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In the early 2010s, only 23 countries had access to the liquefied natural gas (hereinafter – LNG). Import terminals, despite attractive short-term economics, took long time to build, and rigid supply contracts made truly global use of LNG rather complicated. Concerns about geo-political risks also stunted demand growth from existing supply sources,...
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Despite various benefits that the natural gas mobility can provide, CNG (hereinafter – compressed natural gas) and LNG (hereinafter – liquified natural gas) filling infrastructure both in Latvia and the Baltic States as a whole is still at the stage of active development. As a result, the natural gas fuelled vehicle fleet comprises less than 1 % of...
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... A decade ago, only 23 countries had access to the liquified natural gas (LNG) market (Savickis et al., 2021); the complexity of the liquid natural gas supply chain, infrastructure investments, and timeline execution are substantial market barriers. Despite the natural gas trade's important size and global potential, the corresponding supply chain operations are not flexible and practical. ...
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) is a major energy market experiencing significant supply chain evolution. Supply terms are progressively changing from long-term and binding contracts to shorter-term and flexible clauses, taking into consideration demand uncertainties. This context is making heavy investments in the LNG infrastructure risky, costly, and irreversible. The focus is shifting towards small-scale midstream facilities to develop small-size markets. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the LNG supply chain from an infrastructure investment approach based on market size and recent technological developments in the field. It addresses the limitations of the classic conducted supply chain and investigates best practices adapted to emerging markets. If properly executed, these logistics alternatives enable emerging markets to access LNG in a short period with lower investment. The objective is to maximize added value while minimizing cost and operational risks. This work suggests an alternative supply chain process replacing onshore terminals and pipeline delivery by Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FRSU) and truck delivery in the midstream market. A SWOT analysis is conducted for the alternative supply chain model, showcasing the strengths and weaknesses alongside opportunities and threats. The result and discussion section develop the main aspects of strategic and operational supply chain decision-making for LNG to find new developing opportunities and faster growth.
... By that time, however, the Lithuanian LNG terminal project was already in progress, rendering the regional plans obsolete. Throughout the past decade, the plans or two LNG terminals suraced in the debate in Latvia: the Kundzinsala Southern Project(Savickis et al. 2021: 49) and the Skulte LNG Terminal Project.120 ...
... Such a status would ensure faster and smoother project development, which would be valuable in circumstances, when all the Russian gas import must be reduced to the bare minimum or even completely ceased. In this case, LNG import terminal development in Skulte would ensure fast and efficient natural gas supply routes and source diversification for Latvia [42]. ...
The aim of our paper is to evaluate the maximum Shannon (syntactic) information carried through a video lecture. To achieve the aim, we have considered a natural lecture delivered by a lecturer as a signal transmitted over the physical communication channel consisting of a sound sub-channel and light sub-channel. Receivers are eyes and ears of listeners whose physical characteristics are taken into account. The physiological, neurological and cognitive aspects of the problem are neglected in calculations. The method has been developed to calculate the absolute maximum values of Shannon information characteristics of a natural lecture basing on the capacity formula of continuous communication channel and physical considerations taken into account for the first time, to our knowledge. Maximum Shannon information characteristics (entropies of sound and light frames, amounts of total acoustical and optical information, capacities of sound and light sub-channels, total amount of information and total capacity) of a natural lecture perceived by the audience have been calculated. These values are the upper bounds of a video lecture. The obtained results are discussed in the paper. After some modification, the proposed method can be practically applied for the optimization of both natural and video lectures because there is some correlation between syntactic and semantic information characteristics.
... Given the availability of the natural gas technologies and the good prospects for achieving transport decarbonisation targets, they are often preferred, for example, in transport in large cities of several European countries (Germany, Italy, Switzerland) and the United States. Thanks to positive environmental performance, including GHG savings, they are also entering maritime transport, opening up new global markets for the wider and more intensive use of the natural gas resources worldwide [25], [26]. ...
... The expected business areas of the terminal were outlined as follows: bunkering, trade of LNG, including deliveries to road transport filling stations and alternative distribution networks, and injection of regasified natural gas into the Latvian natural gas distribution network [26]. ...
... Instead, the developers made an assumption that Incukalns UGS will serve as a permanent storage for all delivered natural gas resources, and direct high-pressure pipe-line connection between the storage and the LNG terminal will be built. Despite the fact that preliminary costs of the project are not yet known, the developers announced that total estimated investments would be at least 3 times less than for any other LNG terminal type of comparable capacity with LNG cold storage option [29], [26]. ...
Despite various benefits that the natural gas mobility can provide, CNG (hereinafter – compressed natural gas) and LNG (hereinafter – liquified natural gas) filling infrastructure both in Latvia and the Baltic States as a whole is still at the stage of active development. As a result, the natural gas fuelled vehicle fleet comprises less than 1 % of all registered road vehicles in the Baltics, but, with regards to transport and climate policies of the European Union (hereinafter – the EU), it has a significant potential for further growth.
In order to estimate the perspectives of mobility of natural gas, including bioCNG and liquified biomethane (hereinafter – LBM), CNG has been chosen and analysed as a possible alternative fuel in Latvia with its environmental and economic benefits and payback distance for CNG vehicles compared to petrol and diesel cars. The review of various types of CNG filling stations is also presented, along with information on operating tax rates and currently registered vehicles divided by types of fuel in Latvia.
It was established that with the Latvian fuel price reference of the late 2020, exploitation of CNG-powered vehicle was by 24 % cheaper per kilometre in comparison with diesel and by 66 % cheaper in comparison with petrol vehicles. CNG vehicles have smaller operational taxes, since they are based on carbon dioxide (hereinafter – CO) emissions, which are lower for CNG-powered vehicles. Calculation results also indicate that CNG vehicle payback time may fall within the warrant period, if at least 57650 kilometres as an alternative to a petrol vehicle or 71 531 kilometres as an alternative to a diesel vehicle are driven by it.
Amaç: Tüm dünyada artan enerji ihtiyacı, ülkeleri enerji kaynaklarına erişimlerinde alternatif çözümlere itmektedir. Temiz ve güvenilir enerji kaynaklarından birisi olan LNG pek çok ülke için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Geleneksel anlamda ülkeler LNG ihtiyaçlarını LNG gemileri ile taşıtmakta ve kara terminallerine bu yükü aktarıp, regazifikasyon sürecinden geçirtmektedir. Son dönemde bu anlayış değişmekte ve ülkeler ihtiyaçlarını FSRU gemilerini kullanarak sağlamaktadır. Yeni pazarlara ve tedarik noktalarına erişimde maliyetleri ve tedarik sürelerini azaltan bu alternatif çözüme yönelik eğilim artmaktadır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmada akademik literatürde rastlanmayan FSRU gemi seçimi probleminde göz önünde bulundurulması gereken kriterler belirlenmiş ve bu kriterlerin önem ağırlıkları ile nedensel ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. İlgili konuda çok az sayıda bulunan uzman grubundan ulaşılabilinen üç kişi ile grup odak çalışması yapılmış ve bu yolla belirlenen kriterlerin önem ağırlıklarının tespiti için Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan analizde REGAS kapasitesi, depolama kapasitesi ve maliyetler en önemli kriterler olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm kriterlerin neden sonuç ilişkileri incelendiğinde maliyetler, teslim zamanı, tank tipi ve gemi draftı kriterleri alıcı/etkilenen (receiver) diğerleri etkileyen (impact) kriterler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra FSRU seçiminde; REGAS kapasitesi ve depolama kapasitesi kriterlerinin hem biri birlerini hem de maliyetleri etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Özgünlük: Akademik literatürde FSRU gemilerinin seçimine yönelik kriterlerin belirlendiği, önem ağırlıklarının hesaplandığı ve kriterler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelendiği bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır
Natural gas is relatively clean energy source, which emits less greenhouse gases (hereinafter – GHG), compared to other fossil fuels, such as hard and brown coal, and therefore it may be the most feasible resource to ensure smooth energy transition towards Europe’s climate neutrality by 2050. Traditional natural gas can be easily transported and used in liquefied (hereinafter – LNG) or compressed form. As for biomethane, in future it also can be used in liquefied (hereinafter – bioLNG) and compressed form, as well as transported by means of the current natural gas infrastructure. It can also significantly enhance regional and national energy security and independence, which has been challenging for the European Union (hereinafter – EU) over at least several decades.
Issue on energy independence, security of supply, alternative natural gas sources has been in a hotspot of the Baltic energy policy makers as well. Now, considering Russia’s invasion in Ukraine, since late February 2022, a problem of the EU natural gas dependency on the Russian Federation has escalated again and with force never before experienced. The European natural gas prices also hit records, as the natural gas prices in the Netherlands Title Transfer Facility reached 345 euros per megawatt-hour (hereinafter – EUR/MWh) in March 2022.
Therefore, LNG import terminal is the only viable option to reduce national dependency of the so-called pipe gas which in some cases, due to the insufficient interconnections, may be delivered from very limited number of sources. The European policy makers and relevant institutions are currently working towards radical EU natural gas supply diversification, where LNG deliveries coming from outside of Russia will certainly take a central stage.
In case of Latvia, the potential benefits of the LNG terminal development in Skulte were evaluated in order to reduce energy independence of the Russian natural gas deliveries in the Baltic region and to introduce new ways and sources of the natural gas flows to the Baltics. LNG terminal in Skulte could ensure significant capital investment cost reduction comparing to other projects proposed for Latvia in different periods, due to already existing natural gas transmission infrastructure and the relative closeness to the Incukalns underground gas storage (hereinafter – UGS). Various aspects, such as technical, political and economic ones, were analysed to assure that Skulte LNG terminal would be a real asset not only to customers of Latvia, but also to those of the whole Baltic region, where in future it would be possible to use biomethane for efficient utilisation of existing and developing natural gas infrastructure.
