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Two related species of Brocchinia growing in the Guiana Highlands, Venezuela. (A) The non-carnivorous species Brocchinia tatei often grows in cloud forest and forms nearly horizontal rosette-forming green leaves. (B) The carnivorous species Brocchinia reducta grows in open vegetation and forms bright yellow-green leaves which are held vertically.
Source publication
The cost-benefit model for the evolution of botanical carnivory provides a conceptual framework for interpreting a wide range of comparative and experimental studies on carnivorous plants. This model assumes that the modified leaves called traps represent a significant cost for the plant, and this cost is outweighed by the benefits from increased n...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... et al. (1984Givnish et al. ( , 1997) also proposed possi- ble mechanisms for how the carnivory in B. reducta may have evolved. The closest relative of B. reducta is B. tatei, which is a facultatively epiphytic tank species growing in shady cloud for- est. Its nearly horizontal rosette-forming green leaves are well adapted for light capture (Fig. 2). The leaves of B. tatei form a spreading rosette and capture moderate amounts of precipitation and leaf litter in their bases. Under such condi- tions, it probably obtains some nutrients from the breakdown of such debris, like many other tank epiphytes. Invasion of sunny sterile savannah by B. reducta's ancestors would have favoured ...
Citations
... Plant carnivory has evolved independently at least 11 times across the angiosperm phylogeny (Fleischmann et al., 2018;Lin et al., 2021), with striking examples of convergent and divergent evolution of trapping mechanisms (Ellison and Gotelli, 2009; Thorogood et al., 2018). Carnivorous plants are typically found in extreme conditions, living in generally nutrient poor wetland environments, often with low pH (Pavlovič and Saganová 2015). In the 150 years since Charles Darwin published his book 'Insectivorous Plants' (Darwin 1874) many aspects of their biology have been well studied. ...
Fungal endophytes are ubiquitous plant symbionts existing asymptomatically inside plant tissues but playing a crucial role in plant health and function. Endophytes have been extensively studied in many plants, such as agricultural systems, but in carnivorous plants which may engage microbes to aid in digestion, they are poorly understood. To address this deficiency, this study aims to assess the presence and host specificity of fungal endophytes in carnivorous plant traps. Five carnivorous plant species were sampled from two in-situ sites and greenhouse grown plants.
Fungal endophytes were isolated from the traps of five carnivorous plant species: Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera anglica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Dionaea muscipula, and Sarracenia purpurea. These represent a range of trapping mechanisms, native and introduced species. We included different carnivorous plant species growing at the same site, and the same species at different sites to test for host and site specificity. Endophytes were cultured on malt extract agar and identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The isolated fungal endophytes were composed of species from common Ascomycota genera (Alternaria, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, and Didymocyrtis).
Fungal endophytes were present in all plant species, this expands our understanding of endophyte distribution in carnivorous plants, representing the first endophytes isolated from D. anglica and D. muscipula and the first endophytes from the traps of D. rotundifolia and P. vulgaris, along with five new fungal endophyte species in carnivorous plants. There was some host specificity; S. purpurea was the only host plant with Colletotrichum spp., whereas Alternaria spp. were found across multiple hosts and sites. The trap endophytes cultured here differed to root endophytes of Drosera and Pinguicula found in previous studies of plants at the same site, suggesting that above and below ground endophytes may differ, perhaps offering different functions in separate plant tissues.
... This trap type has evolved convergently at least six times in Sarraceniaceae (Sarracenia, Heliamphora, Darlingtonia), Cephalotaceae (Cephalotus), Nepenthaceae (Nepenthes), Eriocaulaceae (Paepalanthus), and twice in Bromeliaceae (Brocchinia and Catopsis, respectively) [8]. Adhesive ("flypaper") traps ( Fig. 1 B, E, F, I) use sticky mucilage on the leaf surface in Droseraceae (Drosera), Drosophyllaceae (Drosophyllum), Dioncophyllaceae (Triphyophyllum), Lentibulariaceae (Pinguicula), Roridulaceae (Roridula), Plantaginaceae (Philcoxia), and a recently described genus of Tofieldiaceae (Triantha) [3,8,9]. In contrast, the snap traps ( Fig. 1 G, L) in Dionaeae and Aldrovanda (Droseraceae) utilize rapid leaf movements [9]. ...
... Adhesive ("flypaper") traps ( Fig. 1 B, E, F, I) use sticky mucilage on the leaf surface in Droseraceae (Drosera), Drosophyllaceae (Drosophyllum), Dioncophyllaceae (Triphyophyllum), Lentibulariaceae (Pinguicula), Roridulaceae (Roridula), Plantaginaceae (Philcoxia), and a recently described genus of Tofieldiaceae (Triantha) [3,8,9]. In contrast, the snap traps ( Fig. 1 G, L) in Dionaeae and Aldrovanda (Droseraceae) utilize rapid leaf movements [9]. Lentibulariaceae exhibit two unique trap types: the eel (corkscrew) traps ( Fig. 1 A1, A2) of Genlisea and the suction traps of Utricularia [10]. ...
... Terrestrial carnivorous plants have high habitat specificity and grow mainly in open, infertile, and moist sites, where they can hardly absorb nutrients. They often display a low photosynthesis rate and slow growth rate compared with non-carnivorous herbs [9,20]. In contrast, aquatic carnivorous plants mostly grow in shallow standing, oligomesotrophic and dystrophic waters. ...
Background
Independent origins of carnivory in multiple angiosperm families are fabulous examples of convergent evolution using a diverse array of life forms and habitats. Previous studies have indicated that carnivorous plants have distinct evolutionary trajectories of plastid genome (plastome) compared to their non-carnivorous relatives, yet the extent and general characteristics remain elusive.
Results
We compared plastomes from 9 out of 13 carnivorous families and their non-carnivorous relatives to assess carnivory-associated evolutionary patterns. We identified inversions in all sampled Droseraceae species and four species of Utricularia, Pinguicula, Darlingtonia and Triphyophyllum. A few carnivores showed distinct shifts in inverted repeat boundaries and the overall repeat contents. Many ndh genes, along with some other genes, were independently lost in several carnivorous lineages. We detected significant substitution rate variations in most sampled carnivorous lineages. A significant overall substitution rate acceleration characterizes the two largest carnivorous lineages of Droseraceae and Lentibulariaceae. We also observe moderate substitution rates acceleration in many genes of Cephalotus follicularis, Roridula gorgonias, and Drosophyllum lusitanicum. However, only a few genes exhibit significant relaxed selection.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that the carnivory of plants have different effects on plastome evolution across carnivorous lineages. The complex mechanism under carnivorous habitats may have resulted in distinctive plastome evolution with conserved plastome in the Brocchinia hechtioides to strongly reconfigured plastomes structures in Droseraceae. Organic carbon obtained from prey and the efficiency of utilizing prey-derived nutrients might constitute possible explanation.
... 84 Istilah yang digunakan di kampus Indonesia untuk karya tulis ilmiah di jenjang sarjana S1 85 Teori atau pernyataan yang didukung oleh opini atau argumen yang dikemukakan dalam karya tulis ilmiah, atau dikenal juga dengan istilah karya tulis ilmiah di jenjang magister S2 di Indonesia 86 Paparan diskusi yang menyertai sebuah argument atau pendapat ilmiah dan sebagai istilah untuk karya tulis ilmiah di jenjang doktoral (S3) 87 imajinasi dan cara berpikir kreatif untuk mencari keterkaitan antara teori yang ada dengan fenomena tersebut. 88 Dalam statistik, seperti analisis varians satu arah yaitu teknik untuk membandingkan apakah rata-rata dua sampel memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan atau tidak 89 Disebut juga uti t yaitu uji komparatif untuk menilai perbedaan antara nilai tertentu dengan rata-rata kelompok populasi 90 [19]. ...
Dalam eksplorasi ilmu tumbuhan, kita disuguhkan dengan
keberagaman dan keelokan flora yang memperindah bumi
kita. Tumbuhan, dengan kekayaan spesies dan sifat yang
unik, membuka tirai keajaiban alam selama ini. Tidak hanya
mengungkap kompleksitas dan pesona keindahan, interaksinya dengan
fauna di sekitar juga menggambarkan sebuah peta kehidupan yang tak
terduga. Dari kerja keras lebah yang menjelajahi nektar hingga
kehadiran burung yang mencari pelindung di bawah kanopi dedaunan,
setiap organisme memiliki peran pentingnya dalam menyelaraskan
harmoni ekosistem. Selain itu, kita juga tidak hanya memahami
keberagaman organ-organ dasar tumbuhan, melainkan juga menggali
organ tambahan yang unik dan peran mereka dalam berinteraksi
dengan lingkungan sekitar. Dari kantong hingga umbi, setiap struktur
ini memiliki perannya masing-masing dalam kelangsungan hidupnya.
Sejalan dengan eksplorasi ini, kita diingatkan bahwa keajaiban
dunia tumbuhan dapat didekati secara ilmiah. Melalui metode ilmiah
yang cermat, kita dapat mendalami pengetahuan dan memahami
morfologi, anatomi, fisiologi hingga genetika tumbuhan yang selama
beberapa tahun terakhir terus berkembang. Penelitian dan pendekatan
ilmiah sangat dibutuhkan untuk membuka jalan menuju kebaruan, dan
menggelar pengetahuan dan wawasan yang lebih luas.
Buku ilmiah populer ini setidaknya dapat menjadi asupan
tambahan tentang pemahaman, gambaran dan informasi terkait teori
mengenai tumbuhan dan interaksinya dengan hewan. Tentu, diulas
dengan perspektif dan cara pandang yang berbeda sehingga ringan
dibaca namun tetap ilmiah. Semoga buku ini tetap memberikan aroma
ilmu pengetahuan yang melekat dan menjadi buku pendamping
bersama buku-buku sejenis lainnya.
... Indeed, trap development and activity are generally accompanied by spatio-temporal activation of 394 respiration and inactivation of photosynthesis. Following this, photosynthesis can increase as a result of feeding (Pavlovič and Saganová 2015). 396 ...
Phenotypic convergence is found across the tree of life, and morphological similarities in distantly related species are often presumed to have evolved independently. However, clarifying the origins of traits has recently highlighted the complex nature of evolution, as apparent convergent features often share similar genetic foundations. Hence, the tree topology of genes that underlie such traits frequently conflicts with the overall history of species relationships. This conflict creates both a challenge for systematists and an exciting opportunity to investigate the rich, complex network of information that connects molecular trajectories with trait evolution. Here we probe the evolutionary history of pleisiomorphic features in the carnivorous Caryophyllales, a charismatic group of flowering plants. Using a novel conflict identification program named CAnDI (Conflict And Duplication Identifier), we dissect all gene relationships within homolog trees and find genomic evidence that the molecular basis of mucilaginous sticky traps was likely present in the ancestor of all carnivorous Caryophyllales. We also show that many genes whose evolutionary trajectories group species with similar trap devices code for proteins contributing to plant carnivory and identify a LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY DOMAIN gene as a possible regulator of sticky trap development. Our results demonstrate that analysing conflict on homolog trees, rather than pre-identified orthologs, can aid in uncovering the genetic basis of trait evolution.
... Este modelo establece que las plantas carnívoras pueden prosperar en sitios con sustratos característicamente pobres en nutrientes; pero siendo organismos autótrofos, es necesario que se garantice la disponibilidad de luz y agua durante la temporada de crecimiento para mantener la fotosíntesis. El modelo de Givnish ha sido adaptado para explicar casos más particulares (Laakkonen et al., 2006;Adamec, 2011;Brewer et al., 2011;Pavlovič y Saganová, 2015;Givnish et al., 2018). ...
... Pitchers growing in heavy shade typically lose carnivorous activity and primarily function as photosynthetic structures, as indicated by the elongated pitcher bodies, and the absence of pitcher coloration, nectar spoon structure, or attractants . Similar plastic responses are found in Darlingtonia, Sarracenia, and all other pitcher plants, suggesting pitcher plasticity commonly associated with trade-offs between carnivory and photosynthesis (Givnish et al., 1984;Ellison and Gotelli, 2002;Ellison and Farnsworth, 2005;Pavlovič and Saganová, 2015;Givnish et al., 2018;Fukushima et al., 2021). Further ecological studies should be conducted to investigate and better F I G U R E 7 Morphologies of Heliamphora rosettes associated with wider (A, B) and sharper pitcher angles (D, E). ...
Premise
The evolution of carnivorous pitcher traps across multiple angiosperm lineages represents a classic example of morphological convergence. Nevertheless, no comparative study to‐date has examined pitcher evolution from a quantitative morphometric perspective.
Methods
In the present study, we used comparative morphometric approaches to quantify the shape space occupied by Heliamphora pitchers and to trace evolutionary trajectories through this space to examine patterns of divergence and convergence within the genus. We also investigated pitcher development, and, how the packing of pitchers is affected by crowding, a common condition in their natural environments.
Results
Our results showed that Heliamphora pitchers have diverged along three main axes in morphospace: (1) pitcher curvature; (2) nectar spoon elaboration; and (3) pitcher stoutness. Both curvature and stoutness are correlated with pitcher size, suggesting structural constraints in pitcher morphological evolution. Among the four traits (curvature, spoon elaboration, stoutness, and size), all but curvature lacked phylogenetic signal and showed marked convergence across the phylogeny. We also observed tighter packing of pitchers in crowded conditions, and this effect was most pronounced in curved, slender pitchers.
Conclusions
Overall, our study demonstrates that diversification and convergent evolution of carnivory‐related traits extends to finer evolutionary timescales, reinforcing the notion that ecological specialization may not necessarily be an evolutionary dead end.
... In order to digest the prey, they secrete several types of hydrolytic enzymes which are controlled by genes Ravee et al [9]. It has now been discovered that the development of carnivorous syndrome is part of a protective mechanism Mithofer [10]; Pavlovic and Saganova [11]; Bemm et al. [12]; Fleischmann et al. [1]; Hedrich and Fukushima [13]. ...
Some angiosperm flowering plants of the plant kingdom obtain essential nutrients for themselves by feeding on small arthropods similar to animals; they are called insectivorous or carnivorous plants. These are often found in such places where the soil is acidic, moist land/swamp and lacking nutrients. The presence of several species of insectivorous plants such as Drosera burmannii, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Nipenthes rajah, Utricularia aurea and Pinguicula vulgeris has been reported in different sites in India. Drosera burmannii, Drosera indica and Utricularia aurea have also been reported in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh. The availability of insectivorous plants will prove helpful in the study of soil diversity, geographical structure, climatic environmental conditions. The presence of the specific plants species to create the special characteristics of the area as well as raise the question in mind to observed the association of specific types of insect species and some associated plant species linkage that are available here.
... Taking into account the phylogenetic age of carnivorous plants and angiosperms, regulation of carnivory by the JAs is therefore not an ancient character, but derived from plant defence more recently in evolution. Thus, carnivorous plants co-opted the pre-existing JA signalling pathway from plant defence to botanical carnivory and turned defence into offense (Pavlovič and Saganová, 2015;Bemm et al., 2016;Pavlovič and Mithöfer, 2019). However, carnivorous plants have a polyphyletic origin and have evolved at least 11 times independently in a time span of 95.1-1.9 mya (Fleischmann et al., 2018) in six orders, 13 families, and 20 genera and updated by the genus Triantha, Lin et al., 2021). ...
The carnivorous plants in the order Caryophyllales co-opted jasmonate signalling from plant defence to botanical carnivory. However, carnivorous plants have at least 11 independent origins, and here we ask whether jasmonate signalling has been co-opted repeatedly in different evolutionary lineages. We experimentally wounded and fed the carnivorous plants Sarracenia purpurea (order Ericales), Cephalotus follicularis (order Oxalidales), Drosophyllum lusitanicum (order Caryophyllales), and measured electrical signals, phytohormone tissue level, and digestive enzymes activity. Coronatine was added exogenously to confirm the role of jasmonates in the induction of digestive process. Immunodetection of aspartic protease and proteomic analysis of digestive fluid was also performed. We found that prey capture induced accumulation of endogenous jasmonates only in D. lusitanicum, in accordance with increased enzyme activity after insect prey or coronatine application. In C. follicularis, the enzyme activity was constitutive while in S. purpurea was regulated by multiple factors. Several classes of digestive enzymes were identified in the digestive fluid of D. lusitanicum. Although carnivorous plants from different evolutionary lineages use the same digestive enzymes, the mechanism of their regulation differs. All investigated genera use jasmonates for their ancient role, defence, but jasmonate signalling has been co-opted for botanical carnivory only in some of them.
... The upper pitcher is produced by the leaves on mature stems or stems that have grown up. Nepenthes is unique because it has leaves that have been modified into the pitcher that function to attract, trap, and digest small animals such as insects as additional nutrients (Dančák et al. 2022;Bauer et al. 2015;Bazile et al. 2015;Buch et al. 2015;Pavlovič and Saganová 2015;Tarigan et al. 2021). ...
... The Nepenthes pitcher also gives off a certain scent to attract prey (Gaume et al. 2016;). In addition, Nepenthes also uses the form of the pitcher (Gaume et al. 2016), pitcher's color (Pavlovič & Saganová 2015;Gaume et al. 2016), and environmental factors to attract prey (Baby et al. 2017;Vong et al. 2021). ...
Tarigan MRM, Aziz S, Tanjung IF, Pary C, Adlini MN, Jayanti UNAD, Ardianto, Ulfa AY. 2023. Morphology and pitcher's color Nepenthes in Batu Lubang Sibolga Area, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1953-1962. The study's objective was to identify the size, color, and shape of a pitcher of Nepenthes found in the Batu Lubang Sibolga region. Purposive sampling is used as part of an exploratory approach in this study. Plot-based Nepenthes observation was conducted in the Sitahuis District, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, to examine pitcher morphology and color. The results showed two species of Nepenthes, namely N. gracilis Korth and N. eustachya Miq, with two types of pitchers each, namely the lower and upper pitcher. The morphology of the Nepenthes pitchers has an almost similar shape but differs in the size of the pitcher circumference, where the lower pitcher is smaller than the upper pitcher. The bottom pitcher of N. gracilis has redwood (45%), and the upper pitcher is light green (55%), according to the proportion of observations of the color of the lower and upper pitchers of these two species. While the upper pitcher of N. eustachya is green with red dots (70%), the lower pitcher is light reddish green (30%). According to the study's findings, Nepenthes in the Batu Lubang Sibolga area required conservation intervention to preserve this species.
... Membrane depolarization and generation of electrical signals in plants is related to the accumulation of a plant defence hormone from the group of jasmonates [18]. In the carnivorous plants, the jasmonate signalling pathway was co-opted for the regulation of carnivorous response, e.g., expression and secretion of digestive enzymes [19][20][21][22]. Water application did not induce a significant accumulation of jasmonates (JA, JA-Ile, Figure 2), probably due to water-induced membrane hyperpolarization. ...
In his famous book Insectivorous plants, Charles Darwin observed that the bending response of tentacles in the carnivorous sundew plant Drosera rotundifolia was not triggered by a drop of water, but rather the application of many dissolved chemicals or mechanical stimulation. In this study, we tried to reveal this 150-years-old mystery using methods not available in his time. We measured electrical signals, phytohormone tissue level, enzyme activities and an abundance of digestive enzyme aspartic protease droserasin in response to different stimuli (water drop, ammonia, mechanostimulation, chitin, insect prey) in Cape sundew (Drosera capensis). Drops of water induced the lowest number of action potentials (APs) in the tentacle head, and accumulation of jasmonates in the trap was not significantly different from control plants. On the other hand, all other stimuli significantly increased jasmonate accumulation; the highest was found after the application of insect prey. Drops of water also did not induce proteolytic activity and an abundance of aspartic protease droserasin in contrast to other stimuli. We found that the tentacles of sundew plants are not responsive to water drops due to an inactive jasmonic acid signalling pathway, important for the induction of significant digestive enzyme activities.
