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The aim of this study is to review three-dimensional (3D) braided fabrics and, in particular, to provide a critical review of the development of 3D braided preform structures and techniques.
3D braided preforms are classified based on various parameters depending on the yarn sets, yarn orientation and intertwining, micro-meso unit cells and macro g...
Citations
... In recent years, the development of high-performance fiber reinforced composites has led to the replacement of metals in several lightweight applications such as defense, aerospace, and civilian infrastructure. In addition, 2D and 3D textile preforms (commonly woven, knitted, braided) show promising potential as composite materials reinforcements [106][107][108] and could, perhaps, be extended to turbine structure. Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) materials have nonhomogeneous and multiscale material characteristics [109]. ...
The applications of wind turbines are consistently increasing across the globe. Competent and sustainable wind energy harnessing inherently requires the implementation of optimal design and advanced materials. To minimize all the risks associated with severe environmental loadings, reduced cost, and improved performance, advanced computational methodologies should be utilized as a part of the analysis process. The recently introduced non-local theory called Peridynamic (PD) theory crafted by Silling has interesting advantages over the conventional computational method such as the finite element method (FEM) and finite volume method (FVM). PD theory is a computational and theoretical framework where partial differential equations (PDEs) of classic continuum theory are replaced by integral equations. Unlike the local continuum theory, the integro-differential equations of PD theory are without derivatives of displacement function, hence suitable to capture discontinuities. Therefore, the present paper reviews the structural and aerodynamics of wind turbines, the existing computational challenges that are related to the modeling and analysis of wind turbines, and finally examines the potential use of Peridynamic theory concerning wind turbines.
... 72 Another basic textile structure is braiding which is created by inter-twining at least three sets of yarns imparting higher strength and stiffness. 73 There is also 3D structure-based textile fabric which has a higher number of fiber arrangement layers in the in-plane direction and bonding fibers in the out of plane direction. 67 As a result, 3D fabric structures have better dimensional stability, pressure response, sensitivity, out of plane mechanical properties, and spatial networking which foster better electrical performance than microporous T-TENG. ...
Advancements in wearable electronics have been propelled by the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). The proliferation of electronic devices and sensors, fueled by the growth of IoT, heavily relies on power sources, predominantly batteries, with significant implications for the environment. To address this concern and reduce carbon emissions, there is a growing emphasis on renewable energy harvesting technologies, among which triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) play a pivotal role. Textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) stand out as innovative and sustainable solutions, possessing characteristics including large contact area, lightweight design, flexibility, comfort, scalability, and breathability. These smart wearables harness mechanical energy from human movement, converting it into electric energy. However, one of the persistent challenges is low electric power output. Decisive solutions involved meticulous selection of material pairs with significant differences in work function and optimizing contact areas. The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene, emerges as a key strategy to enhance multifunctionality and output. While carbon-based nanomate-rials offer impressive surface area, roughness, and electron mobility, the full potential of these structures remains untapped due to a lack of collaboration among experts in TENGs, textiles, and carbonaceous nanofillers. Herein, the recent progress of carbonaceous nanofillers incorporated T-TENG is presented. This review delineates recent progress in T-TENGs incorporating carbonaceous nanofillers, comprehensively addressing fundamental classification, operational mode, structural design, and working performance. Furthermore, the analysis also delves into potential challenges hindering commercialization. By presenting a comprehensive overview, this review aims to foster collaboration across diverse research fields and stimulate future investigations into sustainable, high-performance smart wearables. Abstract Advancements in wearable electronics have been propelled by the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). The proliferation of electronic devices and sensors, fueled by the growth of IoT, heavily relies on power sources, predominantly batteries, with significant implications for the environment. To address this concern and reduce carbon emissions, there is a growing emphasis on renewable energy harvesting technologies, among which triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) play a pivotal role. Textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) stand out as innovative and sustainable solutions, possessing characteristics including large contact area, lightweight design, flexibility, comfort, scalability, and breathability. These smart wearables harness mechanical energy from human movement, converting it into electric energy. However, one of the persistent challenges is low electric power output. Decisive solutions involved meticulous selection of material pairs with significant differences in work function and optimizing contact areas. The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene, emerges as a key strategy to enhance multifunctionality and output. While carbon-based nanomaterials offer impressive surface area, roughness, and electron mobility, the full potential of these structures remains untapped due to a lack of collaboration among experts in TENGs, textiles, and carbonaceous nanofillers. Herein, the recent progress of carbonaceous nanofillers incorporated T-TENG is presented. This review delineates recent progress in T-TENGs incorporating carbonaceous nanofillers, comprehensively addressing fundamental classification, operational mode, structural design, and working performance. Furthermore, the analysis also delves into potential challenges hindering commercialization. By presenting a comprehensive overview, this review aims to foster collaboration across diverse research fields and stimulate future investigations into sustainable, high-performance smart wearables.
... Summary of the status of various commercial artificial ACL grafts [12, In addition, it has production process parameters such as braid angle, volume ratio, unit cell, crossover region, undulation region, and matrix region. Braiding structures are produced generally in diamond, regular, and hercules braiding constructions [6,21,24,25,[53][54][55]. The usage areas of braiding structures are biomedical and industrial, especially artificial vessels and surgical yarns [6,21,24,25,53,56]. ...
... Braiding structures are produced generally in diamond, regular, and hercules braiding constructions [6,21,24,25,[53][54][55]. The usage areas of braiding structures are biomedical and industrial, especially artificial vessels and surgical yarns [6,21,24,25,53,56]. The mechanical properties of braiding structures are determined by the number of braid yarn, yarn type, yarn count, filament number, braiding angle, braid yarn path length, and drafting speed. ...
... The mechanical properties of braiding structures are determined by the number of braid yarn, yarn type, yarn count, filament number, braiding angle, braid yarn path length, and drafting speed. [6,[24][25][26]53,55]. Especially, braiding structures in biomaterials are generally produced with 12, 16, 18, and 32 braiding yarn numbers, diamond or double-layer braiding structures, and various synthetic-based yarns with PET-dominated, which have thin yarn counts, and single-layer or double-layer structures. ...
In the current study, an investigation of basic dimensional properties and biomechanical performance of artificial ACL grafts produced by the 3-D braiding method was carried out. Artificial ACL grafts were produced using the 3-D braiding process. All 3-D braiding grafts were produced using various technical yarns for raw and bio-finishing grafts. Ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization was applied to all grafts. The effects of yarn types, yarn counts, and 3-D braiding constructions on EtO sterilized raw and bio-finished artificial ACL grafts were examined. In conclusion; the tensile strength and thickness values of all 3-D braiding structured ACL grafts were suitable for artificial ligament grafts. Additionally, its grammage values were extremely light. The yarn type, yarn count, and 3-D braiding construction were the most effective process parameters on thickness, grammage, and tensile strength values. They can be improved by using x2-layered 3-D braiding structures, thicker yarn counts, and more than 1 core yarn in similar studies to be conducted in the future.
... [4][5][6][7] Furthermore, there is the possibility of producing 3D textiles by means of braiding and winding processes. [8][9][10] However, these are usually limited to rotationally symmetrical geometries and often require a core. Similarly, advancements have been made in weaving technology for different types of 3D structures such as multilayer, spacer, or tubular fabrics. ...
The demand for woven spherical shapes, particularly in applications such as fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), is increasing. However, the production of woven two-dimensional fabrics in three-dimensional (3D) shapes using conventional weaving machines faces technical limitations. As a result, draping and cutting processes are commonly employed to transform flat woven fabrics into 3D shapes, leading to challenges such as structural distortions, thread interruptions, layer overlaps, and high cutting losses. To address these issues, this research introduces a novel weaving technology that enables the creation of spherically curved woven fabrics utilizing conventional weaving machines. Using the developed technology it is possible to fabricate double curved fabrics without the cutting and usual draping processes that can be implemented to reinforce FRP components. The study presents mathematical models capable of calculating the required 3D surfaces for such fabrics. By adopting this technology, the need for draping and cutting processes can be eliminated, leading to improved quality and structural integrity of the final product.
... Nevertheless, the three-dimensional braiding technique is rarely used. The three-dimensional braided material has relatively excellent strength and stiffness, high impact resistance, excellent axial performance, and high freedom of design, allowing the preparation of different styles of prefabricated bodies according to actual needs [21][22][23]. Wang et al. [24] adopted resin transfer molding method to investigate the mechanical properties of composite tubes prepared with different three-dimensional braided structures. The results show that the mechanical properties of the three-dimensional ve-way structure are better than other structures. ...
To address the problem of environmental pollution caused by the transitional use of petroleum-based composites, a green and environmentally friendly thermoplastic resin compound molding process is proposed. In this study, continuous glass fiber (GF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared. The coupling agent KH550 was used to modify the preforms to enhance the interfacial properties. The three-dimensional (3D) braiding technology and hot pressing were adopted to produce the samples. Then, the crystallinity, transverse shear stress, interlaminar shear, and bending properties of samples were tested. Finally, the effects of GF content, preform thickness, cutting edge, and KH550 concentration on the longitudinal bending properties of composites were investigated. The results showed that GF improved the crystallinity of PLA, and the bending performance was better at a GF content of 40% and a preform thickness of 9 mm. The cutting edge has little effect on the mechanical properties of the composites and can be cut according to the requirements. The best mechanical properties are achieved at a KH550 concentration of 40%.
... Composite material preforms fabricated through the three-dimensional weaving technology contain fibers oriented in multiple directions and distributed in three-dimensional space. This structure has the advantage of preventing or retarding the propagation of interlayer cracks in the composite material under impact load, significantly improving the lateral performance of the composite material [1][2][3]. Therefore, the impact damage tolerance and fracture toughness of three-dimensional weaving composite materials are extremely higher than those of laminated plates [4,5]. Three-dimensional woven composite materials are suitable for weaving various complex geometric shapes that can be realized by using different weaving methods and varying weaving angles, yarn density and other parameters, without extensive mechanical processing [6]. ...
Three-dimensional weaving structures have high strength and resistance to interlayer shear due to their integrated manufacturing features. The traditional weaving equipment is generally huge and is not effective for weaving small-sized products. Therefore, this paper proposes a new composite forming technology and weaving mechanism based on grid-enhanced structures to braid small-sized preforms, combining the continuous fiber printing technology, the rope drive technology and the 3D weaving technology. This paper adopted the screw theory for forward and inverse kinematic analysis of the weaving mechanism and applied software Adams2020 for trajectory simulation analysis. The theoretical calculation results were basically consistent with the simulation results, which verified the rationality and feasibility of the designed weaving mechanism in small, enhanced grids.
... However, the longitudes and weft in the plane are only arranged at 0° or 90°, reducing anisotropy and shear resistance. The unique three-dimensional braided structure enables the composite material to have better mechanical properties, such as high strength and toughness, high impact resistance, torsional stability, good energy absorption, good formability, etc. [16,17]. ...
In this paper, 3D four-directional braided composites(3D4d-BC) materials with different braiding angles (15°and 30°) were subjected to hygrothermal aging treatment under different conditions, and then low-velocity impact and post-impact compression experiments were conducted to record the changes of relevant parameters. Through experiments, the temperature has an important effect on the increase of water absorption of the epoxy resin matrix. Higher water absorption results in better energy absorption for 3D4d-BC, but it is less integrated and therefore has lower residual compression properties. Although the intervention of oxygen molecules has little effect on the water absorption of the matrix, it has the degraded interface property between the matrix and the composite material, so it will further reduce its compression strength. The smaller the braiding Angle, the lower the water absorption efficiency and the lower the impact peak load during the hygrothermal aging process. In the compression process, H15 occurs mainly along the lateral side, and the failure form is buckling failure. H30 fractures along the 45° direction, and the failure form is a shear failure.
... In recent years, three dimensional (3D) braided composites have gained widespread application in the aerospace, rail transit, and marine industries due to their exceptional attributes, such as high specific strength, high specific modulus, impact resistance, and damage tolerance [1][2][3][4]. However, during the curing process of 3D braided composites, the occurrence of porosity defects is inevitable, which significantly affects the mechanical properties [5][6][7][8]. ...
... Based on the literature [51], the fibers at the micro-scale exhibit a hexagonal distribution, so a hexagonal model is adopted for analysis, and the fiber cross-section is assumed to be circular. The type and cross-sectional area of yarns determine the yarn filling factor ε, as shown in Eq. (1). The relationship between the length, width, and fiber radius of the microscale model can be determined as follows: ...
... Braided fabric structures are widely used in various industries due to their improved specific properties compared to traditional materials such as metals and ceramics [1]. Figure 1 illustrates a typical braiding machine and its braiding process: The horn gears' motion drives the bobbins along specific trajectories, carrying the yarn and enabling yarn braiding. ...
... Algorithm 1 IA-XPBD θ ← ContinousCollisionDetection(X, x) 23: x ← θ · (X − x) + x 24: until convergence or maximum iterations reached 25: x [1] ...
... Finally, the algorithm iterates until the convergence condition is met or the maximum number of iterations is reached and obtains the final position x [1] and velocity v [1] . ...
We present an efficient approach for simulating 3D topological braiding while guaranteeing non-penetration. Our method combines eXtended Position-Based Dynamics (XPBD) with Incremental Potential Contact (IPC), leveraging XPBD's efficiency, robustness, and numerical stability with IPC's non-penetration capabilities. However, incorporating IPC introduces nonlinearity errors that result in instability, numerical issues, and CCD failures in stiff systems. To resolve this, we propose a correction method that ensures non-penetration while retaining XPBD's benefits, resulting in an efficient algorithm for simulating 3D yarn braiding with correct topology. We also propose a parallel implementation of our algorithm on the GPU, achieving real-time simulation of complex braiding. Experimental results show that our method outperforms traditional XPBD in terms of plausibility and non-penetration guarantees while maintaining comparable efficiency and enhanced robustness under extreme collision conditions.
... The applications of braiding structures are generally used in the biomedical field such as surgical yarns and artificial veins. It can be also used as electromagnetic shielding and cables in industrial field because of its high mechanical strength and flexibility [15]. ...
The importance and aim of this experimental study is that raw artificial anterior cruciate ligament samples were produced with various 3-D braiding constructions with various technical yarns using the 3-D braiding method. Later, it is aimed to determine the chemical bond changes between raw samples with ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization and bio-chemical finishing samples by applying padding process and EtO sterilization processes for all samples with 3-D braiding structures, due to the cross-linking of biocompatible chitosan (CHI) with biological cross-linker glutaraldehyde (GA). The importance of this experimental study is that it is the first experimental chemical analysis in this field in the world scientific study. Padding and EtO sterilization processes were applied on all samples and compared to various technical yarns with 3-D braiding structures thanks to biocompatible CHI. Chemical analysis was interpreted for all samples. It was determined that the applied temperature, concentration, pH, yarn types, characteristic bonds in the chemical structure of the technical yarns, applied bio-chemical finishing process and EtO sterilization had effect on the formation, shifting and breaking of chemical bonds. It was determined that the yarn number, braiding geometry, braiding angle (°) and braid construction had no effect on the formation or shifting of chemical bonds. New bonds were formed thanks to CHI and GA due to their extremely reactive between 5 and 5.5 pH. They reacted quickly with Schiff base bond in all samples. CHI was ionized in all samples. It was determined that new bonds were formed in UHMWPE, PPD-T and HT PET structures. The most common bond formations were HT PET > PPD-T > UHMWPE. The reasons for these chemical structure changes in all samples depended on their chemical structures, bond types, molecular weights, reactivities, ease and speed of diffusions, crystallinities of technical yarns and all chemicals used. In order to increase the formation of new chemical bonds the pH should be between 5 and 5.5. GA concentration should be a minimum of 25% or higher. The dissolution time of CHI should be minimum 3 h or more. The dissolution process temperature of CHI should be minimum of 70°C or higher. The absorption, adsorption and chelation properties of CHI on all samples will also be evident successfully as in this experimental chemical study.
