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Two types of asymmetric heel wear or compression features modelled in this study. Lateral wear is simulated with a medial heel wedge and medial wear is simulated with a lateral wedge.
Source publication
Asymmetric medial or lateral outer sole heel wear is often seen in worn footwear. We assessed the effect of 1 mm thick medial and lateral hindfoot wedges on the heel raise performance task.
Crossover trial with repeated measures.
University laboratory.
Thirty-eight physically active and injury free participants.
A 1 mm thick tapered wedge was affix...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... a 1 mm medial or lateral wedge taped to the bare hindfoot ( Fig. 1). A baseline barefoot control (no wedge) preceded and fol- lowed each of the interventions. The order of the wedge conditions (medial or lateral) was alternated between successive participants. The medial and lateral wedges were used to simulate respective asymmetric heel wear (Fig. ...
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Citations
... La moyenne de l'IMC de la population ayant permis d'établir ces valeurs normatives s'élevait à 24,2 kg/m 2 . Or, il est rapporté une diminution des performances avec un IMC plus élevé [8]. Donc, pour l'évaluation d'un patient avec un IMC supérieur à 24,2 kg/m 2 , les valeurs normatives seront probablement plus faibles que celles proposées dans cette fiche technique. ...
... As for the worn-shoe group, the stance time increased significantly and the ankle revealed a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion, which indicated that runners might alter their running patterns to maintain constant external loads. Another study [7] used a 1 mm thick tapered wedge to simulate the wear of footwear. The results revealed consistent results that lateral heel wear led to a decrease in functional performance under the condition of single-leg weight bearing. ...
The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of lateral-heel-worn shoes (LHWS) on balance control ability through the single-leg drop jump test. The results could be beneficial by preventing lower limb injuries. Eighteen healthy participants performed the single-leg drop jump test. Times to stabilization for ground reaction forces (TTSG) in the anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and vertical directions were calculated to quantify dynamic balance control ability. Outcome variables of the center of pressure (COP) were used to examine the main effect of LHWS during the static phase. The postural control ability was assessed through time to stabilization for the center of mass (TTSC) in the three directions. TTSG and TTSC for the LHWS group were found to be longer than those for the new shoes (NS) group in the M/L direction (p < 0.05). An increase in the TTS revealed an increased risk of falls during physical activities. However, no significant effects for both TTSG and TTSC were found in the other two directions between LHWS and NS groups. A static phase was cropped using TTSG for each trial, which indicated a phase after participants obtained balance. Outcome measures derived from COP showed no significant effects in the static phase. In conclusion, LHWS weakened balance control ability and postural stability in the M/L direction when compared to the NS group. During the static phase, no significant differences were found between the LHWS group and the NS group in balance control ability and postural stability. Consequently, lateral-worn shoes might increase the risk of fall injuries. The results could serve as an evaluation of shoe degradation for individuals with the aim of avoiding the risk of falls.
... También se debe utilizar al evaluar al corredor/a reproduciendo este test en condición descalza y calzada. La realización de este test en clínica nos permite evaluar el efecto de posibles desgastes en el calzado (zona posterior lateral o medial) y de la compresión de la mediasuela, y puede proporcionar información sobre cómo el calzado altera la retroalimentación neuromuscular 20 . ...
... Alternative methods of assessing midsole hardness may be required for use in studies without subsets and/or with commercially available footwear. Sole et al. assesses the mediolateral differences of midsole hardness using the mode of durometer readings from the outer edge of the rear-foot and forefoot (Sole, 2012;Sole et al., 2014;Sole, Milosavljevic, Sole, & Sullivan, 2010). A recent study found a durometer to be an objective and accurate measurement of midsole hardness (Cornwall & McPoil, 2017). ...
Background: Many footwear characteristics are argued as risk factors for running related injuries (RRI). Several footwear assessment tools are available; however, their use in studies of RRI is unknown. Objective: This systematic review evaluated the characteristics and methods of assessing footwear in studies of RRI. Design: Five online databases were searched for studies on adult runners, in running style footwear, who experienced running-related pain or injury. The methodological quality of included articles was independently assessed by two raters using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Study and participant characteristics, footwear assessment tools used, and footwear characteristics reported were extracted for qualitative synthesis. Results: Twenty-four articles were included in the review. Low risk of bias was determined for 11 (44%) of the included studies. Twenty-eight different footwear characteristics were grouped into four categories: nomenclature, measurements, qualitative features, and subjective features. Fifteen different methods for assessing the 28 footwear characteristics were reported among the included studies. Only three methods were described previously, as valid and reliable. Conclusion: Differences in assessing footwear may mask the link between footwear characteristics and injury risk. Systematic footwear assessments and nomenclature are needed to evaluate the effects of footwear characteristics on RRI.
... As the variability of the mediolateral GRF was influenced by shoe asymmetry both during barefoot and while shod, the question is raised to which extent the CNS may be influenced by long term use of asymmetric footwear. We previously explored the effects of simulated 1 mm medial and lateral asymmetry on heel-raise performance, which was immediately affected (Sole, Milosavljevic, Sole, & John Sullivan, 2010). Furthermore, military recruits with greater lateral shoe heel abrasion have been shown to have a higher risk of incurring a lateral ankle sprain (Finestone et al., 2012). ...
Balance has been explored as risk or consequence of various musculoskeletal injuries and falls. However, the influence of footwear on variables of dynamic balance are not well understood. The aim of this study was to (1) compare dynamic postural stability barefoot to personal well-used footwear and (2) determine the influence of footwear mediolateral asymmetry on dynamic stability. 106 healthy participants, aged 32.4 (SD 13.3) years, performed a double- to single-leg stance task while standing on two force platforms barefoot and in their own footwear. Medial and lateral outersole thickness and midsole hardness were measured for asymmetry. Variability of anterioposterior (SDFx) and mediolateral (SDFy) ground reaction forces (GRF), center of pressures (COP) displacement (COPd), mean COP velocity (COPv), and Time To Stabilisation of both forces (TTSFx and TTSFy) were calculated. During double-leg stance, SDFy was more variable barefoot by 12.2% (95%CI 1.2-24.3%, p=0.028). Significant differences between barefoot and footwear of 13.8% (7.4-20.7%, p=0.001), 25.9% (17.0-35.4%, p=0.001), 16.5% (8.8-24.7%, p=0.001) were measured during the transition phase for SDFx, COPd and COPv respectively. Similar results were found for all these variables during single-leg stance. In contrast, TTSFx and TTSFy was quicker barefoot than in footwear by 11.9% (4.0-19.2%, p=0.004) and 3.5% (1.2-5.7%, p=0.003). Participants with asymmetric footwear had greater barefoot mediolateral variability (SDFy) during transition than those with symmetric footwear, similarly, during the shod single-leg stance phase. Healthy individuals respond differently to dynamic stability testing while barefoot than in their personal footwear. Footwear asymmetry should be considered when assessing dynamic stability.
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... This increased asymmetry may contribute to ankle inversion injuries (Finestone et al., 2012), increase medial knee joint stress (Radzimski, Mundermann, & Sole, 2012;Fisher, Dyrby, M€ undermann, Morag, & Andriacchi, 2007) and joint loading at the hip, knee and ankle along with peak mediolateral and vertical ground reaction forces (Kerrigan et al., 2009). Sole, Milosavljevic, Sole, and Sullivan, (2010) found small (1 mm) mediolateral changes to the foot-ground interface significantly decreased performance of a dynamic single-legged task (Sole et al., 2010). Additionally, aged or worn footwear induce compensatory movements (Kong, Candelaria, & Smith, 2009), reduce shock absorbing abilities (House, Waterworth, Allsopp, & Dixon, 2002;Saito, Muraki, & Tochihara, 2007), and influence lower-limb stability (Saito et al., 2007). ...
... This increased asymmetry may contribute to ankle inversion injuries (Finestone et al., 2012), increase medial knee joint stress (Radzimski, Mundermann, & Sole, 2012;Fisher, Dyrby, M€ undermann, Morag, & Andriacchi, 2007) and joint loading at the hip, knee and ankle along with peak mediolateral and vertical ground reaction forces (Kerrigan et al., 2009). Sole, Milosavljevic, Sole, and Sullivan, (2010) found small (1 mm) mediolateral changes to the foot-ground interface significantly decreased performance of a dynamic single-legged task (Sole et al., 2010). Additionally, aged or worn footwear induce compensatory movements (Kong, Candelaria, & Smith, 2009), reduce shock absorbing abilities (House, Waterworth, Allsopp, & Dixon, 2002;Saito, Muraki, & Tochihara, 2007), and influence lower-limb stability (Saito et al., 2007). ...
Both design and degradation of footwear contribute to mediolateral asymmetry of the inner-, mid-and outer-sole. Mediolateral asymmetry in footwear affects joint moments around the ankle, knee and hip and may contribute to lower limb injuries and the development of knee osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to establish the reliability of an objective clinical assessment tool for measuring footwear asymmetry. We assessed the within-rater, between-rater and between-day reliability of the Footwear Total Mediolateral Asymmetry Score tool. Two novice and two expert raters assessed ten individual shoes varying in style, size and brand. The inner-, mid-and outersole thickness of each shoe was measured at 14 locations, while midsole hardness was assessed at four locations. Within-rater ICC (2,1) , between-rater ICC (2,1),(2,2),(2,3) and between-day ICC (2,1),(2,2),(2,3) intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for each measurement and for the total asymmetry scores of each shoe. Standard error of measurements (SEM) was determined for all footwear measurements and minimal detectable differences (MDD) were determined for between-day measurements. Within-and between-rater and between-day reliability of all measurements were poor to excellent (0.31-1.00). The MDD for rearfoot and forefoot total asymmetry scores was 1 mm, regardless of rater experience. Based on our findings , the footwear total asymmetry score tool is reliable for assessing the location and magnitude of mediolateral asymmetry in running shoes.
... Alternative methods of assessing midsole hardness may be required for use in studies without subsets and/or with commercially available footwear. Sole et al. assesses the mediolateral differences of midsole hardness using the mode of durometer readings from the outer edge of the rear-foot and forefoot (Sole, 2012;Sole et al., 2014;Sole, Milosavljevic, Sole, & Sullivan, 2010). A recent study found a durometer to be an objective and accurate measurement of midsole hardness (Cornwall & McPoil, 2017). ...
Background: Many footwear characteristics are argued as risk factors for running related injuries (RRI). Several footwear assessment tools are available; however, their use in studies of RRI is unknown.
Objective: This systematic review evaluated the characteristics and methods of assessing footwear in studies of RRI.
Results: Twenty-five articles were included in the review. Low risk of bias was determined for 11 (44%) of the included studies. Twenty-nine different footwear characteristics were grouped into four categories: nomenclature, measurements, qualitative features, and subjective features. Fifteen different methods for assessing the 29 footwear characteristics were reported among the included studies. Only three methods were described previously, as valid and reliable. Conclusion: Differences in assessing footwear may lead to incomplete data and systematic bias between studies of footwear characteristics. Systematic footwear assessments and nomenclature are needed to evaluate the effects of footwear characteristics on RRI.
... Although their study was considered seminal in the field, it scored poorly on a modified Downs and Black quality assessment checklist [1], and did not report the reliability of their testing procedure. Furthermore, despite investigating sex differences, Lunsford and Perry did not account for potential between-leg differences [8,9], nor the impact of age, body mass index (BMI) and activity levels on heelrise performance [9,10]. Indeed, previous studies reported decreased HRT performance with increased age by 20 years [9], higher BMI [10] and participation in fewer endurance-based physical activities [11]. ...
... Furthermore, despite investigating sex differences, Lunsford and Perry did not account for potential between-leg differences [8,9], nor the impact of age, body mass index (BMI) and activity levels on heelrise performance [9,10]. Indeed, previous studies reported decreased HRT performance with increased age by 20 years [9], higher BMI [10] and participation in fewer endurance-based physical activities [11]. Furthermore, sedentary individuals exhibit lesser plantar flexion muscle strength [12] and endurance [13] capacities compared with active individuals during isokinetic dynamometry testing. ...
Objectives
The heel-rise test is used to assess the strength and endurance of the plantar flexors in everyday clinical practice. However, several factors may affect outcomes, including sex, age, body mass index and activity level. The aims of this study were to revisit the reliability and normative values of this test, and establish normative equations accounting for several factors.
Design
Cross-sectional observational study with test–retest.
Setting
Community.
Participants
Volunteers (n = 566, age 20 to 81 years).
Interventions
Subjects performed single-legged heel rises to fatigue, standing on a 10° incline. A subset of subjects (n = 32) repeated the test 1 week later. Reliability was quantified using intraclass (ICC) correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots {mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)]}, whereas the impact of sex, age, body mass index and activity level on the number of heel rises was determined using non-parametric regression models.
Results
The test showed excellent reliability (ICC = 0.96), with mean between-day differences in the total number of heel-rise repetitions of 0.2 (95% CI −6.2 to 6.5) and 0.1 (95% CI −6.1 to 6.2) for right and left legs, respectively. Overall, males completed more repetitions than females (median 24 vs 21). However, older females (age >60 years) outperformed older males. According to the model, younger males with higher activity levels can complete the most heel rises.
Conclusions
The heel-rise test is highly reliable. The regression models herein can be employed by clinicians to evaluate the outcomes of heel-rise tests of individuals against a comparable normative population.
... An interesting study tried to access the influence of asymmetric shoe wear abrasion on lower limb performance. They did found a lower performance on single leg heel raise task when the medial column was higher than the lateral [8]. This implies that outsole abrasion could affect recruits' performance and reinforces the need to study the abrasion patterns. ...
Excessive shoe heel abrasion is of concern to patients and shoe manufacturers, but little scientific information is available about this feature and its possible causes. The purpose of this study was to relate this phenomenon with biomechanical factors that could predispose to shoe heel abrasion.
Ninety-seven recruits (median age 25) were enrolled in this study. Shoe abrasion was assessed manually with a metric plastic tape on the posterior part of the heel that comes in contact with the ground. The number of sprains, foot alignment, and calf muscle shortening (Silfverskiold test) was also assessed in order to relate it with shoe heel abrasion. After using our exclusion criteria, 86 recruits and 172 were considered for this study.
The most common abrasion site was the lateral portion of the heel surface (50 %). Forty-four percent of the participants had neutral hind-foot alignment and 39 % had valgus alignment. Twenty-six (30 %) patients have had previous ankle or foot sprains. Neutral foot was related with less calf muscle shortening. On the other hand, valgus hind-foot alignment was more associated with Achilles shortening (p < 0.05). Patients with neutral alignment were associated with more uniform shoe heel abrasion and varus feet were associated with more central and lateral abrasion (p < 0.05). The pattern of shoe heel abrasion was not statistically related with calf muscle shortening nor with number of sprains.
This study was able to correlate shoe heel abrasion with biomechanical causes (neutral alignment–uniform abrasion/varus alignment–central and lateral abrasion). More effort has to be done to continue evaluating outsole abrasion with its possible biomechanical cause in order to predict and treat possible associated injuries.
... The Heel-Rise Test can be used to assess muscle strength, endurance, fatigue, and balance and equilibrium of the whole body (Sole et al., 2010). ...
... Besides, results of the test can be influenced by using a medial hind foot wedge in the barefoot condition, which causes a decrease of the performance during the task (Sole et al., 2010). The rheumatoid arthritis on foot function also affects the delay of heel-rise, causing the decreasing of the performance too (Turner et al., 2006). ...
The heel-rise test measures the ability to perform eccentric and concentric muscle actions of the plantar
flexor muscles with unilaterally consecutive elevations of the heel. This test is easy to administer and is a
non-invasive test for strength and endurance of the calf muscle. Despite the part that this test has proven
reliability, it has been difficult to measure its results, as it depends on the subjectivity of the examiner and
conditions of the place of testing. This research consists in the design and development of a mobile
application for the heel-rise test. The algorithm makes use of sensors to measure the exercise, implementing
the rules to detect a pattern of the accelerometry sensors during the test. The heel-rise test consists in
detecting periodically the number of correct exercise repetitions. Then, physiotherapists can use this heelrise
automatic test in their examinations.
