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Context 1
... the state has an obligation to embrace those lifestyles deemed beneficial for the common good and to direct its citizens towards adapting them, " [T]he states primary duty", Larmore (1987:92) writes, "is not to uphold some kind of neutrality, but to embrace and support a specific conception of the good life". Figure 3.1 below illustrates these two ideal-types of traditional citizenship. ...
Context 2
... centered) worldview. The environmental perspective is only a way of adding to the contents within the frames of traditional citizenship and thus to expand them slightly towards also taking consideration to the specifics of matters regarding the environment, as illustrated in figure 3.2 below. ...
Context 3
... main (or only) motivation for taking on environmental obligations is, thereby, within an ecological citizenship founded in a sense of social justice; an acknowledgement that it is not right to compromise others ability to lead a full life by upholding an unequal distribution of resources (Connelly and Smith, 2003). In sum, the three ideal-types of citizenship used as an analytical framework in this thesis are thought of as relating to each other in accordance with the Figure 3.3 below. ...
Context 4
... states, consensus democracies, welfare states), the fuzzy-set approach allows for the possibility that a policy, to a certain extent, express values inherent in all of the three ideal-types. As illustrated by Figure 3.4 below, qualitative statements outlining to what extent the values or beliefs derived from the analysed policy discourse resembles (or fit) with the values or beliefs inherent in each one of the citizenship ideal-types will also be assigned a numerical score; the reason for this approach being the aspiration to make the analysis more visible to the reader, as well as to assist comparisons between the sub-cases (in particular between the two levels of government). ...
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Presidents use legislative powers in many ways to influence environmental policy. The relationship between partisanship and the use of these powers is an open question. Previous research has shown that legislative powers such as the passage of legislation and budgetary decisions display bipartisan effects. This study argues that this does not hold...
Citations
... In order to initiate a debate about a stronger role for citizens in marine policy, this paper proposes marine citizenship, in which citizens take greater personal responsibility for the oceans, as a policy channel to support the delivery of a healthy marine environment and to enhance marine governance. The justification for this proposal is three-fold: first, marine problems are partially rooted in individual behavioural choices, which whether directly or indirectly mediated through the global market, have the potential to produce a significant impact on the marine environment, such as through food, waste, and product choices [1][2][3]. By making different choices, individuals can make a difference to the health of the marine environment; second, centralised policies to protect the marine environment do not encompass all of the causes of marine problems precisely because they do not generally address public behaviour; third, there is a transition towards greater public mobilisation to collectively address environmental problems, which could, and arguably should, also be applied to the marine environment. ...
This paper presents an evaluation of the role of marine citizenship in improving marine environmental health and marine governance. Marine citizenship describes the rights and responsibilities of an individual towards the marine environment, which support the achievement of marine policy objectives at the national level. It is argued that marine citizenship requires an enhanced awareness of marine environmental issues, an understanding of the role of personal behaviour in creating and resolving marine environmental issues, and a shift in values to promote marine pro-environmental behavioural choices. It is concluded that the value shift is likely to be produced by the development of an altered relationship between the state and the individual, in which the expectations placed on citizens by the state are extended to include marine pro-environmental behaviour. The paper is intended to stimulate debate and the authors invite and encourage replies to the ideas contained within the paper.
... Questions 15–19 all relate to aspects of marine citizenship, the emerging paradigm that encompasses an individual's responsibility to make informed choices about their impact on the marine environment [30]. In common with other citizenship principles, marine citizenship recognises that individual members of society have a responsibility to contribute to solving marine environmental problems through their personal behaviour, particularly related to everyday consumer and lifestyle choices313233. Multiple factors, including knowledge, values and experience, can influence public engagement with environmental issues [34] and the relationship between the public and the marine environment is also likely to be influenced by similar factors [35]. ...
... With these instruments, states seek to encourage citizens' participation in the management of environmental issues and to take action on a voluntary basis. Citizens' freedom to choose whether to engage or not in pro-environmental action is stressed (Matti, 2006;Carter, 2001). ...
... But there is empirical evidence that when engaging in pro-environmental action some people are responding to other motivations more closely related to the justice, common-good ideals inspiring ecological citizenship (Wolf et. al., 2009;Jagers, 2009;Berglund and Matti, 2006;Matti, 2006). As "crowding-out" theorists argue, external intervention through mechanisms such as fiscal incentives and regulation may not only be ineffective but, in some cases, can even be counterproductive, since it crowds-out other internal motivations, particularly, the altruistic, citizenship, common-good related type of motivations, and thus reduces citizens' sense of civic duty and virtuous citizenship activity (Berglund and Matti, 2006;Matti, 2006), undermining the promotion of ecological citizenship. ...
... al., 2009;Jagers, 2009;Berglund and Matti, 2006;Matti, 2006). As "crowding-out" theorists argue, external intervention through mechanisms such as fiscal incentives and regulation may not only be ineffective but, in some cases, can even be counterproductive, since it crowds-out other internal motivations, particularly, the altruistic, citizenship, common-good related type of motivations, and thus reduces citizens' sense of civic duty and virtuous citizenship activity (Berglund and Matti, 2006;Matti, 2006), undermining the promotion of ecological citizenship. ...
... Instead of promoting a fundamental change in individual lifestyles and social structures, most governments committed to the policy of sustainable consumption advocates a simultaneous progress in ecological sustainability and economic growth as being both highly desirable as well as politically and scientifically possible (Hajer, 1995;Cohen, 1998;Langhelle, 2000;Mol and Sonnenfeld, 2000. See also Hobson, 2002Hobson, & 2004Lundmark, 2003;Lundqvist, 2004;or Matti, 2006 for empirical examples). Now, apart from remnants of a previously all-pervading belief in the splendour of technocratic solutions, the reasons for governments' application of this strategy is also found in the notion of a 'legitimacy -effectiveness dilemma' permeating contemporary environmental policy-making (Matti, 2007). ...
... En ansats refererar oftast till att analysera och skapa sig en förståelse av verkligheten och beskriva såväl öppna som dolda processer och strukturer (Angelöv, Jonsson 1994). Ansatsen är även mest lämpad vid kartläggning och komparering av olika ideologier och synsätt (Matti 2006) och passar således bäst vid en sådan här typ av studie. ...
... Man motsäger sig den liberala idén och hävdar att den ej är förenlig med det sociala livet. Att isolera individen är orealistiskt då vi alla ingår i ett större sammanhang (Matti, 2006). Istället betonar man vikten av alla individers deltagande i den sociala gemenskapen och allas beroende av varandra vilket grundas på ömsesidigt erkännande (Habermas, 1995). ...
... En nyrepublikan resonerar, till skillnad från en liberal, att vi alla tillsammans måste delta och engagera oss i samhällets bästa eftersom samhället bidrar med många fördelar som vi alla drar nytta av i egenskap av att vara medborgare. (Matti, 2006). Staten har möjlighet att inverka i varje individs liv om det anses nödvändigt. ...
International School Partnerships (ISPs) present opportunities for integrating ocean literacy into schools’ curriculums. Partnerships can be used to illustrate the concept of global marine interconnectedness helping students understand common issues at local, national and international levels. The chapter considers the benefits that occurred from an ISP between a UK and Ghanaian school. The project aimed to investigate if the partnership could raise awareness of coastal issues in the pupils and make a positive contribution to the local communities. Pupils participated in six local Marine Citizenship Days based on the principles of ocean literacy; the programme was a mixture of fieldwork, debate and practical classes. After the sessions, the pupils shared their knowledge and opinions with each other. The results were two sets of recommendations produced by the pupils. Some of the ideas, such as the need for education programmes, were similar. Others, including the comments on slums, reflected cultural differences. At the end of the project, the pupils disseminated their findings. In the UK, funding was made available to implement one of the recommendations; the designation of a nature trail and a booklet. In Ghana, the school’s abandoned fish pond was refurbished and is now used as a teaching resource to sustain pupils’ interest in nature. ISP’s have the potential to successfully promote effective teaching about ocean literacy. For these partnerships to be successful, they should address real-life issues that are relevant to the young people and the area in which they live. Different cohorts of pupils from the same schools ran this study for an additional three years.
Reforming democratic political systems to handle environmental problems is one of the key political challenges of our time. Here, I analyse how local environmental officials in Sweden perceive the shortcomings of the current political system and what reforms they deem necessary to handle key environmental problems. While green political theory tends to focus on the need to deepen democracy through increased citizen participation, analysis of survey data shows that environmental officials, even though their perceptions of the current system's shortcomings are similar to those presented in the theoretical literature, are more likely to argue for increased expert influence than for direct citizen participation. This result is not easily explained as officials seeking to expand their power, as environmental officials have more complex perceptions of their roles in democracy. The different visions of green professionals and green theory highlight the importance of deliberation on green democratic reforms, including the potentially undemocratic consequences of empowering experts.
