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The Araceae genus Sauromatum is put into synonymy of the genus Typhonium. Several new nomenclatural combinations are presented.
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... The genus Typhonium (Schott 1829) of the Araceae is estimated to have about 80 to 100 species distributed over the world (Sriboonma et al. 1994;Hetterscheid and Boyce 2000;Boyce et al. 2012;Hetterscheid 2013;Low et al. 2021;POWO 2024). A latest checklist of 70 accepted Typhonium species names is provided online (POWO 2024). ...
... The genus was revised several times for Vietnam (Gagnepain 1942a, b;Pham-Hoang 1993, 2003Nguyen and Vu 2004;Nguyen 2005Nguyen , 2017. In fact, the last three decades have witnessed many new discoveries which make the total number of Typhonium in the country to be 23 (Nguyen and Croat 1997;Hetterscheid and Boyce 2000;Hetterscheid and Nguyen 2001;Nguyen 2005Nguyen , 2008Nguyen and Croat 2010;Hetterscheid 2013;Luu et al. 2017; Van et al. 2017Van et al. , 2021Nguyen et al. 2021Nguyen et al. , 2022aNguyen-Phi et al. 2023;Pham et al. 2023;Serebryanyi et al. 2023). ...
Typhonium obtusum is described as a new species endemic to Vietnam. It is unique in the genus in having an oblong-elliptic spathe limb with an obtuse apex and yellowish-greenish filiform staminodes with a down-curved acumen. The ecology, distribution and assessment of the conservation status of the new taxon, as well as a key to all known Typhonium species in Vietnam, are provided.
... The genus Typhonium (Schott 1829: 732) of the Araceae is known to originate from Indochina (Low et al. 2021) with 80 to 100 species distributed over the world (Boyce et al. 2012, Hetterscheid 2013, Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Low et al. 2021, Sriboonma et al. 1994. In Vietnam, more than twenty species have been reported (Boyce et al. 2012, Cusimano et al. 2010, Gagnepain 1942a, b, Hetterscheid 2013, Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Nguyen-Phi et al. 2023, Nguyen 2005, 2008, 2017, Nguyen & Croat 1997, Nguyen & Croat 2010, Nguyen et al. 2022a, Nguyen et al. 2022b, Nguyen & Vu 2004, Pham-Hoang 1993, 2003, Serebryanyi et al. 2023, Van et al. 2017, Van et al. 2021). ...
... The genus Typhonium (Schott 1829: 732) of the Araceae is known to originate from Indochina (Low et al. 2021) with 80 to 100 species distributed over the world (Boyce et al. 2012, Hetterscheid 2013, Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Low et al. 2021, Sriboonma et al. 1994. In Vietnam, more than twenty species have been reported (Boyce et al. 2012, Cusimano et al. 2010, Gagnepain 1942a, b, Hetterscheid 2013, Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Nguyen-Phi et al. 2023, Nguyen 2005, 2008, 2017, Nguyen & Croat 1997, Nguyen & Croat 2010, Nguyen et al. 2022a, Nguyen et al. 2022b, Nguyen & Vu 2004, Pham-Hoang 1993, 2003, Serebryanyi et al. 2023, Van et al. 2017, Van et al. 2021). Among these, T. laoticum Gagnepain (1942Gagnepain ( : 1176, which was originally described from Laos, was reported to occur in Vietnam by Nguyen (2005) but no vouchered specimens are known from Vietnam. ...
Typhonium bicolor and T. culaochamense are described as new species endemic to Central Vietnam. They have bicolored staminodes (apex and base of different colors) which are formerly reported for six species, namely T. bachmaense, T. blumei, T. filiforme, T. flagelliforme, T. kbangense and T. ramosum. The first species is characterized by its oblong-elliptic and thick leaflets, yellowish and elliptic flattened anthers with lateral dehiscence, pink 6–7 mm long staminodes with a pale purple verrucose surface and a bright yellow and obtuse or truncate apex, oblanceolate ovaries and stipitate spadix appendix, and the second by its elongate and cylindrical tuber, variable leaf blades, longer spathe tube, basically externally green-brownish spathe limb, 3–5 rows of pistils, apically brownish dotted ovaries, disciform stigmas and recurved staminodes with a yellow apex. The ecology, distribution and assessment of conservation status of the two new taxa as well as a key to all known Typhonium species in Vietnam are provided.
... and S. horsfieldii Miq. The former is endemic to Sumatera, whereas the latter is a widespread species that is native to China (South-Central and Southeast China), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Indonesia (Cusimano et al. 2010;Haigh et al. 2011;Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000). Within the Indonesian archipelago, the species is only found in Sumatera, Jawa and Bali. ...
Sauromatum horfieldii Miq. (Araceae) is distributed from India, China to South East Asia. In Indonesia, the species only occurs in Sumatera, Jawa, and Bali. This study investigated the morphological, anatomical, and cytological diversity of three populations of the species, one from each of these Indonesian islands. The results showed that there was variation in morphology of the petiole, number of leaflets and leaf margin. The stomatal complex consisted of elliptical pores with reniform guard cells and two or three subsidiary cells. The Indonesian plants of S. horsfieldii possessed two stomatal types, namely anomocytic and anisocytic, both with abaxial distribution (hypostomatic). Measurements on each population showed average stomatal indices (SI) of 10.01, 10.02 and 14.55, average stomatal lengths of 34.6, 33.8 and 29.50 μm, and average stomatal widths of 20.8, 21.1 and 16.50 μm for Sumatera, Jawa, and Bali, respectively. The epidermal cells are mostly irregular and somewhat undulate. The chromosome number for all the accessions was 2n = 26.
... They are distributed from East Himalaya throughout tropical and subtropical Asia as far east as New Guinea and Australia (Mayo et al. 1997, Govaerts et al. 2002, Hetterscheid 2013, eMonocot Team 2021, though molecular studies indicate that nearly all the hitherto recognised New Guinea and Australian Typhonium species are in a distinct clade for which the generic name Lazarum A. Hay is available (Cusimano et al. 2010). Recently, since 2000 to now, 36 new species have been described from Indochina including Thailand (Hetterscheid and Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid and Nguyen 2001, Nguyen 2008, Nguyen and Croat 2010, Galloway 2012, 2015, Hetterscheid and Sookchaloem 2012, Hetterscheid 2013, Luu et al. 2017, Sookchaloem and Maneeanakekul 2017, Van et al. 2017, Nguyen et al. 2021). Among of them, 11 species have been discovered in central and southern Vietnam. ...
Typhonium kbangense is described as a new species from Vietnam. It is one of eleven species recently found in central and southern Vietnam. It belongs to the pedate leaf blade group of species and is closest to T. bachmaense and T. dongnaiense, but is differentiated from the two latter by having much longer sterile flowers, not dense as in T. dongnaiense, and without being clavate apically as in T. bachmaense. A table of morphological characters for the three species, the ecological characteristics, specific habitat and conservation status of the new species are estimated and provided.
... After Arisaema hirsutum was transferred to Typhonium by Murata and Mayo (1991), four similar species were described as follows: Typhonium brevipilosum Hett. & Sizemore (Hetterscheid and Boyce 2000), T. tentaculatum Hett. (Hetterscheid et al. 2001), Sauromatum meghalayense D. K. Roy, Talukdar, B. K. Sinha & Dutta Choud. ...
... Sumatra). Note: In the protologue, T. brevipilosum was distinguished from T. hirsutum by having 1) smooth spathe without hairs, 2) perfectly pedate leaf with more than five leaflets and 3) a more slender spadix appendix (described to be 11 × 1 cm) (Hetterscheid and Boyce 2000). But the leaf morphology (Fig. 1A) and the size of spadix appendage (3-11.5 × 0.6-0.8 ...
Hirsutiarum hirsutum (S. Y. Hu) J. Murata & Ohi-Toma (Araceae) is reported from the
Karen Hills in eastern Myanmar as a new record of the genus and species for Myanmar.
This species is characteristic in having a completely pedate leaf whose lateral leaflets are
folded downwards in parallel (Arisaema type aestivation) and shoot organization of stem
type A reported by Sriboonma et al. (1994). In the species of Sauromatum s.l. recognized by
Cusimano et al. (2010), the completely pedate leaf and stem type A are also shared in four
species, Sauromatum brevipilosum (Hett. & Sizemore) Cusimano & Hett., S. tentaculatum
(Hett.) Cusimano & Hett., S. meghalayense D. K. Roy, Talukdar, B. K. Sinha & Dutta Choud.
and S. nangkarense A. Nangkar & H. Tag. In considering these morphological distinction and
molecular phylogeny by Cusimano et al. (2010) and Ohi-Toma et al. (2010), Hirsutiarum is
recircumscribed with the following five species and necessary new combinations are made:
Hirsutiarum brevipilosum (Hett. & Sizemore) J. Murata & Ohi-Toma, H. hirsutum (S. Y. Hu)
J. Murata & Ohi-Toma, H. meghalayense (D. K. Roy, Talukdar, B. K. Sinha & Dutta Choud.)
J. Murata & Ohi-Toma, comb. nov., H. nangkarense (A. Nangkar & H. Tag) J. Murata &
Ohi-Toma, comb. nov. and H. tentaculatum (Hett.) J. Murata & Ohi-Toma, comb. nov.
... The genus Typhonium Schott (1829: 732) includes about 80 species (Hetterscheid 2013) and distributed from India to China and down to South-Eastern Asia countries and to North-Eastern Australia (Mayo et al. 1997, Govaerts & Frodin 2003. Since 2000 to now, up to 33 new species for science were described from Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Nguyen 2008, 2017, Nguyen & Croat 2010, Galloway 2012, 2015, Hetterscheid & Sookchaloem 2012, Hetterscheid 2013, Van et al. 2017). Among them, 9 species belong to Typhonium from Vietnam (Hetterscheid 2013, Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Nguyen 2008, Nguyen & Croat 2010. ...
... Since 2000 to now, up to 33 new species for science were described from Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Nguyen 2008, 2017, Nguyen & Croat 2010, Galloway 2012, 2015, Hetterscheid & Sookchaloem 2012, Hetterscheid 2013, Van et al. 2017). Among them, 9 species belong to Typhonium from Vietnam (Hetterscheid 2013, Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Nguyen 2008, Nguyen & Croat 2010. In 2008 and later in June 2017, the first author twice collected a Typhonium species growing at stream line bank in Phuoc Binh National Park of Ninh Thuan Province. ...
Typhonium phuocbinhense has been described as a new species from central Vietnam.
The plant grows on sand-soil in the gaps of rocks and the banks of stream line in the Phuoc Binh
National Park of Ninh Thuan Province. The species is different from all other species in the
genus. It is closest to T. varians from Thailand but differs from this species by having leaves not
variegated, spathe tube brown and spathe lamina much narrower and staminodes folded 180 o at
apex. Beside that the species key of Typhonium in Vietnam and the species informations of
distribution, ecology, habitat and conservation are also introduced.
... Since then, many species have been described especially from Thailand and Vietnam (e.g. Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Murata et al. 2002, Hatterscheid & Galloway 2006, Nguyen 2008, Nguyen & Croat 2010. Currently, approximately 80 species are considered accepted (POWO 2020). ...
A species new to science, Typhonium sagaingense from Sagaing Region, Myanmar, is herein described and illustrated. It is similar to T. albidinervum and T. filiforme but differs in having following characters: trifoliolate leaves, spadix slightly shorter than spathe, fewer yellow staminodes arranged in one whorl and pink appendix. Detailed descriptions, colour plates, illustration, distribution, phenology and ecology of the new species are provided, including a key to all Typhonium occurring in Myanmar.
... For instance, the globose to obnapiform seeds of Typhonium s.s. (measuring 0.25−0.6 × 0.3 cm in diameter, Banerji, 1947;Hetterscheid & Boyce, 2000) are too small to allow long-distance bird dispersal. Furthermore, studies have shown that the presence of elaiosomes on the seeds of Typhonium s.s. is possibly an adaptation for antmediated dispersal (Beattie, 1985), although no ecological observations in this regard have been performed so far. ...
The Asian paleotropical flora is characterized by abundance of endemic species, high biodiversity, and complex geological and climatic histories. However, the main driving mechanism underlying such high tropical biodiversity remains unclear. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the biogeographic origin of the Asian paleotropical flora by tracking the speciation and diversification history of a typical tropical perennial, Typhonium s.s. (Araceae), using a time‐calibrated whole‐plastome phylogeny. In particular, we tested whether the Asian paleotropic region is a macroevolutionary source or sink. We observed that Typhonium s.s. originated in Indochina during the early‐middle Miocene, approximately 17.24 Ma [95% highest posterior density (HPD): 12.83 ̶ 21.99 Ma]. Most of the in situ diversification within the genus Typhonium s.s. have been underway since 14.73 Ma, with an accelerated lineage diversification at ca. 15−17 Ma, which may have been triggered by the intensification of the Asian monsoon system around the middle Miocene. Furthermore, the underground tuberous stem of Typhonium s.s. might have played an essential role in the adaptation to the seasonality caused by the monsoon in Indochina. Our results also suggested that peripatric speciation may be important in the diversification of T. trilobatum and T. roxburghii. This study provides a framework for studies in biogeography and evolution of the Asian paleotropical flora.
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... Genus Arum L., Biarum Schott and Typhonium Schott are placed under Subtribe Euaroideae. Genus Sauromatum was separated from Arum and Biarum by having groups of staminodes below male flowers and from Typhonium by connate spathe base, two ovules in overy, leaf appearing after the inflorescence, leaf pedate and very short peduncle (Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000;Cusimano et al. 2010). In a preliminary phylogenetic studies of Typhonium and Sauromatum species, Hetterscheid and Boyce (2000) merged both genera into Typhonium. ...
... Genus Sauromatum was separated from Arum and Biarum by having groups of staminodes below male flowers and from Typhonium by connate spathe base, two ovules in overy, leaf appearing after the inflorescence, leaf pedate and very short peduncle (Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000;Cusimano et al. 2010). In a preliminary phylogenetic studies of Typhonium and Sauromatum species, Hetterscheid and Boyce (2000) merged both genera into Typhonium. Latter on, Cusimano et al. (2010) retained Sauromatum and Typhonium as separate genus in accordance with the study of chloroplast DNA sequences. ...
... . Sauromatum venosum (Aiton) Kunth. A. Flowering plant; B. Spadix; C. Fruit; D. Ovary; E. L.s. of ovary; F. Staminode; G. Synandrium critical analysis of the specimens and literature(Hooker 1893;Hetterscheid & Boyce 2000;Hetterscheid et al. 2001; Cusimano et al. 2010;Heng & Hetterscheid 2010;Talukdar et al. 2014;Nangkar & Tag 2018), the plant was identified as Sauromatum venosum ...
Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth (Araceae : Areae) is first recorded from Arunachal Pradesh, in Indian Eastern Himalaya. A detailed taxonomic description, drawing and living color photographic illustration, GPS location, are provided along with key to species of Sauromatum in Arunachal Pradesh.
... These interesting specimens were later critically examined and compared with the identified specimens of Colocasia fallax Schott, C. oresbia A. Hay, Rhaphidophora calophyllum Schott and Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott available at BK, BKF, BM, CAL, DACB, K, DUSH (Dhaka University Salar Khan Herbarium), HCU (Herbarium of Chittagong University), BCSIRH (Herbarium, Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) and BFRIH (Herbarium, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute). Besides, consultation of relevant literature (Wallich, 1829(Wallich, -1849Roxburgh, 1832;Wight, 1843Wight, -1845Hooker, 1893;Jackson, 1893Jackson, -1955Prain, 1903;Engler andKrause 1908, 1920;Engler, 1920;Heinig, 1925;Hu, 1968;Rao and Verma, 1976;Nicolson, 1976Nicolson, , 1979Nicolson, , 1987Nasir, 1978;Nicolson and Sivadasan, 1981;Mayo, 1985;Karthikeyan et al., 1989;Hay, 1993Hay, , 1996Noltie, 1994;Sriboonma et al., 1994;Sookchaloem, 1995;Liu and Huang, 1996;Mayo et al., 1997;Toha, 2000;Hetterscheid and Boyce, 2000;Wang et al., 2002;Warasy and Alam 2009;Heng et al., 2010) The major morphological and cytological differences between two varieties of Colocasia fallax Schott are outlined in Table 1. A. Hassan differs from its closely related variety Colocasia oresbia A. Hay var. oresbia by its tuber character (up to 7.0 cm long and 4 cm in diameter); presence of white small stolon; leaf shape ovate-sagittate (up to 52 cm long and 36 cm in diameter); number of inflorescence in groups of up to 3 and male zone c. 5.5 cm long. ...
Four new varieties belonging to four species and three genera of the family Araceae are being described and illustrated from Bangladesh. The new varieties are: Colocasia fallax Schott var. purpurea H. Ara & M.A. Hassan, Colocasia oresbia A. Hay var. stolonifera H. Ara & M.A. Hassan, Rhaphidophora calophyllum Schott var. violaceus H. Ara & M.A. Hassan and Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott var. fulvus H. Ara & M.A. Hassan. The morphological diagnostic characters of each new variety and comparison with its closest one are provided. Detailed taxonomic description along with other relevant information are provided for easy recognition of the new aroid taxa.
