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![Types of fatigue failure (Adapted from Sharma et al. [2020])](profile/Victor-Palma/publication/362329749/figure/fig1/AS:11431281081130976@1661533275194/Types-of-fatigue-failure-Adapted-from-Sharma-et-al-2020.jpg)
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![Figure 1: Types of fatigue failure (Adapted from Sharma et al. [2020])](profile/Victor-Palma/publication/362329749/figure/fig1/AS:11431281081130976@1661533275194/Types-of-fatigue-failure-Adapted-from-Sharma-et-al-2020_Q320.jpg)
Fatigue can be understood as a process of progressive localized plastic strain that occurs in a material subject to cyclic stresses and strains at high stress concentration locations, whose concentration can cause cracks and culminate in the material’s fracture. The fatigue process begins with the appearance of the crack, later on with growth, and...
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... failure found in engineering materials is a direct function of the type of load and conditions under which the phenomenon occurs. Sharma et al. [2020] presents a classification of the types of fatigue failure that happens in materials used in engineering (See Figure 1). Considering the classification of mechanical fatigue, Neville and Sachs [2020] present three categories, High Cycle Fatigue (HCF), Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) and Very Low Cycle Fatigue (VLC). ...
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... comparisons of the experimental and numerical results of the first hysteresis cyclic stressâstrain curves of 0.6% and 0.8% are shown in Figure 9 for the metal base and Figure 10 for undermatched welds. The stable hysteresis loop at half-life cycle from the strain range from 0.6% to 1.2% for base metal and weldments is presented in Figure 11. ...
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... comparisons of the experimental and numerical results of the first hysteresis cyclic stressâstrain curves of 0.6% and 0.8% are shown in Figure 9 for the metal base and Figure 10 for undermatched welds. The stable hysteresis loop at half-life cycle from the strain range from 0.6% to 1.2% for base metal and weldments is presented in Figure 11. The fatigue life prediction performed by Song et al. [2021] can be seen in the Figure 12. ...
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... stable hysteresis loop at half-life cycle from the strain range from 0.6% to 1.2% for base metal and weldments is presented in Figure 11. The fatigue life prediction performed by Song et al. [2021] can be seen in the Figure 12. One of the main purposes of this review is search for novel problems related to LCF in Ocean Engineering, two cases are described above, this work doesn't intend to give a solution, the authors are working in the analyses of those issues and pretend to give more details in future works. ...
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... are characterized by being nonsinusoidal and nonlinear and by presenting themselves in the form of isolated groups of complex shape, generated periodically according to the internal tides. These groups generally present 3 to 12 ISWs with decreasing amplitudes (Apel [2002]), as descripted in Figure 13. Garrett and Munk [1979] provide an extensive review of the physical properties of internal oceanic waves. ...
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... internal tides, ISWs generate short waves (wavelengths varying from 102 to 103 m) that sharply alter the free-surface roughness, allowing their detection by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images. In Figure 14 Jackson and Apel [2004] illustrate how widely distributed this phenomenon is, being especially relevant in regions where the existence of expressive astronomical tides and extensive continental shelfs are combined. In the sense of achieving a better understanding about the formation and propagation of ISWs packets, as well as to describe its vertical velocity structure, computational fluid dynamics technics represent a powerful tool. ...
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... the Delft3D platform in the works of Molinas [2020] and Molinas et al. [2020] and represent a hypothetical situation that resembles the typical characteristics of the ISWs packets that are formed on the Amazon continental shelf (a worldwide hotspot for this phenomenon). Figure 15 (panel A) illustrates the surface signature of two consecutive ISWs packets moving away from their formation zone in the shelf break (propagation to the right). The panel B of the same figure highlights the crests and troughs of the nine ISW that form the packet to the left in the panel A. Figure 16 shows the vertical structure of the horizontal currents associated to the passage of one these ISWs packets. ...
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... 15 (panel A) illustrates the surface signature of two consecutive ISWs packets moving away from their formation zone in the shelf break (propagation to the right). The panel B of the same figure highlights the crests and troughs of the nine ISW that form the packet to the left in the panel A. Figure 16 shows the vertical structure of the horizontal currents associated to the passage of one these ISWs packets. In comparison with Figure 15, it is important to notice that every water surface crest in Figure 15 corresponds to a thermocline trough in Figure 16 (black lines represent isopicnal surfaces). ...
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... panel B of the same figure highlights the crests and troughs of the nine ISW that form the packet to the left in the panel A. Figure 16 shows the vertical structure of the horizontal currents associated to the passage of one these ISWs packets. In comparison with Figure 15, it is important to notice that every water surface crest in Figure 15 corresponds to a thermocline trough in Figure 16 (black lines represent isopicnal surfaces). Antagonistic behaviors occur above and below the pycnocline. ...
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... panel B of the same figure highlights the crests and troughs of the nine ISW that form the packet to the left in the panel A. Figure 16 shows the vertical structure of the horizontal currents associated to the passage of one these ISWs packets. In comparison with Figure 15, it is important to notice that every water surface crest in Figure 15 corresponds to a thermocline trough in Figure 16 (black lines represent isopicnal surfaces). Antagonistic behaviors occur above and below the pycnocline. ...
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... panel B of the same figure highlights the crests and troughs of the nine ISW that form the packet to the left in the panel A. Figure 16 shows the vertical structure of the horizontal currents associated to the passage of one these ISWs packets. In comparison with Figure 15, it is important to notice that every water surface crest in Figure 15 corresponds to a thermocline trough in Figure 16 (black lines represent isopicnal surfaces). Antagonistic behaviors occur above and below the pycnocline. ...
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... the O&G exploitation steps into deeper water, the application of SCR becomes wider due to its excellent combined performances of reliability and economy. However, as illustrated in Figure 16, the touchdown point (TDP) between the riser and seabed is found to be more susceptible to appear stress concentration which leads to fatigue damage. According to the subsea survey by remote operating vehicles (ROV), the trench will be generated beneath the SCR with a depth of several riser diameters due to the riser-soil interaction. ...
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... clarify the influences of trench on fatigue damage at the TDP, Shoghi and Shiri [2019] investigated the dependency of fatigue damage on the variable TDZ in the trench, due to the low-frequency drift of the vessel using both analytical and numerical approaches. The peak fatigue damage was found decreased in the far offset zone (FOZ), while increased in the near offset zone (NOZ), as illustrated in Figure 17. Figure 17: The schematic view of the SCR considering soil-riser interaction Also, the fatigue damage variation due to the trench effect was found dependent on the direction of the predominant fatigue sea states and the low-frequency excursion of the vessel. ...
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... peak fatigue damage was found decreased in the far offset zone (FOZ), while increased in the near offset zone (NOZ), as illustrated in Figure 17. Figure 17: The schematic view of the SCR considering soil-riser interaction Also, the fatigue damage variation due to the trench effect was found dependent on the direction of the predominant fatigue sea states and the low-frequency excursion of the vessel. ...
