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Prey consumption by Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was studied in the presence and absence of apple powdery mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Everh.) under constant laboratory conditions. Eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch were offered to predatory mites as a prey. Seven densities ranging from five to 100 T. urticae eggs per arena were used. Mi...
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Citations
... Some of these phytoseiid species are classified as food-generalists, where they also feed on pollen, fungi, and plant exudates [193]. For example, T. pyri has been found feeding on apple leaves and fruits as well as apple powdery mildew, even in the presence of pollen and prey [194,195]. This could potentially facilitate the transmission of plant viruses either directly or via virus-infected fungi [196]. ...
The estimated global production of raspberry from year 2016 to 2020 averaged 846,515
tons. The most common cultivated Rubus spp. is European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus). Often cultivated for its high nutritional value, the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is susceptible to multiple viruses that lead to yield loss. These viruses are transmitted through different mechanisms, of which one is invertebrate vectors. Aphids and nematodes are known to be vectors of specific raspberry viruses. However, there are still other potential raspberry virus vectors that are not wellstudied. This review aimed to provide an overview of studies related to this topic. All the known invertebrates feeding on raspberry were summarized. Eight species of aphids and seven species of plant-parasitic nematodes were the only proven raspberry virus vectors. In addition, the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis, has been suggested as the natural vector of raspberry leaf blotch virus based on the current available evidence. Interactions between vector and non-vector herbivore may promote the spread of raspberry viruses. As a conclusion, there are still multiple aspects of this topic that require further studies to get a better understanding of the interactions among the viral pathogens, invertebrate vectors, and non-vectors in the raspberry agroecosystem. Eventually, this will assist in development of better pest management strategies.
... have been suggested to play a variety of roles in these agroecosystems, from passive vectors of plant pathogens to prey resources for phytoseiids (Croft et al. 1998;McMurtry et al. 2013;Suski 1972;Vangansbeke et al. 2020). They have been observed to successfully consume Penicillium (Lindquist 1986), Alternaria, Beauveria, and Cladosporium (Lindquist 1986), Aspergillus (Lindquist 1972;Vangansbeke et al. 2020), andFusarium (Beer 1954;Vangansbeke et al. 2020), among other pathogens, however, the importance of plant pathogens to the diets of phytoseiids has been recorded only a few times (Chant 1959;Duso et al. 2003;Momen and Abdelkhader 2010;Zemek 2005;Zemek and Prenerov 1997). Consumption of plant pathogens has implicated some tarsonemids in the passive-vector transmission of apple rot pathogens (Li et al. 2018;Michailides et al. 1994;Van der Walt et al. 2011) and citrus pathogens such as sooty mold (Nucifora and Vacante 2004). ...
Tritrophic relationships involving tarsonemids and predatory phytoseiids are common in a variety of agroecosystems, but due to the wide range of diets in both families, it is necessary to understand what food resources they are consuming to determine potential impact on crops. We investigated a frequent association of cucurbit powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii), Tarsonemus bilobatus, and Proprioseiopsis mexicanus in watermelon and pumpkin fields to determine whether P. mexicanus is consuming either or both of the other organisms. We also examined developmental and reproductive capability of P. mexicanus on these diets. If P. mexicanus is an effective predator of T. bilobatus, it may also be useful in controlling pest tarsonemids, such as broad mites. Proprioseiopsis mexicanus either starved or escaped from arenas rather than consume P. xanthii. When consuming T. bilobatus, P. mexicanus females developed from larva to adult in ca. 3 days. On this diet, the preoviposition period was ca. 2 days and P. mexicanus laid 1.7 eggs/day. These results are comparable to some of the higher-quality non-prey resources investigated in the literature. Starved female P. mexicanus consumed 6.5 T. bilobatus of mixed stages in 1 h. This study provides support for further research into the importance of non-pest tarsonemids as a resource to maintain the presence of generalist predatory mites as an early-intervention natural enemy. Further work should examine the efficacy of P. mexicanus as a natural enemy of economically important pest tarsonemids.
... Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the occurrence, species composition and population densities of Phytoseiidae on introduced A. hippocastanum in Central Europe with that on the tree species in Greece. Since some phytoseiid species feed on fungi (Zemek and Prenerová, 1997;Duso et al., 2003;Zemek, 2005;Pozzebon et al., 2009), we hypothesize that the population density of phytoseiids might be positively correlated with the occurrence of the fungal pathogen G. aesculi. A higher infestation by C. ohridella might also support a phytoseiid population by providing more shelters similar to abandoned mines of the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) (Villanueva and Childers, 2011). ...
... The leaf area damaged by the leaf blotch was significantly higher in České Budějovice than that in Orestiada, which is likely due to favorable abiotic conditions, mainly humidity. Since fungivory in some phytoseiid species was well-documented, for example T. pyri, E. finlandicus and K. aberrans readily feed on several mildew species (Kropczyńska-Linkiewicz, 1971;Zemek and Prenerová, 1997;Duso et al., 2003;Zemek, 2005;Pozzebon et al., 2009), we expected that they could utilize G. aesculi as a food source as well. No correlation between mite density and the leaf blotch damage was, however, confirmed in this study. ...
Horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae), is a large deciduous tree native to a small area in the Pindus Mountain mixed forests and the Balkan mixed forests of Southeast Europe. It was introduced to most countries in Europe mainly for ornamental purposes. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence, species composition and population densities of phytoseiid mites on A. hippocastanum in countries where this tree species is autochthonous and to compare them with Central Europe. In addition, we tested whether the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella or the horse chestnut leaf blotch, Guignardia aesculi has any effect on Phytoseiidae population density. Leaf samples were collected in the cities of České Budějovice, Czech Republic and Orestiada, Greece in September 2013 and 2015, respectively. Thirty compound leaves were randomly taken from tree branches up to 2.5 m above ground in both localities. Mites were collected by washing the leaves in ethanol and were then mounted in lactic acid and identified. A total of 441 specimens of phytoseiid mites belonging to six species (Euseius finlandicus, Neoseiulella tiliarum, Kampimodromus aberrans, Paraseiulus talbii, Phytoseius macropilis and Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri) were collected. A significantly higher population density of Phytoseiidae was found in České Budějovice. The density was not affected by the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella or the horse chestnut leaf blotch, Guignardia aesculi. Euseius finlandicus was the predominant species in both České Budějovice (96.8%) and Orestiada (48.4%) where, however, it competed with K. aberrans (42.9%).
... Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the occurrence, species composition and population densities of Phytoseiidae on introduced A. hippocastanum in Central Europe with that on the tree species in Greece. Since some phytoseiid species feed on fungi (Zemek and Prenerová, 1997;Duso et al., 2003;Zemek, 2005;Pozzebon et al., 2009), we hypothesize that the population density of phytoseiids might be positively correlated with the occurrence of the fungal pathogen G. aesculi. A higher infestation by C. ohridella might also support a phytoseiid population by providing more shelters similar to abandoned mines of the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) (Villanueva and Childers, 2011). ...
... The leaf area damaged by the leaf blotch was significantly higher in České Budějovice than that in Orestiada, which is likely due to favorable abiotic conditions, mainly humidity. Since fungivory in some phytoseiid species was well-documented, for example T. pyri, E. finlandicus and K. aberrans readily feed on several mildew species (Kropczyńska-Linkiewicz, 1971;Zemek and Prenerová, 1997;Duso et al., 2003;Zemek, 2005;Pozzebon et al., 2009), we expected that they could utilize G. aesculi as a food source as well. No correlation between mite density and the leaf blotch damage was, however, confirmed in this study. ...
Horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae), is a large deciduous tree native to a small area in the Pindus Mountain mixed forests and the Balkan mixed forests of Southeast Europe. It was introduced to most countries in Europe mainly for ornamental purposes. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence, species composition and population densities of phytoseiid mites on A. hippocastanum in countries where this tree species is autochthonous and to compare them with Central Europe. In addition, we tested whether the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella or the horse chestnut leaf blotch, Guignardia aesculi has any effect on Phytoseiidae population density. Leaf samples were collected in the cities of České Budějovice, Czech Republic and Orestiada, Greece in September 2013 and 2015, respectively. Thirty compound leaves were randomly taken from tree branches up to 2.5 m above ground in both localities. Mites were collected by washing the leaves in ethanol and were then mounted in lactic acid and identified. A total of 441 specimens of phytoseiid mites belonging to six species (Euseius finlandicus, Neoseiulella tiliarum, Kampimodromus aberrans, Paraseiulus talbii, Phytoseius macropilis and Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri) were collected. A significantly higher population density of Phytoseiidae was found in České Budějovice. The density was not affected by the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella or the horse chestnut leaf blotch, Guignardia aesculi. Euseius finlandicus was the predominant species in both České Budějovice (96.8%) and Orestiada (48.4%) where, however, it competed with K. aberrans (42.9%).
... McMurtry & Scriven (1966) also reported that the presence of pollen decreased prey consumption in Amblyseius hibisci Chant. In addition, Zemek (2005) revealed that the presence of apple mildew conidia (as a supplementary diet) significantly decreased prey consumption in Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten females. ...
Supply of alternative food is generally thought to enhance the performance of generalist predatory mites. The effects of three different pollens (maize, date palm, and bee-collected pollen) as supplementary diets on the life table and predation capacity of Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) were determined. Total fecundity on TSSM in the presence of the pollen was significantly higher than those on the pollen alone. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) on TSSM in the presence of the maize pollen (0.1409 day-1) was significantly higher than those on TSSM (as control) and/or the other diets. In addition, N. californicus consumed fewer prey in the presence of the maize pollen than the other pollen types. However, lower prey consumption in the presence of this pollen was compensated by an increase in reproduction and survive. In conclusion, the effectiveness of N. californicus on TSSM in the presence of the maize pollen was superior to the other pollens. However, although the other pollen types had no obvious positive effect on the performance of N. californicus, they might increase long-term persistence of the predator-prey system.
... Domatia are small morphogenetic hollow structures on plants and can serve as shelters for mites and other arthropods (Heil & McKey, 2003;Norton et al., 2000;Romero & Benson, 2004. In return, mites and other arthropods living in domatia provide benefit to the plants by removing spores and hyphae of pathogenic fungi and by preying on phytophagous mites and other harmful arthropods (O'Dowd & Willson, 1997;Norton et al., 2000;Romero & Benson, 2004Duso et al., 2005;Zemek, 2005;English-Loeb et al., 2005Monks et al., 2007;Pozzebon et al., 2009;O'Connell et al., 2015;Tempfli et al., 2015). ...
Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching two types of defenses: direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host plants to insect herbivores by affecting the physiology and/or behavior of the attackers. Indirect defense includes all traits that by themselves do not have significant direct impact on the attacking herbivores, but can attract natural enemies of the herbivores and thus reduce plant loss. When plants recognize herbivore-associated elicitors, they produce and release a blend of volatiles that can attract predators, parasites, and other natural enemies. Known herbivore-associated elicitors include fatty acid-amino acid conjugates, sulfur-containing fatty acids, fragments of cell walls, peptides, esters, and enzymes. Identified plant volatiles include terpenes, nitrogenous compounds, and indoles. In addition, constitive traits including extrafloral nectars, food bodies, and domatia can be further induced to higher levels and attract natural enemies as well as provide food and shelter to carnivores. A better understanding of indirect plant defense at global and componential levels via advanced high throughput technologies may lead to utilization of indirect defense in suppression of herbivore damage to plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Different foods can co-occur on grapevine with a possible influence on the performance of predatory mites as biocontrol agents. Predation pressure on the prey can be reduced in the presence of alternative food sources such as apple powdery mildew or T. latifolia pollen (Wei and Walde 1997;Zemek 2005). A predator should prefer to forage on a more profitable food and switch to a less profitable food when the former is scarce, increasing the probability of predator persistence (Murdoch 1969;van Baalen et al. 2001). ...
Biological parameters, prey consumption and prey conversion into egg biomass of overwintered females of the phytoseiids Kampimodromus aberrans, Amblyseius andersoni and Typhlodromus pyri fed with varying numbers of Eotetranychus carpini females or pollen were studied in the laboratory. We found that pollen and E. carpini females proved to be optimal foods for overwintered phytoseiids. In most comparisons pollen induced performances comparable to those recorded when predatory mites were supplied with 4-8 prey per day. Typhlodromus pyri and A. andersoni females survived longer when fed on pollen and the percentage of K. aberrans ovipositing females was higher with pollen than with spider mite prey. For K. aberrans and T. pyri, periods to diapause termination were comparable when pollen or eight prey per predator per day were provided. Oviposition times were long for T. pyri and A. andersoni fed with pollen. Low numbers (1-2) of E. carpini drastically reduced predatory mite oviposition, particularly in A. andersoni that showed high requirements in terms of food biomass. Results highlighted the importance of pollen for overwintered predatory mites. The results obtained can help in understanding some aspects of the biology and behaviour of the three predatory mites in vineyards.
... They are able to feed on the main prey that is also mites and during periods with low prey densities the predator population can persist by feeding on alternative foods, such as pollen and fungi causing plant diseases (Pozzebon et al. 2009;Duso et al. 2005). Some authors suggest that the presence of plant pathogenic fungi on the leaves may provide favorable condition, such as the ones inside the leaf domatia (Reding et al. 2001;Zemek 2005). Coffee plants possess pit-shaped domatia that are located in the primary vein axils on the underside of leaves (O'Dowd 1994) and they have been shown to have positive effects on predatory mite population. ...
One of the most important diseases of coffee plants is the coffee leaf rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley and Broome (Uredinales). It can cause 30 % yield loss in some varieties of Coffea arabica (L.). Besides fungus, the coffee plants are attacked by phytophagous mites. The most common species is the coffee red mite, Oligonychus ilicis McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae). Predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family are well-known for their potential to control herbivorous mites and insects, but they can also develop and reproduce on various other food sources, such as plant pathogenic fungi. In a field survey, we found Ricoseius loxocheles (De Leon) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on the necrotic areas caused by the coffee leaf rust fungus during the reproductive phase of the pathogen. We therefore assessed the development, survivorship and reproduction of R. loxocheles feeding on coffee leaf rust fungus and measured predation and oviposition of this phytoseiid having coffee red mite as prey under laboratory conditions. The mite fed, survived, developed and reproduced successfully on this pathogen but it was not able to prey on O. ilicis. Survival and oviposition with only prey were the same as without food. This phytoseiid mite does not really use O. ilicis as food. It is suggested that R. loxocheles is one phytoseiid that uses fungi as a main food source.
... This suggests that a lower suitability of GDM compared to animal prey for both predatory mites. The presence of alternative foods (e.g., apple powdery mildew, Typha latifolia pollen) can reduce short term predator pressure on the prey (Wei and Walde, 1997;Zemek, 2005). Theoretically, a predator should prefer to forage on a more profitable food (energy content divided by handling time) and switch to a less profitable food when the first is scarce, allowing predator persistence (Murdoch, 1969;van Baalen et al., 2001). ...
Generalist phytoseiids are often observed for long periods on plants in the absence of prey, feeding on alternative foods and reaching high population levels. The persistence of generalist predatory mites on plants with a scarcity or absence of prey is a requirement for successful biocontrol strategies of herbivore mites. The importance of pollen as an alternative food for the support of generalist predatory mite populations is widely recognized. However, on grape the presence of pollen is often limited and thus other food sources should contribute towards generalist predatory mite persistence on perennial plants. Previous field observations reported the relationships between the population increases of generalist phytoseiids with late-season spread of grape downy mildew (GDM) Plasmopara viticola. In this study, we test the hypothesis that GDM could be a suitable food source for the predatory mites Amblyseius andersoni and Typhlodromus pyri. In the laboratory we compared the development times, oviposition rates and life-table parameters of predatory mites feeding on pollen or GDM mycelium and spores. Grape downy mildew supported the survival, development and oviposition of T. pyri and A. andersoni. Life-table parameters showed that GDM was a less suitable food source than pollen for both phytoseiid species and that it was more favorable for A. andersoni than for T. pyri. Implications for predator–prey interactions and conservation biological control in vineyards are discussed.
... proved to be an alternative food for T. pyri. However, availability of apple powdery mildew reduced consumption of eggs of T. urticae (Zemek, 2005). Maize pollen was confirmed to be of sufficient nutrition value even if it originated from transgenic variety with Bt toxin (Zemek & Vávrová, 2008). ...
A simple shake-and wash technique for monitoring mites was developed. A faunal survey documented twenty-five species of phytoseiids. Typhlodromus pyri was abundant only in some of commercial sprayed orchards and vineyards, or was absent. The residual leaf-dip tests indicated considerable differences in susceptibility of T. pyri strains to azinphos-ethyl (Gusathion A). Local resistant populations of T. pyri were revealed. The seasonal history of T. pyri was described and data on population dynamics, number of generations, feeding, mating and reproductive habits as well as seasonal distribution within the apple tree canopy were collected. It was documented that communities of predatory phytoseiid mites and spider and eriophyid mites were influenced by specific type of chemical treatment. The long-term residual efficacy of 16 pesticides to the predatory phytoseiid mite T. pyri was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Consequently specific spraying program against noxious tortricid moths and fungi in orchards and vineyards was set up to be compatible with T. pyri. A residual leaf-dip test proved a different innate susceptibility of susceptible and resistant strains of T. pyri, Euseius finlandicus, and Phytoseius echinus to azinphos-ethyl. E. finlandicus was the most susceptible whereas a susceptible strain of T. pyri the most tolerant. Esterase and glutathione S-transferase activities gave a good correlation between susceptibilities of these strains to azinphos-ethyl and activities of glutathione S-transferases. In summer, resistant populations of T. pyri were transfered to the predatory mite-free vineyards and orchards on one-yr shoots of apple or vine whereas in winter textile carrier strips with hibernating females were used. Life tables of overwintered females and their progeny of T. pyri fed on Tetranychus urticae and Cecidophyopsis ribis were constructed. Also powdery mildew affected parameters of development and proved to be important alternative food for T. pyri.
