Figure 8 - uploaded by Dominik Rutz
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Context in source publication
Context 1
... can be produced from any biological feedstock that contains appreciable amounts of sugar or materials that can be converted into sugar such as starch or cellulose. As shown in Figure 8, many different feedstock sources can be used for ethanol production. They can be divided into sugary, starchy and cellulosic feedstock. ...
Similar publications
Citations
... The excessive consumption of energy, particularly from oil and natural gas, has led to the release of significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. These gases, including nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), contribute to environmental degradation [5]. Among them, CO2 is primarily responsible for global warming, posing a significant threat to the environment, although other GHGs are also concerning [6,7]. ...
The renewable energy sector is experiencing rapid growth as researchers, economists, and decision-makers aim to meet multiple objectives. These include generating energy from more sustainable and environmentally friendly sources, as well as addressing the increasing disparity between energy supply and demand in a market where demand continues to rise. It is important to seek a balance that ensures ongoing economic and industrial development while prioritizing environmental health. One promising solution in this regard is the production of biofuel from sewage sludge, which has a calorific value of 8,300 joules per gram. From an environmental perspective, achieving a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions necessitates a daily biofuel production target of 4.610 7 gigajoules by 2040. This review will cover the knowledge about sewage sludge as a form of biomass and how to utilize raw materials in the production of various types of biomasses. Special focus will be given to selected biofuels, including biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas, which serve as alternatives to their fossil fuel or natural gas counterparts.
... Gas bubbles dispersed in liquid media are found in various industries such as biorefinery and pharmaceutical production, where the fluid rheology is one of crucial parameters determining the performance of unit operations (Barba et al., 2022;Mastropietro et al., 2013). Unlike Newtonian liquids where the viscosity is shear-independent, systems with non-Newtonian liquids, which are commonly encountered in biochemical reactions, wastewater treatment, and biofuel processing (Chhabra, 2007;Rutz and Janssen, 2007;Doran, 2013), exhibit shear-dependent-viscosity, that may change the hydrodynamic properties of the bubbles, e.g., bubble size, deformation, instability, terminal velocity, drag, and eventually influence the effectiveness of the operation (Barnes et al., 1989;R. P. Chhabra, 2008). ...
... To calculate fossil fuel consumption avoided, Eq. (10) was used, where F r represents the amount of fossil fuel replacement per year, B p is the amount of biogas (kg/year), E b is the energy content of biogas (MJ/kg) and E ff is the energy content of displaced fossil fuel (MJ/kg). For estimating the amount of fuel replacement, the amount of biogas produced and the energy content (calorific value) of the biogas is utilized as indicated in Table S6 (Rutz and Janssen, 2007;Chavan and Gaikwad, 2023;Jantaraksa et al., 2015;Uddin et al., 2015;Lyons et al., 1985). ...
... 1.1, Shatat and Riffat [1]. There are different types of biogas plants, Rutz and Janssen [5], and it can be summarized as following: ...
... 5 shows the Fresh water productivity at different water depth, different number of tubes, constant air depth and constant volume flow rate for air and water. The results indicated that, the freshwater productivity and water depth increased by decreasing the number of tubes. ...
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to
meet water needs within a region. The world is facing nowadays this problem
as a fatal problem, which needs to be solved to avoid as possible the next wars
about water resources. Desalination of seawater is the appropriate solution for
solving this problem. Fossil fuels are the main source used to get fresh water
from water desalination. Although, fossil fuels are the main source, but it
makes pollution, so renewable energies like solar energy and biogas are the
upcoming new sources to achieve this goal.
The present work is devoted to study experimentally the effect of using
solar energy and biogas on saline water desalination by using humidification
dehumidification method. The present work is divided into two parts, the first
part concerned with using humidification dehumidification method to produce
fresh water from saline water by using two different types of humidifiers
(packing humidifier and air bubble column humidifier), while the second part
concerned with producing biogas from floating type fermenter and used as a
heating source beside solar energy.
To study the different parameters experimentally, two systems based
on the humidification dehumidification process driven by solar energy are
examined. The first system uses a humidifier of the packing type (HPT), while
the second system uses a humidifier of the air bubble column type (HBCT).
The other components of the two systems are water solar collector, air solar
collector, pumps, cooling water source, and condenser. Different parameters
such as water-air ratio, saline water temperature, air temperature, water level,
air level, and velocity of air are experimentally investigated. On the other hand, a biogas unit is constructed to produce biogas to be used as a heat source
beside solar energy. The unit consists of fermenter, gas holder with stirrer and
gas storage. To examine Microbiological analysis, different samples are
obtained from the floating type fermenter unit. Total solids, nitrogen carbon
content and PH is determined from analysis of a cow dung samples.
The experimental results showed that, there is optimum mass ratio
obtained to get the maximum water productivity. Moreover, in the HBCT
system, there is a maximum value of water level inside the column and also
the optimum value of air velocity to get the maximum freshwater productivity.
The two systems HPT and HBCT are examined by using the solar collector as
a heating source for the saline feed water and the introduced air to the
humidifier, and it is found that the freshwater productivity was 8.53 kg/day
and 5.04 kg/day for HPT and HBCT systems with a cost of US $17.07 /m3
and
to reduce the carbon dioxide released by 4534 g/day. The results of
performance, and economic analysis of the proposed system are comparable
to those published for other similar solar desalination systems. The obtained
results from biogas experiments showed also that, the total produced gas from
biogas experiment is found to be about 101.7 liters, which is enough to
produce 446.12 gm of fresh water. The initial pH in fresh cow manure sample
was 8.1, this value decreased during fermentation period until reached to 4.8
inside digester. The experiment is conducted at low temperatures range
between 15ºC and 23ºC in a batch mode. Microbial load is determined also
from the digested.
... Upon completion of the oil extraction and refining processes for large-scale production system, the RO was transported to the biodiesel production plant located in Immingham (designed specifically for raw vegetable oils), producing 140,000 tBD per annum (Alberici & Toop, 2014). Most of the biodiesel production systems were based on transesterification of vegetable oil or RO with an alkali catalyst (Rutz & Janssen, 2007). For the present case the production layout was resourced from the biofuel technology handbook (Rutz & Janssen, 2007) and another relevant literature (Van Gerpen, 2005). ...
... Most of the biodiesel production systems were based on transesterification of vegetable oil or RO with an alkali catalyst (Rutz & Janssen, 2007). For the present case the production layout was resourced from the biofuel technology handbook (Rutz & Janssen, 2007) and another relevant literature (Van Gerpen, 2005). Salient stages of the production system were transesterification reaction of the raw RO, biodiesel purification, glycerol recovery, and methanol (CH 3 OH) recovery. ...
... This stage was depicted as the separator process in Fig. 2a. Subsequently, the biodiesel slurry was flashed at 150 mbar pressure that removed excess water and methanol (Rutz & Janssen, 2007;Van Gerpen, 2005). The methanol and water were then distilled, separated, and reused in the process in a cyclic manner. ...
Biodiesel has the potential to mitigate the fossil fuel-related carbon emission and energy insecurity challenges. There are limited studies examining the impacts of biodiesel production scales on the environmental impacts, while such information will be valuable for guiding practical system design. This work applied the approach of life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil which accounts for 80% of the European biofuel market. It was shown that the centralized large-scale and localized small-scale biodiesel production schemes have annual global warming potential (GWP) of 2.63 and 2.88 tCO2-eq/t biodiesel, where the rapeseed agriculture stage caused more than 65% carbon emissions. Sensitivity analysis revealed a high dependence of GWP on rapeseed yields, glycerol re-utilization strategy, and nitrogen nutrient in fertilizer. An alternative scenario was proposed for the large-and small-scale systems that could reduce carbon emissions by 14.1% and 33.6%.
... In the ethanol-to-jet conversion process, anhydrous ethanol (purity level % 99.5%-99.9%) is typically needed for blending with gasoline to avert separation [63]. Though, it is still uncertain to use highly pure ethanol for upgrading the jet fuel products [19]. ...
Aviation industry is accountable for discharging a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the environment. The sustainable bioenergy sources for the aviation industry are emergent to relieve excessive emission of greenhouse gas and the reliance on conventional petroleum-based fuel. In this context, the renewable aviation fuel could be one of the potential alternatives that can be easily produced from several resources such as oil crops, sugars/starch, waste materials, lignocellulosic biomass, etc. The biomass-derived jet fuels could potentially reduce CO2 emissions in their whole life cycle; thus, they are considered as an attractive replacement of conventional jet fuels. Numerous conversion strategies for biomass into aviation fuels have been found with targeting various categories of feedstocks. To date, several catalytic processes have been implemented to convert biomass-derived oils, alcohols, sugars, and syngas into bio jet fuels. Among them, the aqueous-phase and thermochemical routes have been widely investigated for extracting biomass derived bio-jet fuels. In this chapter, we have reviewed the four predominant pathways to produce renewable jet fuels including oil-to-jet, alcohols-to-jet, sugar-to-jet, and syngas-to-jet pathways. We have illustrated the conceptual process and addressed the key challenges of pathways in this chapter.
... Being carbon neutral, the algal biofuels are ideal for the environment and economic sustainability (Chisti 2007;Slade and Bauen 2013). Algae associated with the production of biofuel are enlisted in Table 2. Rutz and Janssen (2007) put forward some standard methods like sedimentation, flocculation, filtration, flotation, or electrophoresis for harvesting microalgae to produce biodiesel. The production of biodiesel is generally done with the methods like pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, and transesterification (Demirbas 2009;Musa 2016;Akubude et al. 2019). ...
Algae are photosynthetic prokaryotic or eukaryotic ubiquitously found group of organisms. Their enormous potentiality in coping up with various environmental crises has been well documented. Algae have proven to be ideal for biomonitoring of water pollution and help in removing the pollutants with their process of bioremediation apart from the production of eco-friendly sources of energy. Industries like food and pharmaceuticals are exploiting algae for producing several value-added products. The agricultural sector is also highly benefited from microalgae, as they are the good promoters of crop growth. The CO2-removing potential of algae proves to be an asset in fighting climate change. Moreover, the relatively easy and inexpensive methods of sampling and culturing of algae make them more popular. In this paper, we review the sustainable application aspects of algae in various areas like pollution control, energy production, agriculture, and fighting climate change. Critical discussions have been made on the recent trends and advances of algal technologies indicating future prospects.
... The use of first-generation biofuels has been limited due to concerns regarding the indirect land-use change impacts (Directive (EU) 2018/2001, 2018). More sustainable alternatives for gasoline supplementation include second-generation ethanol produced from lignocellulosic materials by thermochemical or biochemical processes (Rutz and Janssen, 2008) or biofuels obtained by pyrolysis of polymer or lipid wastes (Krutof and Hawboldt, 2016). ...
... Biodiesel is derived from lipid sources such as oil crops, waste oils, microalgae, and animal fats [7]. Generally, oils used in biodiesel production are composed of triglycerides that can be converted into biofuels through three main methods: thermal cracking, microemulsion, and transesterification [8]. ...
Increasing energy needs have led to soaring fossil fuel consumption, which has caused several environmental problems. These environmental aspects along with the energy demand have motivated the search for new energy systems. In this context, biofuels such as biodiesel have been developing into a substitute for conventional fuels. Microalgae are considered a promising option for biodiesel production due to their high lipid content. Therefore, it is important to analyze the technical aspects of the biodiesel production system. In this work, the inherent safety analysis of three emerging topologies for biodiesel production from microalgae was performed using the inherent safety index (ISI) methodology. Selected topologies include biodiesel production via lipid extraction and transesterification, in-situ transesterification, and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The results revealed that the processes are inherently unsafe achieving total inherent safety index scores of 30, 29, and 36. The main risks in the cases were associated with the chemical safety index. Operating conditions represented no risk for topologies 1 and 2, while for topology 3 pressure and temperature were identified as critical variables. In general, topology 2 showed better performance from a safety perspective.
... Bioethanol can be produced from all feedstock that contains sugar or materials that can be converted to sugar (Rutz and Janssen, 2008). It can be divided into three subgroups: sugar feedstock including sugarcane and sugar beet, starch feedstock including cereal grains and potatoes, and cellulose feedstock including forest products and agricultural residues (Arshadi and Grundberg, 2010). ...
... The interesting aspect of cassava is that the stems and leaves can be used as lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production. The real potential for bioethanol production from potatoes is the use of waste potatoes from the food industry (Rutz and Janssen, 2008). ...
... In contrast, the hemicellulose can be hydrolyzed due to the branched structure of the polymer chain (Arshadi and Grundberg, 2010). Moreover, the lignin binds the cellulose and hemicellulose molecules (Rutz and Janssen, 2008). ...
Recent advancements in the technology, sustainability, and applications of biodiesel from advanced and sustainable sources have been revolutionized. New and innovative thrusts of research priorities and approach in biodiesel development especially from wastes and nonedible feedstocks have given rise to the new concept of advanced and sustainable biodiesel fuels. These sources and alternatives to the conventional crop-based sources have to be friendly to the environment and generated essentially from waste materials by way of either recycling or reprocessing of feedstock viciously as energy. Advanced biodiesel fuels have become useful in bridging the alternative energy sources gap as they are from different feedstocks with variations such as from waste plastics, waste cooking oils, from microalgae, waste residue of oil processing, glycerol after transesterification, alcohols and including biomass materials. An important research thrust is the hybridization of biodiesel feedstocks to produce new products with new properties. This chapter reviews biodiesel feedstocks, development of first-, second-, and third-generation biodiesel, the new concept of advanced and sustainable biodiesel fuels, and feedstock hybridization. Additionally, case studies, biodiesel production technologies and processes, and novel bioprocessing technologies employing metabolic engineering and biotechnology are explored. Further expose was presented in research and development needs on properties, novel approaches, production processes, and relevant outcomes, while also addressing future development and prospects in the new and gray untapped areas.
