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In the recent few decades, there was a growth in the field of radioactive medicinal agents called radiopharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals are consisting of radioactive materials called radioisotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals were recently used in both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. More than 100 radioactive substances are used in nuclear medic...
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... There are over a hundred radioactive employed for therapeutic applications, such as determining where tumors are located, the treatment of toxic diffuse goiter and hyperthyroidism, the reduction of bone pain caused by skeletal metastases, and cerebral perfusion. These radioactive medications are also used to diagnose renal failure and various infection imaging [2]. ...
... Radiopharmaceuticals can be administered in a variety of ways, including by mouth, by injection into the eyes, or both. About 95% of radiopharmaceuticals are utilized for diagnostic purposes, and the remaining 5% are used for therapeutic purposes [2]. ...
This book series invites all the Specialists, Professors, Doctors, Scientists, Academicians, Healthcare professionals, Nurses, Students, Researchers, Business Delegates, and Industrialists across the globe to publish their insights and convey recent developments in the field of Nursing, Pharmaceutical Research and Innovations in Pharma Industry. Book series on Pharmacy and Nursing covers research work in a set of clinical sciences and medicine.
... This technique enables the creation of isotopes such as Xe 133 , Mo 99 , and I 131 . The fission reaction can be symbolically depicted by the following equation [46]: ...
This book series invites all the Specialists, Professors, Doctors, Scientists, Academicians, Healthcare professionals, Nurses, Students, Researchers, Business Delegates, and Industrialists across the globe to publish their insights and convey recent developments in the field of Nursing, Pharmaceutical Research and Innovations in Pharma Industry. Book series on Pharmacy and Nursing covers research work in a set of clinical sciences and medicine.
... When radioactive isotopes undergo these nuclear events, alpha, beta, and gamma particles are produced. [2] : Alpha particles are composed of two protons and two neutrons, similar to helium nuclei. As a result of radionuclide decay and the consequent emission of an alpha particle, the atomic number reduces by two and the atomic mass decreases by four. ...
This book series invites all the Specialists, Professors, Doctors, Scientists, Academicians, Healthcare professionals, Nurses, Students, Researchers, Business Delegates, and Industrialists across the globe to publish their insights and convey recent developments in the field of Nursing, Pharmaceutical Research and Innovations in Pharma Industry. Book series on Pharmacy and Nursing covers research work in a set of clinical sciences and medicine.
... It has been shown that the administration of radiopharmaceuticals emitted beta radiation can be an effective method in the treatment of bone metastases with fewer side effects and with an average response rate of 70% [6]. Generally, treatment with radiopharmaceuticals has several benefits such as reducing pain, increasing the quality of life, reducing the use of painkillers, reducing the need for additional complementary therapy techniques like radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and increasing the prognosis and survival of patients [7]. Studies reported that radiopharmaceuticals would disappear after about 2 to 7 days or even a few months after injection [6,8]. ...
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of samarium-153-EDTMP (153Sm-EDTMP) on pain relief bone metastases of Breast Cancer (BC) and Prostate Cancer (PC) patients.
Materials and Methods: Thirty patients aged 40-77 years (62.6±10.2 years) with intractable metastatic bone pain were included in the current study. A checklist of patient information and a standard questionnaire for the assessment of pain and quality of life were completed before and after four and eight week’s palliative treatment with 37 MBq/kg of 153Sm-EDTMP. To analyse the data, parametric and non-parametric tests were used in SPSS software.
Results: Twelve females with BC (40%) and 18 males with PC (60%) were included. Four and eight weeks after palliative treatment of 153Sm-EDTMP, the mean pain score reduction and quality of life were statistically increased compared to before the intervention (P-value < 0.05). Notably, the amount of pain reduction in the fourth week was more than in the eighth week; however, the quality of life was better in the eighth week, without significant variation (P-value 0.05).
Conclusion: The injection of 153Sm-EDTMP had therapeutic efficacy for bone pain palliation in patients with diffuse bone metastases at the end of the 4th and 8th week post-infusion.
... A medicina nuclear faz parte de um campo de estudo da medicina, definida como a especialidade clínica e laboratorial responsável pela utilização de radiofármacos com finalidade de estabelecer um diagnóstico-terapeuta (Araújo et al., 2020, Fukumori et al., 2013. Estes radiofármacos, por sua vez, são compostos orgânicos ou inorgânicos com composição definida, podendo ser também macromoléculas como anticorpos monoclonais e fragmentos de anticorpos que são marcados com um radioisótopo e apresentam afinidade ao alvo específico de interesse (órgão ou tecido) do corpo humano (Alsharef et al., 2020, Alssabbagh et al., 2017, Saha & Saha, 2004. Assim, um novo radiofármaco e/ou qualquer processo relacionado que seja inovador, tenha característica inventiva e possua aplicabilidade industrial tem os requisitos necessários para se tornar patente (INPI, 2021). ...
Os objetos simuladores antropomórficos, comumente conhecidos por phantoms são dispositivos bastante difundidos em diversos campos do conhecimento, tais como: Medicina Nuclear, Física e Engenharia Biomédica. Estes, são utilizados como uma forma de simular órgãos do corpo humano para aferição de doses radioativas, com o intuito de evitar que os seres humanos sejam submetidos às demasiadas doses de radiação ionizante. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as patentes relacionadas ao tema phantoms de pescoço-tireoide. A partir dos resultados obtidos na literatura, observou-se heterogeneidade dos depósitos de patentes quanto a quantidade em países diferentes e a recente atividade de depósito dos objetos simuladores nos últimos anos, haja vista que o estudo sobre a utilização destes e os registros em órgãos responsáveis apresentaram maior frequência nos últimos dez anos. Além disso, pôde-se constatar que houve uma maior atividade de depósitos de patentes por instituições públicas de ensino superior quando comparado à iniciativa privada.
... The energy range in the gamma ray is from 104 to 107 eV [13]. They are frequently emitted as a part of a nuclear reaction, when an atomic nucleus remains in an excited condition, they can also be emitted following alpha-particle, beta-particle decay, or orbital electron capture, if the daughter nuclide is stayed in an excited state [14]. Gamma radiation passes through living materials very smoothly, and travels at a speed like the speed of light. ...
Nowadays, the utilization of gamma irradiation (e.g., Cobalt-60 source) to sterilize different materials have been increasing enormously. As terminal sterilization, gamma irradiation is being used popularly to sterilize different materials throughout Bangladesh. Compare to other conventional methods of sterilization (e.g., alpha, beta, other chemicals), this method is highly applicable for its well acceptance in the world. It has high penetration power with the short wave lengths, isothermal characteristics for its negligible rise in the temperature, no contact with any toxic chemicals without having any unirradiated portion. In this process, the assurance level of the sterility of product is far better than other aseptic processing. The chemical bonds in the microbes are broken to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by gamma irradiation, and attack DNA/RNA of microbes for killing. The mutations in the genetic materials (DNA/RNA) of microbes are usually happened through gamma irradiation and consequently restrict the cellular division of microbes. This characteristic of gamma ray is mostly applicable in the commercial purposes. This review discusses the general applications of gamma irradiation to the broaden arena of different materials (active pharmaceutical ingredients, consumer products, beverages etc.). A summarized description of materials those are irradiated using Cobalt-60 source in Bangladesh, in particular, at the Institute of Radiation & Polymer Technology (IRPT), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, is described here. The information may further assist to enhance the dissemination of the applicability of gamma irradiation throughout Bangladesh.
... The energy range in the gamma ray is from 104 to 107 eV [13]. They are frequently emitted as a part of a nuclear reaction, when an atomic nucleus remains in an excited condition, they can also be emitted following alpha-particle, beta-particle decay, or orbital electron capture, if the daughter nuclide is stayed in an excited state [14]. Gamma radiation passes through living materials very smoothly, and travels at a speed like the speed of light. ...
Nowadays, the utilization of gamma irradiation (e.g., Cobalt-60 source) to sterilize different materials have been increasing enormously. As terminal sterilization, gamma irradiation is being used popularly to sterilize different materials throughout Bangladesh. Compare to other conventional methods of sterilization (e.g., alpha, beta, other chemicals), this method is highly applicable for its well acceptance in the world. It has high penetration power with the short wave lengths, isothermal characteristics for its negligible rise in the temperature, no contact with any toxic chemicals without having any unirradiated portion. In this process, the assurance level of the sterility of product is far better than other aseptic processing. The chemical bonds in the microbes are broken to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by gamma irradiation, and attack DNA/RNA of microbes for killing. The mutations in the genetic materials (DNA/RNA) of microbes are usually happened through gamma irradiation and consequently restrict the cellular division of microbes. This characteristic of gamma ray is mostly applicable in the commercial purposes. This review discusses the general applications of gamma irradiation to the broaden arena of different materials (active pharmaceutical ingredients, consumer products, beverages etc.). A summarized description of materials those are irradiated using Cobalt-60 source in Bangladesh, in particular, at the Institute of Radiation & Polymer Technology (IRPT), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, is described here. The information may further assist to enhance the dissemination of the applicability of gamma irradiation throughout Bangladesh.
... Radiopharmaceuticals (RPs) is a special class of pharmaceutical formulations in which a radioisotope attached to a pharmaceutical moiety, is delivered by inhalation, oral, intravenous, or interstitial route for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. It is usually composed of either a standalone radionuclide or a radioisotope bonded to an organic molecule (Alsharef et al. 2020). The organic molecule act as a carrier of the radioisotope to specific organs, tissues, or cells. ...
The growing armamentarium of potential radioisotopes and increased demand for radiopharmaceuticals (RPs) have catapulted their biomedical applications on a trajectory of higher growth in the modern healthcare establishment. Nuclear medicine technology is now regarded as an essential tool for diagnosis, palliation, therapy, and theranostic applications. The associated radiation safety issues need to be emphasized in the form of adequate regulatory action to warrant their safe and effective use. The RPs attracts considerable attention from both pharmaceutical and nuclear regulators due to their constituent pharmaceutical and radioactive components. So, a critical examination of applications of RPs, the latest advances in their development, and the existing regulatory guidelines for RPs have been carried out. This review presents a brief overview of RPs and recent studies on their diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Comprehensive comparative information on regulatory perspectives of RPs in major pharmaceutical jurisdictions such as the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and India reveals ambiguities and heterogeneity. The present studies discuss the importance of RPs in the current healthcare domain, their recent applications, and strive to intensify the concern for an ambient and harmonized regulatory setup.
... In addition to radiation from external beams, the radiotherapy effect can be obtained internally by administering drugs labeled with radioactive isotopes, by means of their nuclear radiations [10,11] . These particular drugs (radiopharmaceuticals) are chemical compounds characterized by a molecule called vector which possesses physical-chemical-biological requisites for the specific organ, tissue or physiological process of clinical interest, to which was added a radioactive isotope [12] . Once administered, orally, parenteral or other routes of administration, due to their pharmacodynamic characteristics, these drugs reach the organs, or functional systems that we are interested in reaching to obtain the deposit of radiations in the site to be treated. ...
... Nuclear Medicine treatment, also called Molecular Radiotherapy, has a very low risk, for example, to cause the occurrence of tumors in the treated subjects, so that often these therapies are also used for benign diseases. Nuclear medicine technology is now regarded as an essential tool for diagnosis, palliation, therapy, and theranostic applications [12] . Since Nuclear Medicine is an integral part of modern healthcare, the use of radioactive nuclides tagged biomolecules, evaluating their distribution in human bodies by SPECT or PET systems, provides longitudinal sets of volumetric and quantitative images that can be used to diagnose a wide range of disease and/or assess response to disease specific treatments [16] . ...
The paper deals with nuclear therapy from its beginnings to its growth in the clinic. Briefly illustrates the therapeutic effect of radiation. Subsequently it deals with dosimetry and its importance in obtaining therapeutic effects. Finally, it addresses the issue of theranostics and its contribution to the affirmation of nuclear therapy.
... In addition to the diagnosis purposes, healthcare professionals in nuclear medicine departments administrate radiopharmaceuticals for therapeutic purposes. These radioisotopes emit gamma radiation, beta radiation or a combination of both gamma radiation and beta radiation (20) . Table 1 lists the radiotherapy and nuclear medicine infrastructure in Saudi Arabia (21) . ...
