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Environmental monitoring is one of the main priorities in Europe and in the world, due to the close relationship between human health and the environmental pollution. Biosensors offer generally cost-effective, quick and real-time analytical procedures for environmental monitoring. Due to technological development in last 10 years, this type of bios...
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... Bimetallic SPR Sensor: A Theoretical and Experimental Study detection of chemical and biological molecules by measuring changes in refractive index in the nanoscale vicinity of the sensor chip [1]. SPR instruments have the potential to provide information about the concentration and real-time kinetic data of a biomolecular interaction, including the association and dissociation of ligands with an analyte [1], comparable to other biosensing platforms such as electrochemical [2], fluorescence [3], calorimetric [4], and quartz crystal monitors (QCMs) [5]. Applications of these sensors include medical diagnostics [6], [7], [8], [9], food control [10], and environmental monitoring [11], [12]. ...
... Prabowo et al. [40] demonstrated the applicability of a white LED source operating at two different wavelengths (510 and 580 nm) in measuring the SPR response of an Ag-Au bimetallic layer and obtained a high sensitivity of 4859%/RIU; however, stability was not discussed in their work. Despite several theoretical studies of Ag-Au bimetallic SPR sensors over the past two decades [4], [13], experimental studies have largely avoided the question of stability of Ag-Au bimetallic SPR sensors in a corrosive atmosphere. 1. Schematic of the bimetallic SPR sensor. ...
Ag–Au bimetallic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors operating in the Kretschmann configuration were investigated by numerical modeling and experiment. While Ag-based sensors have good sensitivity, they suffer from poor stability, and the addition of an Au capping layer offers improved chemical resistance and reliable analyte bonding via thiol–gold interactions. Sensors were evaluated with an Ag–Au combined thickness of 50 nm but different thickness ratios, and SPR reflectivity curves were obtained for 632.8 nm wavelength light incident over a range of angles. Numerical modeling using the transfer matrix method showed the SPR response improving as Au thickness decreased, giving the best results for 45 nm of Ag and 5 nm of Au. Experimental characterization of fabricated Ag–Au bimetallic sensors was carried out with a custom SPR testbed. Performance parameters, including minimum reflectivity, full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), stability, and sensitivity were measured and the results were compared to those of single-layer Ag and Au sensors. A 5 nm Au coating was unable to preserve stable bimetallic sensor performance; however, increasing the Au thickness to 10 nm was sufficient to protect the Ag sensing layer, allowing only a small variation in the minimum reflectivity and FWHM when exposed to analytes for multiple hours. The sensitivity of the single-layer Ag, bimetallic Ag–Au, and Au sensors was measured as 3041%/refractive index unit (RIU), 1817%/RIU, and 1229%/RIU, respectively. The sensitivity of the thickness-optimized bimetallic layer was
$\sim 1.5\times $
that of the single-layer Au sensor.
... Water and soil quality can be monitored by biosensors in terms of (a) physical parameters, (b) organic contaminants, (c) biochemical hazards, and (d) biological contaminants. Therefore, pollutants in aquatic environment, drinking water, and soil can be traced (Halilovic et al. 2019;Srivastava et al. 2020;Su et al. 2020). Biosensors (EPA 1998) benefitting from nanomaterials can lead to a sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock (Griesche and Baeumner 2020). ...
... Water and soil quality can be monitored by biosensors in terms of (a) physical parameters, (b) organic contaminants, (c) biochemical hazards, and (d) biological contaminants. Therefore, pollutants in aquatic environment, drinking water, and soil can be traced (Halilovic et al. 2019;Srivastava et al. 2020;Su et al. 2020). Biosensors (EPA 1998) benefitting from nanomaterials can lead to a sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock (Griesche and Baeumner 2020). ...
Environmental analytes have become important, where harmful pesticides and water pollutants are present. When environment or human health damage have occurred, the recovery processes could be impossible or very expensive. Using sensing systems such as sensors, biosensors, or nanobiosensors and biochemical responses such as biomarkers or genes are required for the development of control and precautional strategies. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) investigates the environmental risks and informs about handling of these risks. Subtitles of ERA are hazard identification, risk assessment, risk management, risk communication and monitoring, and feedback. These are all interpreted as main sustainability concepts. Risk assessment and management policies include quantitative and qualitative analysis of potential and/or specific chemical and/or biological pollutants. Accurate, fast analysis methods are required for the detection of these environmental pollutants. Biosensors can be used for analysis of these substances since biosensors are portable, have low cost, and can be tailored according to specific needs. They can also be combined with nanomaterials for increasing surface area and for enhancing specificity and selectivity. They have the potential to detect analytes at very low concentrations in a solution. These technical improvements can be applied to detect infections, medicines, heavy metals, and other contaminants that have yet to be discovered. Thus, nanobiosensors are perfect tools for hazard identification and environmental monitoring. In this chapter, nanobiosensors for ERA and management will be highlighted.
... Water and soil quality can be monitored by biosensors in terms of (a) physical parameters, (b) organic contaminants, (c) biochemical hazards, and (d) biological contaminants. Therefore, pollutants in aquatic environment, drinking water, and soil can be traced (Halilovic et al. 2019;Srivastava et al. 2020;Su et al. 2020). Biosensors (EPA 1998) benefitting from nanomaterials can lead to a sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock (Griesche and Baeumner 2020). ...
Nature contains technologies that will make our lives easier. Hundreds of examples of biomimetics are now found in our daily life, one of such is biosensors. Biosensors studies have been continuously developing in recent years. The increase and widespread use of these studies are due to the fact that biosensors give correct results in many application areas in a short time. Nanoparticle-based biosensors are preferred in environmental monitoring because they are very sensitive and fast. There are high levels of potential analyte in air, water, and soil. In addition to current pollution situations, they are potential uses for farming, horticulture, and mining nanobiosensors. Nanobiosensors can detect oil spills and radioactive contamination in groundwater, as well as the concentration of toxic wastes, carcinogens, and microorganisms that get into drinking water. This chapter presents information on the use of biomimetically developed nanobiosensors in the environment.
KeywordsBiomimeticEnvironmental monitoringNanoparticle
... Water and soil quality can be monitored by biosensors in terms of (a) physical parameters, (b) organic contaminants, (c) biochemical hazards, and (d) biological contaminants. Therefore, pollutants in aquatic environment, drinking water, and soil can be traced (Halilovic et al. 2019;Srivastava et al. 2020;Su et al. 2020). Biosensors (EPA 1998) benefitting from nanomaterials can lead to a sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock (Griesche and Baeumner 2020). ...
Pollutants have become the global concern for which there is an intense demand for a quick, reliable, and sustainable system for their determination in the environment and agricultural land. Quantitative analytical tools such as chromatography and spectroscopy, albeit precise and accurate, expensive, requires experienced technician, complicated sample preparation steps, and difficult to assess at high frequencies in real-time. To overcome the issues, nanoparticle-based biosensors are considered as a potential tool to detect both biotic and abiotic toxins. With headways in nanotechnology, numerous specialists have utilized the one-of-a-kind properties of nanomaterials (counting a high surface-area-to-volume proportion) to foster efficiency and sensitivity in detection techniques. Nanomaterials have enabled us to design devices at the microscale level, prompting fast, versatile, and sensitive microorganism symptomatic frameworks that can recognize airborne microbes in clinics, air vents, and planes and bioterrorism in open spaces. Hence, this chapter gives an overview of the usage of nanobiosensors in the detection of contaminants. Further, the present scenario and future scope are also discussed in the development of novel detection devices, and their advantages over other environmental monitoring methodologies.
KeywordsBiosensorsNanoparticlesContaminantsPathogens
... Water and soil quality can be monitored by biosensors in terms of (a) physical parameters, (b) organic contaminants, (c) biochemical hazards, and (d) biological contaminants. Therefore, pollutants in aquatic environment, drinking water, and soil can be traced (Halilovic et al. 2019;Srivastava et al. 2020;Su et al. 2020). Biosensors (EPA 1998) benefitting from nanomaterials can lead to a sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock (Griesche and Baeumner 2020). ...
Contamination of water is a burning issue of modern civilization, and the issue has been an ever-increasing concern in the present global situation. The accessibility of fresh water has been constantly diminishing in recent years although the necessity of water, especially in the dry and semi-dry climate, is growing. This associated with territory exhaustion causes scarcity of water and results in declining oceanic biodiversity. Monitoring contaminants in wastewater spillovers has rendered imperative, and it has been crucial to recognize regions of water contamination and take appropriate measures for remedial action. The development of material science and nanotechnology, particularly the innovation of biosensors based on nanomaterials, has paved the way to detect bioanalytes with very high sensitivity, lower detection limit, and improved selectivity replacing the conventional methods and strategies, which more often suffer from poorer sensitivity and consumption of time. The rapid expansion of nanomaterials-based biosensing devices has generated a surge of interest due to their high affectability, selectivity, dependability, simplicity, low cost, and consistent response. This chapter gives a general overview of the development of recent nanobiosensors, focusing on their use in wastewater management.
... Responsible Editor: Weiming Zhang 2015;Handford et al. 2015;Bobrinetskiy and Knezevic 2018;Beduk et al. 2021) (Fig. 1). The use of biosensors for environmental monitoring can facilitate the prompt detection of pollutants and the corresponding use of mitigation measures to avoid health and environmental hazards (Dias and Edwards 2003;Halilović et al. 2019). Defining the safety limits for different conventional and emerging pollutants that all stakeholders must follow requires rapid and accurate sensing. ...
Biosensors are miniaturized devices that provide the advantage of in situ and point-of-care monitoring of analytes of interest. Electrochemical biosensors use the mechanism of oxidation–reduction reactions and measurement of corresponding electron transfer as changes in current, voltage, or other parameters using different electrochemical techniques. The use of electrochemically active materials is critical for the effective functioning of electrochemical biosensors. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has garnered increasing interest in biosensor development and improvement due to its high electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and simple and scalable fabrication process. The effort of this perspective is to understand the existing classes of analytes and the mechanisms of their detection using LIG-based biosensors. The manuscript has highlighted the potential use of LIG, its modifications, and its use with various receptors for sensing various environmental pollutants. Although the conventional graphene-based sensors effectively detect trace levels for many analytes in different applications, the chemical and energy-intensive fabrication and time-consuming processes make it imperative to explore a low-cost and scalable option such as LIG for biosensors production. The focus of these potential biosensors has been kept on detection analytes of environmental significance such as heavy metals ions, organic and inorganic compounds, fertilizers, pesticides, pathogens, and antibiotics. The use of LIG directly as an electrode, its modifications with nanomaterials and polymers, and its combination with bioreceptors such as aptamers and polymers has been summarized. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis has also been done to understand the viability of incorporating LIG-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications.
Graphical abstract
... Optical sensors have already been established as a staple of the healthcare industry, ranging from traditional sensors such as pulse oximeters to modern photoplethysmograms for heart rate monitoring in wearable devices such as the Apple Watch and Fitbit. Today, optical biosensors continue to evolve in many applications, including food safety (Scognamiglio et al., 2014), pathogen detection (Yoo and Lee, 2016), cancer diagnosis (Balaji and Zhang, 2017), environmental monitoring (Halilović et al., 2019;Liu et al., 2019), DNA sensing (Lan et al., 2019), and blood glucose monitoring (Mendosa, 2000). Indeed, optical biosensors are steadily permeating nearly every aspect of our lives. ...
Optical biosensors are low-cost, sensitive and portable devices that are poised to revolutionize the medical industry. Healthcare monitoring has already been transformed by such devices, with notable recent applications including heart rate monitoring in smartwatches and COVID-19 lateral flow diagnostic test kits. The commercial success and impact of existing optical sensors has galvanized research in expanding its application in numerous disciplines. Drug detection and monitoring seeks to benefit from the fast-approaching wave of optical biosensors, with diverse applications ranging from illicit drug testing, clinical trials, monitoring in advanced drug delivery systems and personalized drug dosing. The latter has the potential to significantly improve patients’ lives by minimizing toxicity and maximizing efficacy. To achieve this, the patient’s serum drug levels must be frequently measured. Yet, the current method of obtaining such information, namely therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is not routinely practiced as it is invasive, expensive, time-consuming and skilled labor-intensive. Certainly, optical sensors possess the capabilities to challenge this convention. This review explores the current state of optical biosensors in personalized dosing with special emphasis on TDM and provides an appraisal on recent strategies. The strengths and challenges of optical biosensors are critically evaluated, before concluding with perspectives on the future direction of these sensors.
... Biomolecular (DNA, antibody, and enzyme) sensors are mostly used for laboratory measurements [67]. The fast development of optical biosensing [68] and related technology might give rise to opportunities for future applications of such biosensors outside the laboratory. ...
There are a number of significant changes taking place in modern city development and most of them are based on the number of recent technological progress. This paper provides a review and analysis of recent approaches of biotechnology that can find a place in today’s cities and discusses how those technologies can be integrated into a city’s Internet of Things (IoT). Firstly, several biotechnologies that focus on rain gardens, urban vertical farming systems, and city photobioreactors are discussed in the context of their integration in a city’s IoT. The next possible application of biofuel cells to the sensor network’s energy supply is discussed. It is shown that such devices can influence the low-power sensor network structure as an additional energy source for transmitters. This paper shows the possibility of bioelectrochemical biosensor applications, discusses self-powered biosensors, and shows that such a system can be widely applied to rainwater monitoring in rain gardens and green streets. Significant attention is paid to recent approaches in synthetic biology. Both cell-based biosensors and bioactuators with synthetic genetic circuits are discussed. The development of cell-based biosensors can significantly enhance the sensing possibilities of a city’s IoT. We show the possible ways to develop cyber-physical systems (CPSs) with the systems mentioned above. Aspects of data handling for the discussed biotechnologies and the methods of intelligent systems, including those that are machine learning-based, applied to the IoT in a city are presented.
... Biosensors have a huge potential for environmental monitoring and there has been rapid development of cost-effective, in situ, and real-time lab-on-a chip analysis in the field as part of a sensor network. These can monitor various air, water, and soil pollutants (e.g., Justino et al., 2017;Pasternak et al., 2017;Halilovi c et al., 2019;Ahmed et al., 2019;Gupta and Kakkar, 2020). ...
Environmental Sensor Networks comprise arrays of devices containing sensors, which are interconnected using a wireless network. These can be linked with other data sources and provide near real-time data to facilitate monitoring and understanding of the environment. When combined with decision-making systems, they can be used for disaster management. In this chapter, we discuss the evolution from logging, to sensor networks, to the environmental Internet of things (IoT). We highlight systems to investigate different geomorphological processes, then those that have already been used to investigate hazards. We then outline the challenges of software, data, and network integration.
