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With rapid population growth, both urbanization and transportation affect air pollution,
population health, and global warming. A number of air pollutants are released from industrial
facilities and other activities and may cause adverse effects on human health and the environment.
One of the biggest air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), is ma...
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... the results of the statistical analyses were correlated with the population data of every province in Turkey and regression analyses were performed. The population data were taken from the official Turkey population webpage [7] (Figure 2). According to the population statistics, it has been recorded that Turkey's total population in 2018 is approximately 82 million people, which is more than 10 million greater than the statistical data in 2017. ...
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... The spectra from Satellite optical sensors are used to monitor and measure SO2 gas near real-time after an eruption [4]. The recording data can be processed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to estimate the 2 mass distribution and total column density near the time after the eruption [5]. Remote sensing monitoring methods, direct observation, and on-site sampling provide an overview of the impact of volcanic eruptions on the landscape and the chemistry of soils and spatially analyze the soil chemical properties by using the regression kriging method [6,7]. ...
... Soils became acidic, increasing available sulphate content and higher emission of SO2 gas are correlated with the Sentinel-5P satellite data. The Tropomi sensor from the Sentinel-5P satellite senses infrared waves from UV rays, short and far waves, as a result of the reflection of sulphur gas particles in the atmosphere [5]. Recording data can be freely accessed through the Copernicus data center via the Google Earth Engine platform. ...
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions from Mt. Sinabung eruption were quantified in time series for 2019. Both pyroclastic materials and gas or aerosol ejected during volcanic eruption contain sulphur as sulphate salt deposits coating volcanic ash grains or gasses. Sulphur dioxide from the eruption will directly impact the surrounding area. Spectral from satellite optical sensors can be used to monitor and measure SO 2 gas near real-time after an eruption. The distribution of SO 2 column density in the atmosphere was tracked using the Sentinel-5P satellite. Regression kriging (RK) is applied to predict the spatial distribution of sulphur. The area under study is located in a radius of 3 to 7 km from the eruptive center, covering an area of about 4,517 ha. A total of 51 soil samples and volcanic ash were collected from 0- 20 cm soil depth based on a 1x1 km grid interval. All samples were air- dried, sieved, and analyzed for pH, sulphate, and total SO3 using XRF. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was also used to process Sentinel-5P satellite imagery to determine the number and distribution of SO 2 column density in the atmosphere during 2019. The pH of the ash is very acidic to neutral (3.56 - 6.55), while soils are considered acidic to neutral (4.67 - 6.52). The available sulphate content in soil ranges from 0 to 303.39 ppm and 0 to 142.47 ppm in volcanic ash samples. SO 2 content in ash ranges from 0 to 16.53% and 0 to 3.71% in soils. Sentinel-5P satellite image spectral data shows that SO 2 is concentrated mainly in the southern region, with the highest level occurring in August 2019. This study can serve as one of the volcanic mitigation programs and forecast the distribution of SO 2 in an active volcanic region of Indonesia.
... The two trace gases also act as a precursor for photochemical smog resulting from complex atmospheric photochemical reactions (Kaplan et al., 2019;Qiao et al., 2019;Tanimoto et al., 2015). NO 2 can additionally contribute to acid rain (Ul-Haq et al., 2014). ...
This study conducts a spatio-temporal analysis of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in the Punjab and Haryana regions of India and Pakistan, using datasets from the Sentinel 5-Precursor (S5P) satellite. These regions, marked by diverse economic growth factors including population expansion, power generation, transportation, and agricultural practices, face similar challenges in atmospheric pollution, particularly evident in major urban centers like Delhi and Lahore, identified as pollution hotspots. The study also spotlights pollution associated with power plants. In urban areas, tropospheric NO2 levels are predominantly elevated due to vehicular emissions, whereas residential activities mainly contribute to CO pollution. However, precisely attributing urban CO sources is complex due to its longer atmospheric residence time and intricate circulation patterns. Notably, the burning of rice crop residue in November significantly exacerbates winter pollution episodes and smog, showing a more pronounced correlation with total CO than with tropospheric NO2 levels. The temporal analysis indicates that the months from October to December witness peak pollution, contrasted with the relatively cleaner period during the monsoon months of July to September. The severe pollution in the OND quarter is attributed to factors such as variations in boundary layer height and depletion of OH radicals. Furthermore, the study highlights the positive impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality, with a significant decrease in NO2 concentrations during April, 2020 (Delhi: 59%, Lahore: 58%). However, the reduction in total CO columns was less significant. The study also correlates lockdown stringency with tropospheric NO2 columns (R2: 0.37 for Delhi, 0.25 for Lahore, 0.22 for Rawalpindi/Islamabad), acknowledging the influence of various meteorological and atmospheric variables. The research highlights the significant impact of crop residue burning on winter pollution levels, particularly on total CO concentrations. The study also shows the notable effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality, significantly reducing NO2 levels. Additionally, it explores the correlation between lockdown stringency and tropospheric NO2 columns, considering various meteorological factors.
... The study also utilized the autocorrelation technique for the study of variations in the NO2 concentration levels between 2018-2019, across different geographic regions in winter and summer seasons. The same year, Kaplan et al., (2019) [68], utilized the same tropospheric NO2 data product from the TROPOMI for the study and mapping of the NO2 concentration variations over the entire Turkey. ...
The Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) is an Earth Observation satellite developed by the European Space Agency. The aim is primarily to fill the gap between end of the Envisat mission and the proposed launch of Sentinel-5. The satellite has a single payload and carries the TROPOMI-sensor aboard which is a nadir viewing imaging spectrometer. The sensor measures electromagnetic spectral wavelengths between UV (270-320nm) and SWIR (2305-2385nm), to carry out air pollution monitoring. The sensor measures both the Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) reflected solar radiation, and radiation from Earth. The sensor has a push-broom (non-scanning) configuration with a swath of 2600km on ground. The TROPOMI-sensor has a near pixel dimension of 7×3.5km2 for all the spectral bands. However, the UV-1 and SWIR bands are an exception to this with pixel dimensions of 7×28km2 and 7×7km2 respectively. The data products from the sensor are available at Level-1B and Level-2. The TROPOMI-sensor has been utilized worldwide in several research works related to atmospheric pollution- mapping, monitoring, and modelling since its launch. The TROPOMI-sensor is being utilized to study the atmospheric pollutant measurements, impact of forest fires and carbon sequestration. This paper aims to present a concise review of the current status of TROPOMI-sensor in terms of applications in the study of the atmosphere at country, state, and city levels across the globe. It is aimed that documentation on such applications would help researchers world over, to think and utilize its data further, for better study of global climate change and its impacts.
... Kaplan et al. [67] indicated that in the Istanbul region of Turkey, nitrogen dioxide levels reached 127 µmol/m 2 , which is six times higher than the levels observed in the Fatala River Basin. Cakmak et al. [68] studied nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the Marmara Region of Turkey. ...
This study conducts an in-depth analysis of anthropogenic transformation and air pollution within the confines of the Fatala River Basin situated in the Republic of Guinea, Africa. The foundation of this investigation relies upon interdisciplinary geoinformatics methodologies and data acquired through remote sensing, specifically drawing from Sentinel-5P and Sentinel-2 satellite datasets. The primary objectives encompass scrutinizing the extant ecological conditions characterizing the Fatala River Basin and assessing the anthropogenic influences within its geographic expanse. The utilization of remote sensing data, as facilitated by the Sentinel-5P satellite, emerges as a potent instrument for meticulously monitoring environmental transformations. A comprehensive analysis of the designated area, conducted through remote sensing methodologies, is employed to ascertain the concentrations of various atmospheric constituents, including nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, methane, ozone, and carbon monoxide. The findings gleaned from this inquiry reveal that, notwithstanding the dynamic growth of the extractive industry centered around the world’s preeminent bauxite province, the Fouta Djallon–Mandingo, the anthropogenic transformation of the Fatala River Basin exerts a comparatively minor influence on air quality. Statistical assessments, including correlation analysis, conducted between computed parameters delineating anthropogenic alterations within the Fatala River Basin, and a comprehensive atmospheric pollution index elucidate a lack of a significant nexus. It has been determined that air pollution within the Fatala River Basin is notably influenced by topographical features and the transport of contaminants from adjacent river basins. Consequently, this article makes a substantial contribution to our comprehension of the contemporary ecological state of the Fatala River Basin in the Republic of Guinea. It also holds significant importance in elucidating the ecological challenges specific to the researched region.
... The relationship between tropospheric NO 2 and population density over Turkey was investigated via the recently launched Sentinel-5 Precursor (a low-orbit atmospheric air-pollution-monitoring mission that was equipped with the Tropomi [Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument] spectrometer). The results showed a significant correlation above 0.72 between population density and maximum NO 2 values [16]. ...
Air pollution (especially near industrial enterprises that are located mainly in densely populated regions) is one of the most significant problems of modern ecology. The purpose of this research is to study nitrogen dioxide air pollution over Ukraine, which has a negative impact on human health. As part of the research over the territory of Ukraine, the real planar distribution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as well as its local emissions (which make the main contribution to this distribution) were revealed using the materials of the remote sensing of the Earth from the AURA satellite. The results were calculated for the multi-year period of 2005 through 2021 and separately for 2022, which characterized the full-scale war in Ukraine and which made it possible to identify priority polluters; namely, industrial enterprises (thermal power plants, heavy metallurgy enterprises, etc.). For 17 years, the average value of NO2 was 160.78 · 102 molecules/mm2; in 2022, its concentration decreased to 126.93·109 molecules/mm2. The war manifested itself due to the shutdown of industrial enterprises, which were (and remain) priority polluters in Ukraine (particularly in large cities).
... These activities contribute to the emission of various harmful pollutants in significant amounts (Gautam & Hens, 2020;Ghorani-Azam et al., 2016). Factors such as economic development, energy consumption, urbanization, motorization, transportation, and rapid population growth are known to be major contributors to air pollution (Kaplan et al., 2019). ...
The first case of COVID-19 in Iran was reported on February 25, 2020, leading in the implementation of a government-mandated lockdown as the virus gradually spread to different cities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality in Ahvaz city by utilizing Sentinel 5 images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Specifically, the concentrations of air pollutants, including CO, NO2, SO2, and HCHO, during the COVID-19 pandemic from May 10 to June 01, 2021, were examined. Also, they were compared to the same period in 2019. Additionally, the influence of meteorological parameters, such as wind speed and precipitation, on pollutant concentrations during the pandemic and in the pre-pandemic year of 2019 were investigated. The results revealed a significant decrease in the concentrations of NO2 (13.7%), CO (6.1%), SO2 (28%), and HCHO (9.5%) in Ahvaz during the study period in 2021 compared to the same period in 2019. Statistical analyses indicated no significant changes in wind speed and precipitation between the COVID-19 pandemic and the pre-pandemic period in 2019. Therefore, the impact of these parameters on the observed changes in pollutant concentrations can be disregarded. It is clear that the COVID-19 epidemic and the subsequent lockdown measures, including traffic restrictions and business closures, played a crucial role in significantly reducing air pollutant concentrations in Ahvaz.
... Air pollutants are usually caused by industrial facilities and other activities. [7]. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), one of the worst air pollutants, is primarily produced when fossil fuels are burned, particularly in the exhaust emissions from moving vehicles. ...
... Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), one of the worst air pollutants, is primarily produced when fossil fuels are burned, particularly in the exhaust emissions from moving vehicles. Satellite remote sensing data has been used to track air pollution over time [7]. In cities with large populations where CO, CH 4 , NO 2 , particulate matter PM 2.5 and PM10, as well as ozone and other gases, contribute to the deterioration of the population's health situation due to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and even fertility diseases. ...
... The European Space Agency operates various Earth observation satellites that are available under the Copernicus program. These satellites are used to map and monitor the Earth's chemical and physical changes [7]. Sentinel, one of the largest Earth monitoring programmes, uses a variety of satellites. ...
In this study, we used Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite data to examine the NO2 and gas concentrations in the cities of Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan, and to use environmental valuation methods that focus on air quality problems. Furthermore, the causes and main sources of NO2 are discussed with its effect on the environment and the health of humans. This study examines the correlation between the tropospheric NO2 collected from the recently launched Sentinel-5 Precursor, a low-earth-orbit atmospheric mission dedicated to observing air pollution and outfitted with the spectrometer TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument). The average amount of NO2 that was gathered between May 2018 and May 2022. The results showed higher levels of NO2 concentrations were recorded in both, Karachi and Lahore. The concentrations exceed the WHO standard levels for NO2 in ambient air. The NO2 concentrations in Karachi ranged from 3.0e-6 mol/m2 being the minimum average concentration to 4.0e-1 mol/m2 being the maximum concentration. However, in Lahore, the minimum average value of NO2 was ranging from 4.0e-5 mol/m2 to 5.5e-1 mol/m2 as the maximum average, which was higher than the minimum and maximum values of Karachi. The study also revealed that the NO2 concentrations measured for both cities were higher than the WHO's yearly limit threshold, which is 53 ppb/year. Thus, it was crucial to take action to address this issue before it poses a severe risk to the local people. This study's identification of the key regions with the greatest NO2 concentrations will aid in understanding the significance of satellite data for monitoring NO2 concentration. Thus, the originality of the study lies in the fact that using the example of Karachi and Lahore, the dynamics of the deterioration of the environmental situation was revealed, and the main reasons for what was happening were also established. In this case, an available tool was used - remote sensing tools. The competent authorities can assist this study in managing and regulating the air quality in the most densely populated areas.
... When comparing the values obtained in our study for the year 2019 with the results obtained in [26] for the territory of North Macedonia, it can be stated that the NO 2 concentration values for the largest cities in North Macedonia (Skopje, Bitola, Prilep) exceed the values in the largest inhabited areas within the investigated territory by 2-3 times. Comparing them to the NO 2 concentration values in Turkey [25], the concentration excess in the Istanbul region is 40 times greater than within the major inhabited areas within the river basins of the north-western slopes of the Crimean Mountains. ...
This article presents an assessment of atmospheric pollutant concentrations based on state-of-the-art geoinformation research methods that utilize Sentinel-5 satellite imagery, the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE), and ArcGIS 10.8 software. The spatial distributions of some pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, methane) in the atmosphere are analyzed on the example of the basins of the Zapadnyy Bulganak, Alma, Kacha, Belbek, and Chernaya rivers on the north-western slope of the Crimean Mountains. The concentrations of the average annual and average monthly values of pollutants for each catchment area are compared. The GEE (Google Earth Engine) platform is used for extracting annual and monthly average rasters of pollutant substances, while ArcGIS is utilized for enhanced data visualization and in-depth analytical processing. Background concentrations of pollutants within protected natural areas are calculated. By comparing the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutant values with the background concentrations within these protected areas, a complex index of atmospheric pollution is constructed. The spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations has been thoroughly examined. Based on the regression analysis (R > 0.85), the field of values of the total amount of emissions (which are analyzed for only six points in the study area and in the surrounding areas) was restored on the basis of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the field of distribution of nitrogen dioxide values (NO2). Since air pollution can have negative consequences, both for human health and for the ecosystem as a whole, this study is of great importance for assessing the ecological situation within the river basins of the north-western slope of the Crimean Mountains. This work also contributes to a general understanding of the problem of gas emissions, whose study is becoming increasingly relevant. The aim of this research is to assess the potential application of Sentinel-5 satellite imagery for air quality assessment and pollution analysis within the river basins of the north-western slopes of the Crimean Mountains. The significance of this study lies in the innovative use of Sentinel-5 satellite imagery to investigate air pollution in extensive regions where a regular network of observation points is lacking.
... Đặc biệt, các chất SO 2 , NO 2 và CO nồng độ cao trong không khí có thể gây ra các vấn đề sức khỏe nghiêm trọng, như bệnh phổi và bệnh tim mạch, bệnh về đường hô hấp, bệnh ung thư [4]. Trong đó, NO 2 là một trong những thành phần lớn nhất trong không khí bị ô nhiễm và là tiền thân của O 3 , PM và mưa axit [5]. Nguồn phát thải khí NO 2 , SO 2 đến từ việc đốt cháy nhiên liệu hóa thạch, còn NO 2 hình thành từ khí thải từ ô tô, xe tải và xe buýt, nhà máy điện và các phương tiện giao thông [6]. ...
... Quan sát chất lượng không khí từ vệ tinh đã được nghiên cứu và ứng dụng trong hơn bốn thập kỷ qua với sự ra đời của các hệ thống giám sát tầng ozone, như TOMS (Total Ozone Monitoring Instrument) vào năm 1978, GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) vào năm 1995, OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) vào năm 2004, và Sentinel-5 Precursor Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (Sentinel-5P TROPOMI) vào năm 2017 [8]. Những vệ tinh này được thiết kế nhằm quan sát và đánh giá một số khí trên Trái đất ở tầng bình lưu và tầng đối lưu [5]. Trong đó, vệ tinh Sentinel-5P là vệ tinh quỹ đạo tầm thấp, được trang bị máy quang phổ TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument) cho phép theo dõi ozone (O 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) và sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) [9]. ...
... Dữ liệu viễn thám Sentinel được tích hợp toàn bộ vào hệ thống cơ sở dữ liệu của nền tảng điện toán đám mây Google Earth Engine (GEE), đặc biệt, dữ liệu viễn thám Sentinel-1A, 1B, 5P được cung cấp hoàn toàn miễn phí và công nghệ GEE cho phép người dùng thực hiện các phân tích đánh giá thông số, khí tượng ở các quy mô khác nhau trên phạm vi toàn cầu dựa trên hạ tầng đã được tối ưu hóa [10]. Chính vì vậy, trong những năm gần đây, có rất nhiều nghiên cứu ứng dụng dữ liệu viễn thám Sentinel-5P TROPOMI trên nền tảng GEE trong theo dõi, giám sát chất lượng không khí ở khắp các vùng, các quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ trên toàn thế giới [5,8,9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Magro 4 , SO 2 , CO và sol khí và nhận thấy rằng nồng độ các khí này tăng đáng kể trong những tháng đốt gốc rạ tại Ấn Độ từ năm 2018 đến năm 2021, kết quả của nghiên cứu này cũng được kiểm chứng với dữ liệu của các trạm quan trắc không khí mặt đất [17] hoặc kiểm chứng kết quả đánh giá sự phân bố của khí NO 2 từ dữ liệu Sentinel-5P TROPOMI với các trạm quan trắc không khí mặt đất tại Iran [20] hoặc kiểm chứng với các mạng quan trắc không khí toàn cầu NDACC ZSL-DOAS, MAX-DOAS và Pandonia [11][12][13]. ...
Air pollution in big cities is a significant threat to both human health and the long-term development of urban areas. The storage and sharing of Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite imagery through the GoogleEarth Engine platform have facilitated efficient monitoring and assessment of air pollution levels in large regions with speed and accuracy. This study uses Sentinel-5P TROPOMI data to monitor and evaluate the emissions of SO2, NO2, and CO in the air of Thai Nguyen City during the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. The study’s findings are further validated by comparing them with air pollution assessment reports from relevant authorities to establish the effectiveness and practicality of this innovative technology.
... Additionally, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure increases the risk of incurring respiratory diseases [15]. The increase in air pollution is linked to economic development, urbanization, and transportation [16]. dents' not being in the city [36], financial resilience of the hospitals [37], dental emergency services [38], and food consumption [39], to mention just a few. ...
Many concerns are arising now regarding the effects of the pollution on inhabitants, especially in agglomerated areas. It is known that mobility is a major factor that generates threatening pollution that negatively affects the health and the comfort of residents. The present study focuses on this sensitive subject by observing the impact of reducing mobility on air quality. There are various studies on this topic, but this analysis addresses a gap in the literature, by covering a very active area, in terms of development and attractiveness for new inhabitants. The research study was carried on Cluj-Napoca city (Romania), by measuring the concentration of SO2, NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5 from five different air monitoring stations from Cluj County during 2019–2021. During the entire period, the concentrations of the measured pollutants regarding the air quality were far below the legally accepted limits, with some short time peaks generated by other human factors. Road vehicle traffic generates pollution, but they are not the only elements that have to be taken into consideration when the quality of life is regarded, so the lawmakers have a more complex task to comply when deliberating on this matter. It concludes that it is necessary to develop on the existing air quality measuring network stations, because it is necessary to increase the number and the quality of the measurements.
