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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections cause serious public health problem in Ethiopia. They are more prevalent in the poor segments of the population with low household income, poor handling of personal and environmental sanitation, overcrowding and limited access to clean water. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitud...
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... the types of intestinal parasites per individual, 1, 2, and 3 types of parasites were identified in 239 (31.7%), 270 (35.8%) and 180 (23.8%) of those infected while 4 and 5 parasitic species were found in 59 (7.8%) and 6 (0.8%) respectively (Figure 1). Generally, multiple infections (polyparasitism) were seen in 515 (56.7%) of the total examined and 68.3% of those with intestinal parasites. ...
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Citations
... In Ethiopia, indigenous Somali goats reported daily milk yields ranging from 0.3-0.45 kg (Mengistu et al. 2007). The daily milk yield of Somali goats ranged from 0.38 kg to 1 kg under concentrate supplementation, which was consistent with the current finding but lower when compared to Mestawet et al. (2012), who reported a daily milk yield of Arsi-bale goats of 1.13 kg under improved management conditions. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine at the chemical content of Hermosa sidoides and Grewia tembensis feeds and their impact on milk output and quality in Somali goats. A completely randomized block design, excluding the control treatment, was adopted with three treatment diets. T1 (600 g Hermosa sidoides, 200 g concentrate mixture, maize stover), T2 (600 g Grewia tembensis, 200 g concentrate mixture, maize stover), and T3 (300 g Hermosa sidoides and 300 g Grewia tembensis, maize stover), were the treatments. Hermosa sidoides had a greater crude protein (CP) content (28.7%), 40% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and 18% acid detergent fibre (ADF), while Grewia tembensis had a lower CP content (27.1%), 47% NDF, and 21.91% ADF. The daily milk production for goats fed treatment food T1 (0.91 kg) was substantially greater (p0.05) than goats fed T2 (0.82 kg) and T3 (0.84 kg) after 90 days of feeding experiments. In general, this study found that supplementing nursing Somali goats’ diets with Hermosa sidoides (Qaxxee) leaves (T1 Diet) considerably increases milk output and cost return. As a result, this study implies that goat feeds, which are often available in the study location, could be used as a suitable diet in the future.
... Babile (27.2%) and Gamo area (24.2%). [22][23][24] Possible explanations for this noticeable difference could be the deworming program that is recently launched in the country and provided to our study population, differences in geographic locations, latrine coverage, and coverage of prevention control programs. ...
Background
Helminths are potent immunomodulators and in their chronic infection state they may protect against allergy‐related disease and atopy. However, they are also known for inducing allergic conditions. This study aimed to assess the association between helminths, atopy and allergic conditions.
Methods
A total of 461 school children participated in this cross‐sectional study. Data on allergic symptoms and a range of confounding variables was gathered from parents via an interviewer‐led questionnaire. Skin sensitization to house dust mite and cockroaches was analyzed, and a stool sample was collected for helminth analysis. Serum total Immunoglobulin E using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and eosinophil count were also measured.
Results
Overall sensitivity to both allergens was 2.4%. Self‐reported allergic outcomes in the last 12 months for the 461 participants had been : wheezing 3.7%, asthma 2.2%, eczema 13.2% and hay fever 6.9%. Overall, the prevalence of helminth infection was 11.9% (53/444). A borderline significant association was found between atopy and any allergy symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 3.32, 95% confidence interval [95% CI: 0.99, 11.1], p = .052). There was no significant association between helminths and atopy (OR: 0.64 [95% CI: 0.29, 1.41], p = .268) and also between helminths and allergic symptoms (OR: 0.64 [95% CI: 0.29, 1.41], p = .268). Bivariate analysis showed keeping an animal in the house increases the risk of atopy while maternal and paternal history of allergy increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms in the children.
Conclusion and clinical relevance
This study found a non‐significant inverse association between helminths infection and atopy and allergic disorders, likely due to reduced statistical power, resulting in a lower prevalence of atopy and allergic conditions. A high powered longtitudinal study is necessary to explore the casuality and potential therapeutic benefits of helminths for allergic disorders.
... On the other hand, the multiple intestinal parasitic species could synergistically disrupt intestinal homeostasis causing dysbiosis with digestive or extra-intestinal impact [14,15]. While some studies highlight the non-negligible frequency of IPIs in adults living in tropical areas, data on polyparasitism in adults are scarce [16,17]. They are not targeted by preventive strategies such as mass drug administration. ...
Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections constitute a major public health problem worldwide. Data from non-pregnant adults are scarce in high burden countries such as Gabon. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and features of intestinal polyparasitism in urban and rural areas of Gabon. Methods: Apparently healthy volunteers with a microscopic diagnosis of intestinal parasites were included. Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected using a written questionnaire. The type and number of detected parasites were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Among the 239 participants, the prevalence of polyparasitism was 36.4%. The frequencies of protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infections and co-infection (protozoa-STHs) were 35.6%, 46.4% and 18.0%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that polyparasitism was associated with living in rural area (aOR=3.6; 95%CI = 1.0 - 12.1, p = 0.03), female gender (OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 1.0 - 3.2, p = 0.025), the use of non-conventional latrines (aOR = 3.3; 95%CI =1.2 - 9.3, p = 0.02). Drinking river water (aOR = 2.6; 95%CI = 1.1- 6.0, p = 0.024) and living in urban area (uOR = 2.9; 95%CI =1.3 - 6.6, p = 0.007) were significant risk factors of STHs and protozoa carriage, respectively. Conclusion: Polyparasitism is frequent in adults. It is associated with poor sanitary conditions in rural sites. Awareness campaigns and integrated control strategies should also target adult population, which constitutes a significant parasite reservoir.
... The PCR assays are based on the amplification of a gene fragment with primers that bind to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that are conserved in all G. duodenalis assemblages [30]. Polymerase Chain Reaction enables identification of Giardia to species level and hence assessing the zoonotic potential of the parasite [105][106][107][108]. ...
Giardia is a protozoan parasite of mammals including humans. It is one of the most common parasitic infections having a worldwide distribution. Giardia parasites have a wide host range, including mammals, birds and amphibians. Amongst the species of Giardia, G. duodenalis (syn, G. intestinalis/lamblia) has the broadest host range and is the species with the greatest public and animal health significances in terms of gastrointestinal disease. Humans have been reported to have G. duodenalis Assemblages A-II or B, and these assemblages are considered to be of broad host ranges, and thus potentially zoonotic due to infect both human and other domestic and wild animals. Aquatic mammals, is commonly infected with Giardia, there is little evidence to implicate such infections as the original contaminating source in waterborne outbreaks. Giardia lamblia infections have a wide clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic carriage to long-lasting diarrhea with malabsorption. So far, it remains unclear whether asymptomatic human infections relate to the carriage of "nonpathogenic" strains, or whether the host is able to maintain parasite numbers at a subclinical level without complete clearance of the infection. There are four main cycles of transmission that have been proposed to maintain host-specific and zoonotic assemblages of Giardia in mammalian hosts: human, livestock, dog/cat and wildlife cycles. Water is an essential factor in the transmission of giardiasis in men that is why this is the commonest human waterborne disease. Future studies by animal and public health experts should focus on genetic characterization of the parasite so as to elucidate the zoonotic importance of Giardia. More extensive research is necessary among humans, animals and water sources with regard to Giardia carriership. The obtained isolates should be genotyped in order to investigate the sources of contamination and to undertake efficient measures for reduction of infection rates in both animals and people.
... Most available reports on prevalence of G. duodenalis infection in Ethiopia have used conventional microscopy for detection of Giardia. These studies in North Shoa, Benishangul Gumuz, Sidama, Lege Dini, Eastern Ethiopia, and Jimma town reported prevalence ranging from 5 to 35% (Ayalew et al. 2008;Belete et al. 2021;Beyene and Tasew 2014;Damitie et al. 2018;Flecha et al. 2015;Kifleyohannes et al. 2022;Mengistu et al. 2007;Wegayehu et al. 2016). Some studies used PCR for detection of Giardia and found prevalence ranging from 11 to 55% in Southern Oromia, central Ethiopia, Southern Ethiopia, Tigrai North Ethiopia, and in Northwest Amhara regions (de Lucio et al. 2016;Tigabu et al. 2010;Wegayehu et al. 2013;Birrie and Erko 2017;Hajare et al. 2022). ...
Giardia duodenalis is a common pathogenic intestinal protozoan parasite with high prevalence in developing countries, especially among children. The distribution of giardia assemblages among humans and their clinical relevance remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and assemblage of Giardia among children under 5 years of age in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Employing a case-control design, 606 children presenting with diarrhea at Jimma university medical center and Serbo Health Center were enrolled from December 2016 to July 2018 along with 617 matched controls without diarrhea. Giardia was detected and typed using real-time PCR. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed. The total prevalence of Giardia was 41% (501/1223) and did not differ significantly between cases and controls (40% vs 42%). Prevalence increased by age, with the highest prevalence seen in children aged ≥ 25 months. Children without diarrhea with a history of diarrhea during the last month were more likely to be Giardia positive compared to children with no history diarrhea (OR 1.8 and 95%CI; 1.1–2.9). Regardless of current diarrhea symptoms, assemblage B predominated with 89%, followed by assemblage A (8%) and mixed infection assemblage A and B (3%). We report a high prevalence of Giardia by PCR detection in Jimma, Ethiopia, with assemblage B being predominant. There was a similar distribution of Giardia assemblages between children with and without diarrhea. Increasing age was a risk factor for Giardia infection. Community-based prevention and control strategies need to be employed to decrease the risk of giardia infection.
... [5] Intestinal parasites infections are reportedly more prevalent among the poor segments of the human population. [7] They are common in developing countries like Nigeria and are closely associated with low household income, overcrowding, poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, lack of access to clean water, poor or complete absence of basic sanitary facilities, and favorable climate with low altitudes. [8] Recently, the HIV prevalence rate stands at 1.4% in Nigeria and the North Central part or zone of Nigeria account for 2.1% prevalence rate with Nasarawa state having the second highest prevalence rate of 2.0% after Benue state which account for about 5.3%, and also, the survey showed that HIV prevalence rate among adults age 15-64 years in the zone is 2.1%. ...
Objectives
The objective of the study is to determine the occurrence of intestinal parasites among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and negative groups.
Materials and Methods
A case–control study was conducted in four semi-urban areas in Nasarawa State. The study enrolled 422 participants. Stool samples were collected and examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Blood sample was collected to investigate for HIV infection.
Results
The overall prevalence of intestinal infections among HIV-positive individuals was 37.7% (78/207). For geohelminth infections, HIV-positive individuals were more commonly infected by hookworm at a rate of 9.7% (20/207). For Protozoa infections, HIV-positive groups were identified more with Giardia lamblia , at a rate of 8.2% (17/207). The binary logistic regression showed that factors significantly associated with parasite infections among HIV-positive individuals included being under 43 years of age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.192, confidence interval [CI]: 0.082, 3.736) and subjects with diarrhea (OR = 1.521, CI: 0.112, 2.891) for geohelminth parasite. While in the case of Protozoa infections, parasitic infections are higher among study subjects with diarrhea (OR = 1.767, CI: 0.111, 3.009).
Conclusion
HIV-positive individuals are more susceptible to coinfections with hookworm (geohelminth) and G. lamblia ( Protozoa ), which are more prevalent among those with poor personal hygiene habits. This indicates a need for an integrated approach to hygiene promotion, surveillance, and treatment.
... Hailu et al. (2020) has reported 9.7 % prevalence of Giardia from dairy calves from southern Ethiopia (Arsi Negele, Shashemene and Hawassa dairy farms). Giardia lamblia (Giardia duodenalis) infection has also been reported from Benishangul-Gumuz Region and South west Ethiopia (Jimma) (Eyasu et al., 2010;Mengistu et al., 2007) (Table 4). ...
Giardiasis is the most common waterborne parasitic intestinal infection ofboth animals and humans worldwide, and it leads to significant morbidity and mortality in animals, particularly in young aged group like calves in the developing and developed world. It is a zoonotic infectious disease where animals are considered as sources of infection for humans through consumption of water and food contaminated with cysts of Giardia. Giardia species differ significantly in host range, with G. duodenalis having the broadest host range and greatest public health significance. Giardia duodenalis has eight different assemblages A through H. The disease Causes gastro intestinal disturbance, gall bladder colic and jaundice. Malabsorption and maldigestion mainly result from a diffuse shortening of epithelial microvillus. Giardia duodenalis (synonyms intestinalis, lamblia) is a flagellate binucleated protozoan, and it has two morphological forms: cysts and trophozoites. The life cycle of Giardia is direct, and the infective stage of the parasite, the cyst, is encysted when released into the feces and is immediately infectious. Trophozoites are pear-shaped, binucleate, multi-flagellated parasite forms and are the disease causing stage and colonize the upper small intestine, where they adhere to the epithelial surface and proliferate by binary fission. Infected animals, contaminated water and feed are main sources of infection. Age of animals, season of the year, area, housing, feeding, management practices are usually considered as risk factors for the occurrence of giardiasis. The infection can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route, or through contaminated food and water. To survive within the intestine, Giardia undergoes antigenic variation and few virulent factors have been identified to be responsible for the infection. These include ventral adhesive disc proteins and surface lectins, the four pairs of flagella which allow for movement and variant surface proteins. The clearance of Giardia from a host requires both innate and adaptive immunity effector mechanisms. The infection can be diagnosed by examining fecal specimens using different coproscopic techniques, serological tests and by molecular analysis. Restricting animals from surface water during periods of high cyst shedding may reduce watershed contamination. Health education on personal and environmental hygiene would help in reducing the occurrence of the infection. This review work tries to gather information on giardiasis of domestic animals with respect to its epidemiology, host immune responses, pathophysiology, distribution and its public health importance.
... According to the Ethiopian Ministry of Health, more than 250,000, annual visit of outpatient services of the health institutions is due to intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) [1]. In addition, different reports have been reported from several parts of Ethiopia such as 72.9% in Gondar (Azezo), 83% in Jimma, and 83.8% in South East of Lake Langaano [9][10][11]. There is a scanty of study conducted among individuals affected by diarrheal diseases attending Negelle Borena General Hospital. ...
Background:
In tropical countries, intestinal protozoal parasitic infections are among the common infections causing significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the status of intestinal protozoal parasitic infections among diarrheal patients attending Negelle Borena General Hospital and investigate the possible risk factors for the infection.
Methods:
A case-control study design was employed in the study. The intestinal protozoal parasites were detected using a wet-mount, stool concentration, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen methods. The crude and adjusted odd ratios were considered to identify the associated risk factors for intestinal protozoal parasitic infections among the study participants.
Results:
The overall status of parasitic infection was 46.88% in cases and 27.08% in the control groups. The most prevalent protozoal infection was Giardia lamblia (9.38%) and followed by Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (6.25%) in the cases. The highest prevalence of the infection was detected in the age groups that varied from 6 to 10 years in cases (71%). The enteric G. lamblia and E. histolytica/dispar were found to be 33.3% and 9.1%, respectively, in the age groups of 6-10 years in cases. Based on sex, 56.50% and 27.30% of protozoal (parasitic) infections were revealed by females in the cases and control groups, respectively, indicating a significant variation (P < 0.05). The education level (illiteracy), absence of toilet usage, no hand washing after toilet and before eating as significant risk factors for patient's infection with G. lamblia, E. histolytica, and Cryptosporidium spp. (P < 0.05, AOR = 1-14). However, eating raw fruit and vegetables was also found as a major risk factor for E. histolytica (P < 0.05, AOR = 6.2) 40. Moreover, the residence of the patients was also indicated as a plus risk factors for the infection to be occurred by Cryptosporidium spp. in the study participants (P > 0.95, AOR = 0.2).
Conclusion:
The prevalence of intestinal protozoal parasitic infection showed variation based on age, sex, and educational background of the study participants. Therefore, awareness creating training should be provided to the Negelle area communities so as to minimize the parasitic infection.
... From helminthic parasites, the most prevalent and affecting nearly 1/6 of the world population are Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria, and hookworm. [10][11][12][13] Protozoan parasites are causes of intestinal infections, besides helminths parasites. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia lamblia, and cryptosporidium cause infections that are most dominant in poor countries, including Ethiopia, and they are a very common cause of intestinal morbidity in children as well as old age populations. ...
Objectives
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) still cause a major public health problem in developing countries. The most affected populations are those with low socioeconomic status, lack of latrines, inadequate water supply, and poor hygiene like in pastoralist community areas in Ethiopia. Therefore, the study assessed the trends of intestinal parasites among the patients attended at Yabelo General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, from 2019 to 2021.
Methods
This retrospective study was conducted on 6108 patients and recorded data from Yabelo General Hospital, which were extracted using a checklist. The complete data of sex, age, and laboratory stool examination result in the record book were included in the study. The data were double-entered using EpiData version 3 and exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 for analysis. The associated factors were analyzed using chi-square and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were presented in tables, pie charts, and graphs.
Results
The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among the patients who attended Yabelo General Hospital was 48%. Of these, 37.8% (2310) were intestinal protozoa, and 10.2% (624) were intestinal helminths. The study indicates that 59% of patients aged above 45 years were seen infected with intestinal parasites. Of the total suspected patients, 2% (123) were found to have mixed parasite infections. The most reported parasites were Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba Dispar 22.6%, Giardia lamblia 15.3%, and Ascaris lumbricoides 1.8%. The trend analysis of intestinal parasites revealed that the overall prevalence declined from 55% in 2019 to 42.3% in 2021.
Conclusion
The prevalence of IPI was high among patients seen at Yabelo General Hospital. The analysis showed that the prevalence declined from 2019 to 2021. To sustain the decrease in prevalence, all intestinal parasite prevention measures should be continuously exercised in the area.
... Even though its species composition and occurrence vary, poly-parasitism is also common in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world in which the maximum number of parasite species found in the same host in our study was three, and the prevalence of poly-parasite infection was 2.29%. This result is lower when compared with the studies reporting 8.66% [31], 56.7% [32] and 12.4% [20]. Variations in distribution and occurrence of STHs infections in different localities might be due to environmental, socio-demographic, and socio-economic factors that favor the transmission cycle of the parasites, sample size, egg output variation, and diagnostic technique performed. ...
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) is a term used to refer to infections caused by intestinal worms mainly due to A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworm species which are transmitted through contaminated soil. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and intensity of STHs infection among individual members living within the selected household heads (HHs) certified either as a model HHs or non-model HHs based on the implementation level of a training program known as the Health Extension Program (HEP). A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2018 at Seka Chekorsa Woreda, Jimma zone. Model and non-model HHs were selected systematically from each of the randomly selected district villages employing a multistage sampling technique. Sociodemographic and risk factors data associated with STHs infections were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Parasitological stool sample microscopic examination was done using saline wet mount and Kato Katz thick smear technique. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20 for descriptive statistics, comparison, and logistic regression at a p-value < 0.05 for statistical significance. Overall, 612 individuals were recruited in the study from 120 randomly selected HHs. The prevalence of STHs infections was found to be 32.4%. A total of 45 (14.7%) model and 153 (50.0%) non-model individual participants were positive for at least one species of STHs showing a significant difference between individuals in model and non-model HHs (AOR: 6.543, 95% CI; 4.36-9.82, P
