weeks to 1 month after the snow melt, were not observed or remained immature as mycelial aggregations after snow melt, and matured without snow [33,34]. Several strains of Typhula hyperborea H. Ekstr. in West Greenland had weak pathogenic activity [2], abundant aerial mycelium, and less productivity of sclerotium [33]. ...
It has been reported that Sclerotium nivale Elenev causes winter damage (Sclerotium disease) to winter rye and turfgrass in the European part of Russia, Ukraine, and Estonia. This fungal name is invalid, and their biological characteristics are limited. Since all reports on this fungus and their disease are written in Russian and Estonian without our recent review (Tkachenko 2013), few phytopathologists outside the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics know about this fungus. We found symptoms of Sclerotium disease in Moscow, Russia, and we obtained asexual spore-forming ascomycetous (absent clamp connections) and basidiomycetous (had clamp connections) isolates from their white sclerotia. “S. nivale” was composed of several fungal species of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. The ascomycetous isolate had the ability to grow under the snow cover, and phylogenic analysis suggested that the ascomycetous isolate had high homology (98–99%) with genera of Karstenula and Paraphaeosphaeria. We previously reported sclerotia of Typhula sp. were formed ca. 2 weeks to 1 month after the snow melt, remained immature as mycelial aggregations after snow melt, and matured without snow. In addition, Paraphaeosphaeria included sclerotium parasites such as P. minitans. Several cold-adapted fungi infected basidiomycetous sclerotia of Typhula spp. and others. These findings suggested that ascomycetous S. nivale was the possibility of the mycoparasite under the snow.
... subvariavilis in Antarctica emerged directly from substrates, and this fungus had high homology in the ITS region with Typhula sp. Wh-1 in Iran [42] and Typhula variabilis Riess, which is rather ubiquitous in the Northern Hemisphere, including areas with rare snow cover such as the Azores [43]. Snow mold symptoms of T. cf. ...
Typhulaceae Jülich is one of the cold-adapted fungal families in basidiomycetes. The representative genera, Typhula (Pers.) Fr. and Pistillaria Fr., are distinguished by the discontinuity between stems and hymenia in the former and the continuity in the latter (Fries 1821). This taxonomic criterion is ambiguous, and consequently, the view of Karsten (1882) has been widely accepted: Typhula develops basidiomata from sclerotia, while basidiomata develop directly from substrata in Pistillaris. However, Corner (1970) observed basidiomata of Pistillaria petasitis S. Imai developing from sclerotia in Hokkaido, Japan. We later recognized that P. petasitis basidiomata also emerged directly from substrates on the ground in Hokkaido. An aberrant form of Typhula hyperborea H. Ekstr. was found in Upernavik, West Greenland. This specimen had a stem-like structure on a Poaceae plant, and sclerotia developed on its tip. Similar phenomena were found in other Typhula species in Japan. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the life cycle plasticity in the genera Typhula and Pistillaria through the interactions between their ecophysiological potential and environmental conditions in their localities. We collected and prepared strains of the above fungi from sclerotia or basidiomata, and we elucidated the taxonomical relationship and determined the physiological characteristics of our strains. Our findings imply that both Typhula and Pistillaria have the potential to produce sclerotia as well as the capacity for mycelial growth at ambient air temperatures in each locality where samples were collected. These findings suggest that Typhula spp. develope basidiomata not only from the sclerotia dispersed by the basidiospores but also from mycelia generated by the spore germination, which formed basidiomata multiple times, depending on their growth environments.
... GAL006938 collected on Macquarie Island, Subantarctica, Australia, and was highly homology with Typhula sp. Wh-1 that caused snow mould disease to winter wheat in Iran (Hoshino et al. 2007). DNA sequence data also indicated that this fungus in moss cells is in the genus Typhula, and this is first record of Typhula snow blight in Antarctica. ...
... T. ishikariensis complex well adapted Arctic environment. However, their basidiospores did not adapt in long-distance dispersionhave by airborne (Cunfer and Bruehl 1973); therefore, this fungus was not found from low latitude snowy regions (Hoshino et al. 2007). Antarctica is geographically isolated from other continents. ...
We collected snow blight of moss, Polytrichum juniperinum on King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Host died in a circle of about 10–30 cm after snow melts. Clamp connected hyphae and no sclerotia were observed on tip of host leaves. DNA sequence of ITS region from moss symptoms were perfectly matched with fruit bodies of Typhula sp. on Macquarie Island in the maritime Antarctica and high homology with Typhula cf. subvariabilis from Iran. Therefore, we suggested that T. cf. subvariabilis caused snow blight on moss in Antarctica, and this is first record of Typhula snow blight in Southern Hemisphere. These results also suggested that fungi in same genera gained similar ecological niche in both Polar Regions.
... T. intermedia) in USA (Corner 1950). Sclerotia of Uzbekistan specimens were darker than that of T. variabilis (Fig. 1M) and Typhula sp. from Iran ( Fig. 1O; Hoshino et al. 2007). Rind cells of TASM3 were covered with a transparent layer with sand particles on the surface (Fig. 1F), and rind cells were lobate like jigsaw puzzle pieces (Fig. 1G). ...
... Rind cells of TASM3 were covered with a transparent layer with sand particles on the surface (Fig. 1F), and rind cells were lobate like jigsaw puzzle pieces (Fig. 1G). The surface of rind cells of TASH3 was smoother than that of T. variabilis (Fig. 1N), and their size and shape were more uniform than that of Typhula sp. from Iran ( Fig. 1P; Hoshino et al. 2007). Sclerotia of Typhula subvariabilis Berthier were subglobose (2e3 mm) and reddish black to black (Berthier 1974). ...
We examined three specimens of sclerotia from Tashkent Province, Uzbekistan collected in April 1957. Phylogenetic results suggested that the collected fungi were highest homology (98.0%) to snow mold, Typhula sp. in Iran. Rind cells of collected fungi were lobate and gently rough closely morphologically similar to Typhula subvariabilis.
... ] Note-The identity of the specimen associated with this report was questioned by Hoshino et al. (2007). + Typhula incarnata Lasch ex Fr. ...
... The southern distribution limit of this fungus is Italy (Titone et al. 2003), Adygea Republic, the Caucuses in Russia (O.B. Tkachenko et al., unpublished results), East Azerbaijan, Northern Iran (Hoshino et al. 2007), to Tokushima, Shikoku, in Japan (Tasugi 1936). Although this fungus and M. nivale can cause injury in the absence of snow cover, more severe damage occurs under 2 to 3 months of snow cover (Årsvoll 1973;Smith 1986). ...
Snow molds are psychrophilic or psychrotrophic fungal pathogens of forage crops, winter cereals, and conifer seedlings. These
fungi can grow and attack dormant plants at low temperatures under snow cover. In this review, we describe the biodiversity
and physiological and biochemical characteristics of snow molds that belong to various taxa. Cold tolerance is one of the
important factors related to their geographic distribution, because snow molds develop mycelia under snow cover and because
they should produce intra- and extracellular enzymes active at low temperatures for growth and infection. Basidiomycetous
snow molds produce extracellular antifreeze proteins. Their physiological significance is to keep the extracellular environment
unfrozen. The psychrophilic ascomycete Sclerotia borealis shows normal mycelial growth under frozen conditions, which is faster than that on unfrozen media at optimal growth temperature.
This fungus does not produce extracellular antifreeze proteins, but osmotic stress tolerance enables the fungus to grow at
subzero temperatures. In conclusion, different taxa of snow molds have different strategies to adapt under snow cover.
... The southern distribution limit of this fungus is Italy (Titone et al. 2003), Adygea Republic, the Caucuses in Russia (O.B. Tkachenko et al., unpublished results), East Azerbaijan, Northern Iran (Hoshino et al. 2007), to Tokushima, Shikoku, in Japan (Tasugi 1936). Although this fungus and M. nivale can cause injury in the absence of snow cover, more severe damage occurs under 2 to 3 months of snow cover (Årsvoll 1973;Smith 1986). ...
Snow molds are psychrophilic or psychrotrophic fungal pathogens of forage crops, winter cereals, and conifer seedlings. These fungi can grow and attack dormant plants at low temperatures under snow cover. In this review, we describe the biodiversity and physiological and biochemical characteristics of snow molds that belong to various taxa. Cold tolerance is one of the important factors related to their geographic distribution, because snow molds develop mycelia under snow cover and because they should produce intra- and extracellular enzymes active at low temperatures for growth and infection. Basidiomycetous snow molds produce extracellular antifreeze proteins. Their physiological significance is to keep the extracellular environment unfrozen. The psychrophilic ascomycete Sclerotia borealis shows normal mycelial growth under frozen conditions, which is faster than that on unfrozen media at optimal growth temperature. This fungus does not produce extracellular antifreeze proteins, but osmotic stress tolerance enables the fungus to grow at subzero temperatures. In conclusion, different taxa of snow molds have different strategies to adapt under snow cover.
... The southern distribution limit of this fungus is Italy (Titone et al. 2003), Adygea Republic, the Caucuses in Russia (O.B. Tkachenko et al., unpublished results), East Azerbaijan, Northern Iran (Hoshino et al. 2007), to Tokushima, Shikoku, in Japan (Tasugi 1936). Although this fungus and M. nivale can cause injury in the absence of snow cover, more severe damage occurs under 2 to 3 months of snow cover (Årsvoll 1973; Smith 1986). ...
Although West Asia potentially represents one of the diversity hotspots for several groups of fungi, our knowledge of the funga
in this region is fragmentary. Here, we provide a list of macrofungal species from Iran and performed a comparative analysis of
macrofungal diversity in 12 regions worldwide. The list was compiled from relevant national/international conference letters,
GenBank submissions, and published literature in Persian, English, and other languages. In total, 1333 species of macrofungal
Asco- and Basidiomycota are listed which were reported from 31 provinces of Iran. We have classified the reported fungi into
12 predefined morphogroups, with most of them being agaricoid species (60%). The Hyrcanian forests that stretch along the
Caspian Sea coast in northern Iran are the most species-rich region. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) was used
to check the number of worldwide occurrences of the reported species which revealed a total of 17 species were exclusively
reported from Iran. We suggest that globally rare or low-occurrence species from Iran require global attention and potentially
can contribute to the IUCN list of endangered species. Based on comparisons between the macrofungi of Iran and that of
various countries, the Iranian species composition is found to be similar to those of the Mediterranean regions.
