Figure - available from: Information Technology and Management
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
![Types of network topologies for wireless sensor networks [20]](profile/Leonard-Heilig/publication/309666501/figure/fig9/AS:961669136138246@1606291197303/Types-of-network-topologies-for-wireless-sensor-networks-20.gif)
Source publication
![Self-service stations
(source: adopted from [51], copyright: HHLA)](profile/Leonard-Heilig/publication/309666501/figure/fig2/AS:961669127757840@1606291195592/Self-service-stations-source-adopted-from-51-copyright-HHLA_Q320.jpg)
Information systems have become indispensable to the competitiveness of ports, facilitating communication and decision making for enhancing the visibility, efficiency, reliability, and security in port operations under various conditions. Providing value-added information services and analytics is increasingly important to maintain a competitive ed...
Citations
... Third, with the recent advancement of information and communication technologies such as 5G, the development of sensing technologies, information collection, and utilization at ports using the Internet of Things (IoT) and information linkage between container terminals and their external parties, such as port communication systems (PCSs), hold great significance. Leonard et al. investigated information systems in ports from academic and practical perspectives [29]. This research introduces the National Single Window (EDI system for submission of trade documents, etc.), vessel traffic services, gate systems (reservation and automated processing), PCSs, TOSs, damage check systems, port roads, and traffic control information systems as the information systems, which are currently used at ports. ...
Background: To improve port productivity, safety, and sustainability, the use of information and communication technology is being promoted as a smart port. The utilization of a terminal operation system (TOS) is important for advanced port operations, and it is necessary to organize the issues and characteristics of the TOS. Methods: The characteristics of TOSs introduced in Japan and those widely introduced in Europe and Southeast Asia will be investigated and discussed according to the port management system in Japan. Results: Japanese TOSs are characterized by a lack of automated functions, such as ship loading plans, and by the fact that they are designed to allow the crane driver to select the order of operations, which may be attributed to a system wherein stakeholders are segmented and on-site decisions are emphasized. The promotion of smart ports in Japanese-style ports requires a system for information linkage between stakeholders. Conclusions: TOS capabilities for smart ports should be implemented according to the characteristics of port management in each region, and the studies conducted in this paper are useful in examining port system implementation strategies.
... As an integral part of global supply chains that are increasingly becoming digitally transformed, most ports hitherto largely rely on manual processes and person-to-person systems that hinder their efficacy-through congestion and longer dwell times [2,3]. The extant literature informs that ports are traditionally slow in embracing digital transformation (DT) despite being critical linchpins in global economies and countries' economic hubs and gateways [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. As global freight transport soars and modern ships transport more cargo, ports are under pressure to adjust both their physical and digital infrastructure and keep abreast. ...
... However, integrating port ecosystems with digital technologies has been slow. For instance, the extant literature associates such slowness with challenges such as the following: the existence of many siloed systems in the port ecosystem [17]; stakeholders' non-interoperable legacy systems [18]; missing standards regarding data sharing, transferring, and communication [5]; culture; investment cost; digital literacy; and lack of vision [3,9,19]. Unfortunately, these factors have largely been anecdotal and lack a rigorous empirical basis [20]. ...
... Our findings demonstrate that the respondents generally perceived eSWS as a DT initiative meant to integrate the port's stakeholders. This understanding affirms the extant literature's depiction of ports' digital maturity trajectories, where basic digital systems form the basis for advanced ones as ports transition into higher levels of DT [3,5]. In response to this study's research questions, our analysis unraveled seven contextual factors implicated in P1-P5 that influence DT endeavors in emerging economies' ports. ...
Background: Scholarly literature indicates a slow pace at which maritime ports fully embrace digital transformation (DT). The reasons to this are largely anecdotal and lack solid empirical grounding. This inhibits an overall understanding of DT’s tenets and the development of evidence-based policies and targeted actions. Methods: This study deployed a qualitative case study strategy to unpack the challenges of undertaking DT through the lens of principal-agent theory (PAT). Results: Analysis of data collected through 13 semi-structured interviews from a port’s value chain stakeholders revealed five thematic challenges that contradict successful implementation of DT. These included interagency constraints and system ownership tussles; system sabotage and prevalent corruption; prevalent human agency in port operations; cultural constraints; and political influence on port governance. Conclusions: To address these challenges, the study proposes a four-stage empirically grounded DT strategy framework that guides both practitioners and policymakers through DT endeavors. The framework includes: (1) the port’s value chain mapping, (2) stakeholder engagement, (3) resource mobilization, and (4) effective monitoring. For scholars, we provide an avenue for testing statistical significance of association and causality among the identified challenges.
... A tradition in the port and shipping sector is to keep extensive data records to track the cargo and container flows (Heilig & Voß, 2017). This data, which primarily includes the sailing datalike speed or time of arrival-or cargo data like quantity or custom documents-or the data about different transportation assetslike the maintenance of cranes and containers or inspection record of reefersare frequently collected and used to create regular reports and visualizations to represent and evaluate the business operations and assets' status. ...
Port and terminal operators are experiencing growing complexity and rapidly accelerating demands. As a result, the entire port ecosystem-from the seaports to inland intermodal terminals-is under pressure to modernize. Port 4.0 is a port that leverages advanced technologies to digitally transform key business processes, improve security, and increase operational efficiency and port sustainability. This study presents a conceptual framework for Port 4.0. The conceptual framework describes key principles, enabling technologies, and key service areas for port digitalization. The framework is illustrated using digitalization examples in different ports worldwide.
... Essas demandas exigem que os portos adotem práticas sustentáveis e eficientes, visando minimizar os impactos ambientais associados às suas operações (ZARZUELO, SOEANE, BERMÚDEZ, 2020;MOURA, 2020a;HEILIG, VOß, 2017). ...
... Os sensores e detectores podem estar localizados em várias áreas, como nos terminais, no pátio e nos cais, integrados em diversos equipamentos, com a finalidade de monitorar o ambiente e rastrear as cargas, enviando os dados coletados para os data centers. Eles podem detectar condições físicas (XISONG et al., 2013, YAU et al., 2020HEILIG, VOß, 2017;. ...
... Dentre as principais vantagens da automatização de terminais portuários, encontram-se a economia na contratação de mão de obra, menores custos, melhoria da produtividade, diminuição de prejuízos, maior qualidade operacional e melhoria nos níveis de segurança. Um terminal automatizado é a base do desenvolvimento de um porto inteligente(YAO et al., 2021;HEILIG, VOß, 2017).Existem quatro principais tipos de instalações de infraestrutura em um porto inteligente, de movimentação de contêineres, que são essenciais para que as operações aconteçam de forma eficiente, sendo elas: os guindastes de cais (Quay Cranes), os reboques de pátio (Yard Trailers), os pórticos sobre pneus (Rubber Tire Gantry -RTG) e o Sistema Operacional de Terminais (Terminal Operating System). Cada um garante uma função essencial dentro do porto, pois são responsáveis pelas principais operações que acontecem, como a movimentação de contêineres e o gerenciamento de atividades portuárias.Equipamentos compostos de alta tecnologia, são mais eficientes em suas funções e trazem soluções mais sustentáveis por promoverem maior economia de recursos e energia(YAU et al., 2020) Um Porto Inteligente visa utilizar as inovações tecnológicas para melhorar as ...
THE PORTS CALLED SMART PORTS, INTEGRATE LATEST GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES PERTINENT TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THEIR PORT OPERATIONS. SUCH TECHNOLOGIES, IN ADDITION TO PROMOTING IMPROVEMENT IN THE EFFICIENCY OF PROCESSES, ALSO COLLABORATE FOR SUSTAINABILITY, THROUGH THE USE OF EQUIPMENT THAT DOES NOT USE FOSSIL FUELS AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT PROMOTE GREATER ENERGY USE. THIS WORK AIMED TO ANALYZE HOW THE USE OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES ARE APPLIED IN WORLD CLASS PORTS AND HOW THESE OPERATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVING PORT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. THE METHODOLOGY WAS FOCUSED ON THE BILIIOGRAPHIC REVIEW ON THE TOPIC, IN CONTAINER HANDLING OPERATIONS.
... The main focus of this research cluster is projected on sustainability performance of ports by balancing business objectives with environmental sustainability within complex maritime networks. The cluster is comprised of three scientific articles: (1) (Heilig & Voß, 2017); (2) (Asgari et al., 2015); and (3) (Mansouri et al., 2015). Heilig & Voß (2017) structure port information systems into 10 groups and indicate the way they are indispensable for augmenting port competitiveness and facilitating secure and efficient: (1) Communication; and (2) Decision -making, in port operations. ...
... The cluster is comprised of three scientific articles: (1) (Heilig & Voß, 2017); (2) (Asgari et al., 2015); and (3) (Mansouri et al., 2015). Heilig & Voß (2017) structure port information systems into 10 groups and indicate the way they are indispensable for augmenting port competitiveness and facilitating secure and efficient: (1) Communication; and (2) Decision -making, in port operations. The authors conclude that the combination of: (1) Information systems; and (2) Optimization methods, enable effective and efficient port operations by supporting both short -term, and long -term decision -making. ...
... Future research directions propositions: Heilig & Voß (2017) and Asgari et al. (2015) are the identified trending papers within this cluster. Thus, the future development of this cluster should focus on: (1) Adoption of integrated information systems within the port environment due to regulatory and competition requirements; and (2) Ranking port sustainability performance with novel MCDM methods with adherence to fuzzy parameters, uncertainties and subjective criteria involved in decision -making. ...
This paper provides a bibliometric analysis of 121 articles regarding the implications of the systems leadership perspective on the concept of port supply chain integration complexity. Since the systems leadership perspective characterizes an early stage of development and is still rare and has not been addressed nor studied widely, this paper reveals relevant results on the basis of citation analysis metrics. The bibliographic data is extracted from the world's most renowned scientific database ISI Web of Science, and analyzed via the VOSviewer and the HistCiteTM software. The bibliographic coupling methodology utilized in the VOSviewer software reveals four emergent and interconnected research clusters: (1) Port resilience and security vulnerabilities in complex maritime networks; (2) Big data and AI in ports; (3) Industry 4.0 essential elements for ports; and (4) Emerging best practices for systems leadership in ports – the case of BRI. A detailed and rigorous content analysis of the most impactful articles is conducted in order to reveal the intellectual structure of each research cluster, and the application of the HistCiteTM LCSe citation analysis metric reveals the trending articles within each research cluster, enabling the formation of future research directions for each research cluster. The findings obtained in this paper form the basis for advancing the perspective of systems leadership on the concept of port supply chain integration complexity because it provides scholars easy and quick access to the major articles forming the bedrock of each research cluster; while it may aid industry professionals with new information relevant for improving their decision capabilities, thus fostering the establishment of a more robust and better integrated maritime transportation system.
... Data confidentiality and ineffective information systems are important roadblocks that obstruct the generation of high-quality emission inventories and contribute to expenditures, thus appropriate information systems are needed to assist the establishment of high-quality emission inventories [25]. Information systems have become critical to ports' competitiveness, improving communication and decision-making in order to improve visibility, efficiency, dependability, and security in port operations under a variety of scenarios [26]. As a result, it is required to conduct an academic and practical survey of contemporary information systems. ...
Maritime ports play a pivotal role in fostering the growth of domestic and international trade and economies. As ports continue to expand in size and capacity, the impact of their operations on air quality and climate change becomes increasingly significant. While nearby regions may experience economic benefits, there are significant concerns regarding the emission of atmospheric pollutants, which have adverse effects on both human health and climate change. Predictive modeling of port emissions can serve as a valuable tool in identifying areas of concern, evaluating the effectiveness of emission reduction strategies, and promoting sustainable development within ports. The primary objective of this research is to utilize machine learning frameworks to estimate the emissions of SO2 from ships during various port activities, including hoteling, maneuvering, and cruising. By employing these models, we aim to gain insights into the emission patterns and explore strategies to mitigate their impact. Through our analysis, we have identified the most effective models for estimating SO2 emissions. The AutoML TPOT framework emerges as the top-performing model, followed by Non-Linear Regression with interaction effects. On the other hand, Linear Regression exhibited the lowest performance among the models evaluated. By employing these advanced machine learning techniques, we aim to contribute to the body of knowledge surrounding port emissions and foster sustainable practices within the maritime industry.
... Elle semble s'être généralisée car elle s'exporte plus facilement de port en port (Heilig & Voß, 2017 (Heilig & Voß, 2017). ...
... Elle semble s'être généralisée car elle s'exporte plus facilement de port en port (Heilig & Voß, 2017 (Heilig & Voß, 2017). ...
Résumé : Ce travail a pour objectif de définir et de développer empiriquement des instruments pour évaluer les ressources portuaires et leurs dimensions. La revue de littérature, s'appuyant sur la perspective basée sur les ressources (RBV) amendés par des travaux récents, a permis d'identifier deux principales natures de ressources portuaires et au moins deux dimensions pour chacune d'elle. Partant, nous avons construit un modèle de recherche hiérarchique et multidimensionnel. L'approche théorique ayant été justifiée, les données empiriques ont été obtenues à travers une combinaison d'entretiens semi-structurés et d'enquête d'opinions auprès des acteurs portuaires ivoiriens. Les résultats des entretiens ont permis de réaménager le modèle théorique. Les données des enquêtes d'opinions ont été utilisées dans le cadre de la validation du modèle de recherche par la méthode d'équations structurelles sous PLS. Les résultats de l'étude ont permis de valider le modèle hiérarchique en confirmant l'existence de deux natures de ressources portuaires : une nature stratégique et une nature ordinaire. L'une des implications majeures de cette étude est d'avoir montré que l'approche traditionnelle de la RBV est insuffisante pour identifier les ressources des entreprises. Mots clés : Côte d'Ivoire ; équations structurelles sous PLS ; Modèle hiérarchique multidimensionnel ; Perspective basée sur les ressources ; Ressources portuaires stratégique et ordinaire.
Title english : Identification and analysis of port resources nature
Abstract This research aims to define and empirically develop instruments to assess port resources and their dimensions. The literature review, relying on the resource-based perspective amended by recent researches, has identified two main types of port resources with two or more dimensions for each of them. Then, we have built hierarchical research model. The theoretical approach having been justified, the empirical data were obtained through of semi-structured interviews and opinion surveys. The results from the interviews help us it possible to revise the initial theoretical model. The data from the opinion surveys were used as part of the validation of the research model by the method of structural equations under PLS. The results of the study made it possible to validate the hierarchical model by confirming the existence of two natures of port resources: a strategic nature and an ordinary nature. One of the major implications of this study is to have shown that the traditional RBV approach is insufficient to identify firms' resources.
... A categorization of information system used in ports into ten different types was proposed by Heilig and Voß [20]. The authors distinguished the information systems based on whether they were used on the landside, the seaside, or in terminal operations. ...
... Additionally, they provided a full description of enabling technologies such as global navigation satellite systems, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), and Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), as shown in Figure 1. Among the available software applications detailed in [20], this paper focuses on a specific type of application called TOS, which has recently gained much attention in the maritime sector [21,22]. TOS is among the most widely used systems for automating terminal operations, including gate, berth, yard, and loading/unloading operations. ...
There is a lack of technology innovation studies in the maritime sector focusing on developing countries. Generally, these countries present various limitations due to their own social, economic, and political contexts. Moreover, the lack of leadership support, stakeholder involvement, training, resources, and financial and academic support affects successful implementation of technological innovation. The objective of this paper is to emphasize the implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the maritime sector and port companies of developing countries by investigating the impact of an ICT solution on port operations from berth to gate through yard operations. Our case study consists of the implementation of a Terminal Operating System (TOS) in the Port of Radès, the main port in Tunisia. An examination of the port operations before and after the implementation of the TOS is carried out. Then, the effects of TOS implementation on terminal operations are studied through a survey based on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and submitted to managers of three port stakeholders. Key findings indicate that TOS allows an increase in the level of productivity from the quay crane to the gate, allowing decisions to be made based on real-time data and ensuring that the terminal is operating at its full potential. More specifically, berthing and delivery service times are improved thanks to the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and the streamlining of the gate and yard activities system. The results also indicate that reputation is progressively improving due to the ability to locate and monitor hazardous goods flowing through the port, and the ability to dispatch engine movement inside the port using the new terminal layout. However, in contrast with the port authority, the results highlight a lack of adaptability on the part of the stevedoring company, which requires time to progressively adapt to the new rules and constraints.
... been noted that this industrial revolution brought about by the emergence of new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data present development opportunities not only for the industrial sector, but also for other fields and applications such as supply chain management and logistics (Douaioui et al., 2018). However, as stated in Heilig and Voß. (2017) [5], ports are seen lagging behind in regard to the development of information technology and information systems. This statement is furthered by Jović et al. (2022) [6], who noticed through their literature review that there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of digitalization in maritime transport with an emphasis on the implementa ...
... However, as stated in Heilig and Voß. (2017) [5], ports are seen lagging behind in regard to the development of information technology and information systems. This statement is furthered by Jović et al. (2022) [6], who noticed through their literature review that there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of digitalization in maritime transport with an emphasis on the implementation of information and communications technologies. ...
... While information technologies are used for collecting, measuring, and transmitting data, information systems manage, analyze, store, and disseminate information and knowledge to support decision processes of various port actors (Heilig and Voß., 2017). ...
The growth of goods transported by ship affects the entire maritime industry, which is central to the global supply chain. Faced with an increased pressure from the industry, ports need greater visibility on the flow of goods and logistics operations. To tackle this challenge, improvement opportunities as well as weaknesses must be identified in order to define an efficient data acquisition strategy that will allow port authorities to enhance their current visibility within their port ecosystem. This article presents the simulation of a digital shadow based on a Canadian port case study. The study uses the simulation of a digital shadow to diagnose a Canadian port authority’s current visibility, with an accent on data accuracy, in order to identify improvement opportunities aimed at overcoming weaknesses identified in a current practice scenario and then compare the performance of the current system with said improvements in a second scenario. To our knowledge, this is the first simulation study on visibility performance assessment in a port’s digital shadow.
... However, further details/explanations are outside the scope of this chapter (Fig. 3). In any case, BD from ports is derived from two major sources (Haidine et al., 2021;Heilig & Voß, 2016;Yau et al., 2020): ...
... It is also useful to note that the main applications of BD in ports are (Haidine et al., 2021;Heilig & Voß, 2016;Yau et al., 2020): • Optimizing usage: Unlocking big data from port operations makes it easier to optimize the usage of resources and infrastructure; • Preventive maintenance of cranes, and other machinery: Harvesting operational data from sensors placed inside machines makes it possible to predict when a part might fail, paving way for a more effective maintenance schedule as opposed to following the maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer; • Accurate Predictions: BDA unlocks data hitherto not visible, and consolidates information from various sources, including vessels, machinery, and terminal operating software. Unlocking relevant operational patterns generates actionable, allowing decision-makers to not just optimize operations, but also anticipate events. ...
... In addition, data from sensors placed in port equipment could help port operators design a predictive model for each type of machine, maximize the efficiency of port equipment, leading to cost savings. BDA also has the power to predict the demand and supply of port infrastructure, and thereby suggest new business models (Haidine et al., 2021;Heilig & Voß, 2016;Yau et al., 2020). Specifically, this concept (smart port) is a customer-and community-centric port that is distinguished by five main features: ...
The so-called “Fourth (stage of the) Industrial Revolution,” also termed as “Industry 4.0” in the wider literature, is associated with cutting-edge technology applications like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data Analytics (BDA), Cloud Computing, and Internet of Things (IoT), which are already influencing the paradigm of operations within the shipping and port industries. Today, all computer systems on-board a ship or supporting facilities ashore, as well as the numerous information technology (IT) applications related to ship and port management activities are heavily reliant upon real-time data to effectively fulfill their allocated tasks. Truly vast quantities of data, commonly referred to as “Big Data” (BD), are created; the issue of how to effectively manage all the associated information is clearly standing out. Using software tools for extracting and processing the “right” information and deploying advanced algorithms to perform the relevant statistical analysis, becomes the obvious solution. This chapter, which follows a qualitative approach along with a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) analysis matrix, is aiming to identify and briefly discuss the most relevant tools and techniques that are associated with BDA. It will also highlight the need for effective BD management, in order to fully exploit the opportunity of improving—or even optimizing—the conduct of maritime transport activities and port operations.KeywordsBig data (BD)Big data analytics (BDA)Data-driven cultureOptimizationShipping and port industriesStrengthsweaknessesopportunities and challenges (SWOC) analysis
