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Two-level random effect model for each value type (Time 1-5). Note. n = 1,442. Confidence intervals 95% are in square brackets. Panel A: openness to change values. Panel B: conservation values. Panel C: self-transcendence values. Panel D: self-enhancement values. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Source publication
The COVID-19 pandemic has had immense impact on people’s lives, potentially leading individuals to reevaluate what they prioritize in life (i.e., their values). We report longitudinal data from Australians 3 years prior to the pandemic, at pandemic onset (April 2020, N = 2,321), and in November–December 2020 ( n = 1,442). While all higher order val...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... can be seen in Figure 2 (see also OSM 09, À.004]). In November-December 2020, selftranscendence values decreased in importance (b ¼ À.07, p < .001, ...
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Citations
... A small subset of this early research also noted important changes and changeability in values and priorities. For example, researchers in Australia documented that "conservation values" that emphasized order and stability became more important early in the pandemic, but these same values became less important by late 2020 (49). While COVID-19-driven "cocooning" led to reduced reported enjoyment and increased loneliness among older adults in Ireland, their priorities shifted to concern about "protecting the development of children" and "enjoying life as much as possible (50). ...
... Similar to findings from early in the pandemic, a focus on family welfare (e.g., concern about child development, caring for others) was prominent. But many of the concerns highlighted early in the pandemic were not mentioned in our data, such as prioritizing order, stability, and conformity (49,52). ...
Purpose
The present study examines how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience affected values and priorities.
Methods
This cross-sectional study collected data between January and April 2023, from 1,197 individuals who are chronically ill or part of a general population sample. Using open-ended prompts and closed-ended questions, we investigated individuals’ perceptions about COVID-19-induced changes in what quality of life means to them, what and who are important, life focus, and changes in norms and stressors. Data analyses included content and psychometric analysis, leading to latent profile analysis (LPA) to characterize distinct groups, and analysis of variance and chi-squared to compare profile groups’ demographic characteristics.
Results
About 75% of the study sample noted changes in values and/or priorities, particularly in the greater prominence of family and friends. LPA yielded a four-profile model that fit the data well. Profile 1 (Index group; 64% of the sample) had relatively average scores on all indicators. Profile 2 (COVID-Specific Health & Resignation to Isolation Attributable to COVID-19; 5%) represented COVID-19-specific preventive health behaviors along with noting the requisite isolation and disengagement entailed in the social distancing necessary for COVID-19 prevention. Profile 3 (High Stress, Low Trust; 25%) represented high multi-domain stress, with the most elevated scores both on focusing on being true to themselves and perceiving people to be increasingly uncivil. Profile 4 (Active in the World, Low Trust; 6%) was focused on returning to work and finding greater meaning in their activities. These groups differed on race, marital status, difficulty paying bills, employment status, number of times they reported having had COVID-19, number of COVID-19 boosters received, whether they had Long COVID, age, BMI, and number of comorbidities.
Conclusion
Three years after the beginning of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, its subjective impact is notable on most study participants’ conceptualization of quality of life, priorities, perspectives on social norms, and perceived stressors. The four profile groups reflected distinct ways of dealing with the long-term effects of COVID-19.
... We therefore assume that the pandemic-related burden on schools at that timesimilar to other existential threats such as financial crises (Sortheix et al., 2019), war (Daniel et al., 2013), or terrorist attacks (Verkasalo et al., 2006)-caused a change in teachers' value-related educational goals at the time of our survey. This is particularly relevant when it comes to Conservation values (the motivation to maintain order and safety, resistance to change) and Openness to Change values (the motivation to promote creativity, independence, novelty, and excitement; Daniel et al., 2021). Our findings suggest that teachers had to prepare their students not only for the coming school years (Tamm et al., 2020), but also for changing social conditions after the easing of the pandemic measures. ...
... This sheds a new light to the responsiveness of values to larger external conditions at the societal level. This is in line with the results of past studies that show that situational influences such as crises lead to a change in the value orientations of individuals (Daniel et al., 2021;Sneddon et al., 2022). ...
Values education within the school context is, among other elements, shaped by a value-related school climate as well as teachers’ value-related educational goals. This longitudinal study investigated the interplay between these two elements over fifteen months, starting in March 2021, and including four points of measurement ( t1 − t4 ). The sample consisted of 118 primary school teachers (years 1 and 2) from primary schools in Switzerland. Teachers’ value-related educational goals were measured with the Portrait Values Questionnaire , and teachers’ perception of their school climate was measured with the 12-Item School Climate Measure Scale . Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models along with Multiple Imputation for missing data were used to investigate the reciprocal relationships along the four dimensions of value-related educational goals represented by Schwartz’s Higher-Order Value Types: Openness to Change , Conservation , Self-Enhancement , and Self-Transcendence and their corresponding dimensions of a perceived value-related school climate of Innovation , Stability , Performance , and Support. For the dimensions “ Innovation and Openness to Change ,” the analyses revealed that the perceived value-related school climate of Innovation predicted teachers’ value-related educational goals of Openness to Change significantly from t1 to t2 , while an effect in the opposite direction from t2 to t3 and from t3 to t4 was found. For the dimension “ Stability and Conservation ,” the analyses revealed that the perceived value-related school climate of Stability predicted teachers’ value-related educational goals of Conservation from t3 to t4 . These findings are discussed in light of the dynamic processes of values education within the school environment as well as in the context of environmental and societal developments.
... Last but not least, the sample of studies that our meta-analysis used cross-sectional designs to assess the relationship between Dark Triad trait and values. However, with ongoing work suggesting the dynamics and potential for change for personality (and values) over time (Bardi et al, 2019;Daniel et al., 2021;Sagiv et al., 2017), a question is whether and when these relationships may be stable or change over time. o Value was reported at the value level (e.g. ...
In the past two decades, research on the motivational underpinnings of the Dark Triad, the trait triage of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, has burgeoned. However, it is unclear how each Dark Triad trait may map onto the values circumplex, and whether the research conducted thus far indicates consistent effects. In this multi-level meta-analysis we synthesized existing findings and examined the relationship between Dark Triad personality traits (Paulhus & Williams; 2002) and personal values (Schwartz, 1992). Across 34 studies conducted between 2000 to 2020, we found that the Dark Triad traits were positively associated with self-enhancement (psychopathy: ρ=.51[.41,.61], narcissism: ρ=.58[.50,.67], Machiavellianism: ρ=.51[.40,.62]) and openness to change value dimensions (psychopathy: ρ=.29[.22,.36], narcissism: ρ=.24[.17,.32], Machiavellianism: ρ=.14[.08,.20]), and negatively associated with self-transcendence (psychopathy: ρ=-.39[-.47,-.31], narcissism: ρ=-.18[-.27,-.09], Machiavellianism: ρ=-.37[-.46,-.28]) and conservation value dimensions (psychopathy: ρ=-.36[-.45,-.27], narcissism: ρ=-.19[-.29,-.08], Machiavellianism: ρ=-.11[-.21,-.01]). Shape consistency for the Dark Triad associations was stronger for self-enhancement versus self-transcendence values tension (SET values: psychopathy=-.90, narcissism=-.81, Machiavellianism=-.71) than for the openness-to-change versus conservation values (OC values: psychopathy=.10, narcissism=-.13, Machiavellianism=-.30). Further, the Dark Triad traits showed distinct and meaningful differences in their value profiles, suggesting conceptual differences between the three traits. The patterns of associations between Dark Triad traits and personal values was largely unaffected by our tested moderators. Pre-registration, coding sheet, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/5cdhq/?view_only=a994a2de09eb47f9ba224cc818bd0d57
... There is evidence that other cognitive factors influence adherence to norms and rules. Among those factors, the role of "personal values" has been addressed during COVID-19, mainly: conservation, self-enhancement, openness-to-change values (Bonetto et al. 2021;Daniel et al. 2022;Potocan and Nedelko 2023;Vecchione 2022), self-transcendence Vecchione 2022), religious belief, government satisfaction, and individual freedom (Lyu et al. 2022). Also "age" has been studied as a determinant of adherence with COVID-19 public health preventive measures, with young adults identified as a group with low adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviors (WHO 2022). ...
Social distancing and the use of masks are crucial to prevent the spread of SARS-COV-2. Knowledge of the determinants of this behavior is essential to promote effective communication with the public in future public health crises that require mass public compliance with preventive behaviors. This systematic review focused on scientific evidence related to cognitive factors that underlie the intention of young adults’ intention to adhere to preventive social behavior (distancing and/or the use of facial masks) against COVID-19. A systematic literature search on the electronic database, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO was performed in December 2022 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The PEO (Population: young adults, Exposure: COVID-19, and Outcome: cognitive factors that underlie the intention of young adults to adhere to social distancing and/or the use of facial masks) was developed to identify search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eight studies met the eligibility criteria. None of the studies were seriously flawed according to the quality assessment, and they were considered to have a low risk of bias for selection. Several cognitive determinants emerged in the analysis. For both social distancing and the use of masks, the most relevant factors related to adherence include risk perception and perceived severity, the moral value of fairness, social responsibility, trust in the government, respect for authority, and the quality of institutional communication. Adherence to social distancing was found related to self-efficacy. These results reinforce social cognitive models showing the relevance of cognitions to adherence behavior, and highlight the responsibility of official institutions in the development of contexts and in adapting the communication for the effective promotion of adherence to the recommendations they launch.
... However, previous studies have demonstrated that changes in values can be attributed to incisive life events [25,26]. Societal value changes have occurred after existential threats such as terror attacks [27], war [28], the 2008 global financial crisis [29], or the COVID-19 pandemic [30]. ...
Going on holiday is often associated with taking the car or plane. Even for short distances, and where alternative, sustainable transportation modes would be available, we frequently choose the more unsustainable options. Affordability, comfortability, and time savings led to an increase in transportation, which in turn, negatively contributed to greenhouse gas emissions. The reduction in those emissions can be achieved by choosing public transportation. However, since transportation choices are often made unconsciously and habitually, it is crucial to transform those unsustainable habits into more sustainable ones. Contextual changes can serve as a catalyst. This research investigates whether pre-COVID-19 and pre-inflation unsustainable travel habits can be broken through the perceived impact of COVID-19, financial hardship, and green consumption values, increasing the intention for sustainable transportation modes using a survey design. We found that the context change, as such, does not predict future intentions to travel sustainably, but existing green consumption values do. Building on the self-activation theory, the results show that habits and the perceived impact of COVID-19 and financial hardship activate a person’s green consumption values. Consumers’ green values mediate the relationship between unsustainable habits and the intentions to use sustainable transportation modes, combining the habit discontinuity and self-activation hypotheses.
... At the same time, the decline in the self-centeredness of young people in the second COVID-19 wave has had an impact on life values, but not in favor of humanity. A similar effect has been recorded in other international studies (Daniel et al., 2022;Lee et al., 2021). In comparison, in Poland, ensuring an effective state policy to protect citizens has changed the perception of life values towards altruism, social responsibility and social values (Bodarski, 2021). ...
This study aims to investigate life values of medical students in the context of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and their impact on the perception of future professional activities. The study involved questioning 381 students from the 1st-3rd courses of Zhytomyr Medical Institute to test the significance of life values during the first and second waves of COVID-19. The impact of the pandemic on students’ perceptions of life was investigated using several questionnaires. Participants’ general values were measured with a short version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Clarity of self-concept was measured with a short scale of Self-Concept Clarity. Sense of meaning in life was measured with the ten-item Meaning of Life Scale and the Future Orientation Questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the study results was performed using IBM SPSS STATISTICS 21.0 software. The software was used to perform reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, Student’s t-tests to compare the indicators between the first and second halves of the pandemic, and correlation for each table of predictors. The study’s results indicate a statistically significant transformation in medical students’ life values. Almost all values increased, except for Self-Transcendence, which remained high during the first and second waves of the pandemic. The students’ views on the meaning of life, their self-esteem, and future professional orientation did not change significantly between the two waves of the pandemic. During both waves of the pandemic, self-transcendence, universalism, conservation, tradition, conformity, self-enhancement, achievement, openness to change, and self-direction were identified as important values for self-concept clarity, sense of life meaning, and future professional orientation. The values of “power” and “hedonism” did not have any impact on these indicators.
... Initial studies suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic, as an extreme event, shifts individuals' value systems [12][13][14][15][16]. All studies claim they cannot generalize their implications as they focus on people from a specific country, and the pandemic hit countries differently. ...
... More data is needed to better understand the changes in individuals' value systems caused by the pandemic, better assess discrepancies between study results, and draw firm conclusions [16]. Existing studies recommend looking at other countries, a longer period before and after the outbreak of the pandemic [13], and using other data collection methods such as reports on social values [14] or the lexical analysis of texts in newspapers [17]. The latter is addressed in a study by van de Poel et al. [15]. ...
... In contrast, the values (personal and social) security, interpersonal conformity, caring, and universalistic concern were temporarily more prioritized at time point two but converged to the initial level at time point three. Daniel et al. [14] analyzed adults' values in Australia ("Best-Worst Refined Value scale"). They compared data from five surveys (three pre-pandemic in 2017-2019; the fourth in April 2020; and the fifth in late 2020). ...
In March 2020, the WHO declared the coronavirus a pandemic. Since then, the German government has tried to control the spread of the virus with various restrictions. These restrictions had a direct impact on the life of German students. In this study, we investigate to what extent the restrictions led to a change of value priorities of German students. From January 2019 to January 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional study with four measurement points and, in total, 1,328 participants. Two measurement points were before the first outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany, one in the second lockdown phase and the third after two years in the pandemic. In this study, the students were asked to indicate their value priorities while solving a real-world decision problem important to them. Results suggest increased value priorities of the values Intellectual Fulfillment and Environment and Nature and a decrease of Family and Partner value priority as a direct effect of the second lockdown phase. We also found small differences regarding value priorities between the male and female subjects. The data show bounce-back effects as the pandemic became more normal to the students. In the long run, value priorities seem to be stable, with the exception of a longer-lasting increase in Freedom and Independence .
... Studies on values have also shown that a range of social and political variables relevant for the effective functioning of democratic societies have a range of stable values as the basis (Sortheix et al., 2019). According to Daniel et al. (2020), values are highly subjected to change in the context of the current crisis. ...
The underlying assumption of the present COVID-19 crisis is that it can profoundly change the public values and opinions during its various phases leading to permanent societal and economic changes. This research is part of a longitudinal study of values in a crisis during the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. The same set of respondents from the wave 1 of Values in Crisis (VIC) survey of May 2020 (n=1026) were invited to participate in wave 2 in November 2021, achieving a response rate of 60.0% (n=615). To check the stability of values, Kendall’s tau-b coefficient was used to estimate the correlation coefficient to measure the strength of association of selected variables. These include national pride, political orientation, faith, social trust, financial satisfaction, work-life balance, satisfaction with life and social relations, health, trust in institutions, and social cohesion. The main findings indicate that, during the two years of the crisis, values and opinions remained largely stable in the Maldives. The research concludes with reflections drawn and opens avenues for debate for social science practitioners expecting drastic changes in people’s values and opinions due to the COVID-19 crisis.
... Indeed, although few in number, several studies have documented value changes during the pandemic. For example, Daniel et al. (2022) analyzed a longitudinal dataset in which values were measured using the Schwartz Best Worst Values Refined Survey (Lee et al., 2019), finding an increase in the higher order conservation values and a decrease in the openness to change values during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially among worried individuals. Similarly, another longitudinal study found that the relative importance of environmental values decreased significantly between April-December 2020 (Sneddon et al., 2022). ...
Aimed at exploring value shifts during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper compares data from business faculty students at a public university in northwestern Turkiye on seven life values immediately before (November-December 2019) and during the early months (May-June 2020) of the pandemic. The study measured the importance individuals attached to life values using the Aspiration Index (Kasser & Ryan, 1996), which includes three intrinsic values (i.e., personal growth, meaningful relationships, and community contributions), three extrinsic values (i.e., wealth, fame, and image), and the value of physical health. The study found that both men and women decreased the importance they placed on the values of wealth and fame in the early months of the pandemic. In addition, men increased the importance they placed on community contributions. The study also explored changes in the overall means for the intrinsic and extrinsic value clusters and in the relative importance intrinsic values have to extrinsic ones. The results showed a statistically significant increase in men's espousal of intrinsic values and a decrease in women's espousal of extrinsic values. The change in the relative importance of intrinsic to extrinsic values was significant for both genders, suggesting that both men and women became more intrinsically oriented during the early months of the pandemic.
... Educational inequalities among young adults may also widen as those of lower social origin are less able to afford the costs associated with education (e.g., tuition, housing, and books), which ultimately manifest themselves in unequal career trajectories leading to lower OCS. However, changes in personal values could, in turn, increase the importance of SCS (Daniel et al., 2022), such as work-life balance or personal relationships at work, as well as improve opportunities to achieve SCS through wider adoption of favorable practices, such as remote work. This could particularly benefit individuals of lower social origin. ...
In a business environment characterized by labor shortages, the under-utilization of existing potential is a problem for both companies and governments. Nevertheless, the development of people from disadvantaged social origin is limited. Research on the intergenerational transmission of social disadvantage consistently shows that access to higher education is still highly stratified. Less is known about whether origin-based inequalities persist or can be offset within the occupational context. Based on a systematic review of 59 studies, we identify the career success (CS) indicators that have been examined in this growing research literature, describe the various forms that the social origin–CS relationship can assume, and identify explanatory mechanisms for the discrepancies in the career trajectories of individuals from different social backgrounds. Based on a critical analysis of existing studies, we show that many areas of the above research themes remain underexplored, despite recent significant advancements, and provide directions for future research. This includes recommendations for the choice of indicators for measuring CS, including the determination of reference persons in future studies and for closing research gaps in previous research designs regarding the connection between social origin and CS. Moreover, we provide suggestions for taking into account further essential factors on an individual, organizational, and contextual level to explain the social origin−CS relationship.
