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Tulasnella aurantiaca. A, B. Appearance of fresh sporodochia on rotten wood. C. Detail of dried sporodochia. D. Detail of rehydrated sporodochia. E-G: 28-d-old culture, E on CMA with near-UV, F on OA with near-UV, G on OA in darkness. H, K. Living conidial chains in water. I, J. Conidial chains from culture on OA for 27 d under near-UV. L. Conidial chains in lactic acid. Scale bars: C−D = 500 μm, H, K−L = 10 μm, I, J = 20 μm.
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The taxonomy of the genus Hormomyces, typified by Hormomyces aurantiacus, which based on circumstantial evidence was long assumed to be the hyphomycetous asexual morph of Tremella mesenterica (Tremellales, Tremellomycetes) or occasionally Dacrymyces (Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetes), is revised. Phylogenies based on the three nuc rDNA markers [interna...
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Context 1
... a new combination is proposed: Basidiomes unknown. Sporodochia effuse, often pustulate, confluent in masses up to 5 cm long, occasionally more, or rarely solitary and <1 cm long, gelatinous or cartilaginous when fresh, waxy when dried, colours variable, from deep orange to garnet red when fresh, ranging from blonde to brown with various shades of orange and red when dry. Hyphae immersed, septate, branched, 2-4 μm wide, dikaryotic, binucleate ( Supplementary Fig. S4), clamp connections absent, no stroma formed. Conidiophores arising from hyphal cells, clamp connection absent. ...
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Chloroplasts are the photosynthetic organelles in plant and algae cells that enable photoautotrophic growth. Due to their prokaryotic origin, modern-day chloroplast genomes harbor 100 to 200 genes. These genes encode for core components of the photosynthetic complexes and the chloroplast gene expression machinery, making most of them essential for...
Citations
... Una vez herborizados los ejemplares se continuó con el estudio micromorfológico siguiendo la técnica propuesta por Largent et al. (1977) para esta labor se utilizó un microscopio óptico (Primo Star HD cam, Hal/LED, full Köhler, 100X marca Carl Zeiss), se registró la presencia o ausencias de estructuras microscópicas con valor diagnóstico y se realizaron mediciones de al menos 30 esporas. Para la identificación de los ejemplares se consultaron guías taxonómicas y literatura de cada grupo taxonómico, como Guzmán y Pérez-Patraca (1972), Gómez (1996), Valenzuela et al. (1996), Sarnari (2007), Ryvarden (2010), Hernández-Navarro et al. (2013), Landeros y Guzmán-Dávalos (2013), Montañez (2013), Barajas (2015aBarajas ( , 2015b, Mack et al. (2021), entre otras, y páginas web especializadas (UNAM, 2021;Kuo, 2023;Tulloss y Yang, 2023;). Para la elaboración del listado taxonómico (Tabla 1) se siguió el Index Fungorum (2023) y el diccionario micológico de Kirk et al. (2008). ...
La Estación Biológica Agua Zarca (EBAZ) resguarda parte de la biodiversidad de Aguascalientes (México); sin embargo, no existían registros específicos de los macromicetes del lugar. La importancia de este estudio fue descubrir y conocer la riqueza de los hongos macroscópicos de la EBAZ. Durante la temporada de lluvia de 2021 y 2022 se realizaron recolectas en el sitio, obteniendo resultados similares a los de anteriores investigaciones. El bosque de encino fue la comunidad vegetal de mayor incidencia para la recolección de macromicetes en contraste con el matorral espinoso. Se identificaron 87 especies, de las cuales 76 corresponden a Basidiomycota, 10 a Ascomycota y una a Amoebozoa. Agaricales fue el orden más diverso en familias y especies, seguido de Russulales, Boletales y Polyporales. Astraeus hygrometricus, Lentinus arcularius, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Russula mexicana y Stereum ostrea fueron las especies más frecuentes. Se elaboró un listado taxonómico de las especies identificadas y se agregaron 19 registros nuevos a la funga de Aguascalientes.
... Una vez herborizados los ejemplares se continuó con el estudio micromorfológico siguiendo la técnica propuesta por Largent et al. (1977) para esta labor se utilizó un microscopio óptico (Primo Star HD cam, Hal/LED, full Köhler, 100X marca Carl Zeiss), se registró la presencia o ausencias de estructuras microscópicas con valor diagnóstico y se realizaron mediciones de al menos 30 esporas. Para la identificación de los ejemplares se consultaron guías taxonómicas y literatura de cada grupo taxonómico, como Guzmán y Pérez-Patraca (1972), Gómez (1996), Valenzuela et al. (1996), Sarnari (2007), Ryvarden (2010), Hernández-Navarro et al. (2013), Landeros y Guzmán-Dávalos (2013), Montañez (2013), Barajas (2015aBarajas ( , 2015b, Mack et al. (2021), entre otras, y páginas web especializadas (UNAM, 2021;Kuo, 2023;Tulloss y Yang, 2023;). Para la elaboración del listado taxonómico (Tabla 1) se siguió el Index Fungorum (2023) y el diccionario micológico de Kirk et al. (2008). ...
La Estación Biológica Agua Zarca (EBAZ) resguarda parte de la biodiversidad de Aguascalientes (México); sin embargo, no existían registros específicos de los macromicetes del lugar. La importancia de este estudio fue descubrir y conocer la riqueza de los hongos macroscópicos de la EBAZ. Durante la temporada de lluvia de 2021 y 2022 se realizaron recolectas en el sitio, obteniendo resultados similares a los de anteriores investigaciones. El bosque de encino fue la comunidad vegetal de mayor incidencia para la recolección de macromicetes en contraste con el matorral espinoso. Se identificaron 87 especies, de las cuales 76 corresponden a Basidiomycota, 10 a Ascomycota y una a Amoebozoa. Agaricales fue el orden más diverso en familias y especies, seguido de Russulales, Boletales y Polyporales. Astraeus hygrometricus, Lentinus arcularius, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Russula mexicana y Stereum ostrea fueron las especies más frecuentes. Se elaboró un listado taxonómico de las especies identificadas y se agregaron 19 registros nuevos a la funga de Aguascalientes.
... In addition, several studies have reported the use of multilocus species delineation to further improve the resolution of Tulasnella species identification [21]. Species delimited by Tulasnella mainly include the following loci: nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), large subunit region (nrLSU) [22][23][24], small ribosomal subunit (nrSSU) [25], and mitochondrial large rDNA gene (mtLSU) [26,27]. Furthermore, three protein-coding genes are commonly used in the phylogeny of the fungal phylum Basidiomycota: RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1) [28][29][30]. ...
The compatibility of mycorrhizal fungi with the early growth stage of orchids is essential for their growth. In this study, the compatibility and promotion effects of 14 Tulasnella strains from different hosts were studied by co-culturing them with the protocorms of Dendrobium crepidatum, which has high ornamental and economic value in China. The ITS–LSU–SSU–TEF combined sequence analysis divided the 14 strains into three clades belonging to Tulasnella calospora (clades A and B) and Tulasnella asymmetrica (clade C). All the strains were compatible with D. crepidatum protocorms within 90 d of the co-culture. Strain T12 in Clade A had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) effect on the biomass and morphology of D. crepidatum, and strain T13 in Clade C had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) effect than the other strains. Through morphological principal component analysis, we constructed a hierarchical cluster analysis tree, which was consistent with the phylogenetic tree of these 14 strains at the clade level. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed that these strains have an important effect on the plant height, root number, and length of D. crepidatum. The findings of this study will contribute to the identification of Tulasnella strains, conservation of D. crepidatum resources, and commercial utilization of mycorrhizal technology.
... After the cultural studies of H. aurantiacus by Tubaki (1976) and the description of the asexual morph of T. mesenterica by Pipolla and Kotiranta (2008), it was clear that this putative connection was incorrect. rDNA phylogenies by Mack et al. (2021) suggest that H. aurantiacus is a member of the same clade as Tulasnella violea, but is unlikely to be conspecific with it. Hormisciopsis gelatinosa, the only named species in that genus, is likely to be a synonym of Hormomyces aurantiacus. ...
With the change to one scientific name for fungal taxa, generic names typified by species with sexual or asexual morph types are being evaluated to determine which names represent the same genus and thus compete for use. In this paper generic names of the Agaricomycotina ( Basidiomycota ) were evaluated to determine synonymy based on their type. Forty-seven sets of sexually and asexually typified names were determined to be congeneric and recommendations are made for which generic name to use. In most cases the principle of priority is followed. However, 16 generic names are recommended for use that do not have priority and thus need to be protected: Aleurocystis over Matula; Armillaria over Acurtis and Rhizomorpha; Asterophora over Ugola; Botryobasidium over Acladium , Allescheriella, Alysidium, Haplotrichum , Physospora, and Sporocephalium; Coprinellus over Ozonium; Coprinopsis over Rhacophyllus; Dendrocollybia over Sclerostilbum and Tilachlidiopsis; Diacanthodes over Bornetina; Echinoporia over Echinodia; Neolentinus over Digitellus; Postia over Ptychogaster; Riopa over Sporotrichum; Scytinostroma over Artocreas, Michenera , and Stereofomes; Tulasnella over Hormomyces; Typhula over Sclerotium; and Wolfiporia over Gemmularia and Pachyma. Nine species names are proposed for protection: Botryobasidium aureum, B. conspersum , B. croceum , B. simile, Pellicularia lembosporum (syn. B. lembosporum ), Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Polyporus metamorphosus (syn. Riopa metamorphosa ), Polyporus mylittae (syn. Laccocephalum mylittae ), and Polyporus ptychogaster (syn . Postia ptychogaster ). Two families are proposed for protection: Psathyrellaceae and Typhulaceae . Three new species names and 30 new combinations are established, and one lectotype is designated.
The review is devoted to the taxonomic representation of the order Cantharellales in connection with problems of taxonomical history of the group and problems of its ecological diversification. The history of the taxonomy of Cantharellales is considered, and it is shown that at present the order is limited to no more than 550 species from 31 genera and 5 families: Aphelariaceae (The unresolved problems of the Cantharellales tax-onomy are discussed. The ecomorphological and ecological-trophic diversification of the order is considered. A synopsis of families and genera is given with identification keys and detailed original taxa diagnoses down to the generic level. It is concluded that, during the evolution of the order Cantharellales and other large groups of Agaricomycetes, there is a parallelism associated with the development by fungi of similar adaptive zones that opened up in connection with the Early Cretaceous diversification of the terrestrial biota: the co-lonization of wood debris with the formation of hypochnoid, corticioid, and secondary resupinate forms; forest litter with the formation of clavarioid and ramarioid forms; the development of sporulation within grasses with a reduction of cantharelloid and secondary formation of clavarioid forms; the formation of ectomycor-rhizae and orchid mycorrhiza by lignotrophic fungi; and colonization of moss protonemata, films of aero-phytic algae, and lichen thalli.
The review is devoted to the taxonomic representation of the Cantharellales order in connection with problems of taxonomical history of the group and problems of its ecological diversification. The history of the taxonomy of Cantharellales is considered and it is shown that at present the order is limited to no more than 550 species from 31 genera and 5 families: Aphelariaceae (Aphelaria, Phaeoaphelaria, Tumidapexus); Botryobasidiaceae (Botryobasidium with anamorphs, Suillosporium); Ceratobasidiaceae (Ceratoporia, Ceratobasidium pr.p., Rhizoctonia); Hydnaceae (Bergerella, Bryoclavula, Bulbilla, Burgella, Burgellopsis, Burgoa, Cantharellus, Clavulina, Craterellus, Gloeomucro, Hydnum, Ingoldiella, Membranomyces, Minimedusa, Multiclavula, Neoburgoa, Parastereopsis, Repetobasidiellum, Rogersiomyces, Sistotrema, Sistotremella); Tulasnellaceae (Pseudotulasnella, Stilbotulasnella, Tulasnella). The unresolved problems of the Cantharellales taxonomy are discussed. The ecomorphological and ecological-trophic diversification of the order is considered. A synopsis of families and genera is given with identification keys and detailed original taxa diagnoses down to the generic level. It is concluded that during the evolution of the order Cantharellales and other large groups of Agaricomycetes, there is a parallelism associated with the development by fungi of similar adaptive zones that opened up in connection with the Early Cretaceous diversification of the terrestrial biota: the colonization of wood debris with the formation of hypochnoid, corticioid and secondary resupinate forms, forest litter with the formation of clavarioid and ramarioid forms, the development of sporulation within grasses with a reduction of cantarelloid and secondary formation of clavarioid forms, the formation of ectomycorrhizae and orchid mycorrhiza by lignotrophic fungi, colonization of mosses protonemata, films of aerophytic algae, and lichen thalli.
Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae) is a genus of fungus that can form mycorrhizal associations with orchids (Orchidaceae). Here we used molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics of pure cultures across four different media to support the description of five new Tulasnella species associated with commonly occurring and endangered Australian orchids. Tulasnella nerrigaensis associates with Calochilus; T. subasymmetrica and T. kiataensis with Thelymitra; and T. korungensis and T. multinucleata with Pyrorchis and Rimacola respectively. The newly described species were primarily delimited by analyses of five loci: nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), C14436 (adenosine triphosphate [ATP] synthase), C4102 (glutamate synthase), C3304 (ATP helicase), and mt large subunit 16S rDNA (mtLSU). Tulasnella subasymmetrica is introduced for some isolates previously identified as T. asymmetrica, and this latter species is characterized from multilocus sequencing of a new isolate that matches ITS sequences from the ex-type culture. Morphological differences between the new species are slight. Tulasnella multinucleata has 6-12 nuclei per hyphal compartment which is the first instance of multinucleate rather than binucleate or trinucleate hyphal compartments in Tulasnella. The formal description of these species of Tulasnella will aid in future evolutionary and ecological studies of orchid-fungal interactions.
Peach is a temperate fruit and is grown in various edaphoclimatic settings worldwide. Brown rot, caused primarily by Monilinia spp. is one of the most destructive peach diseases. The disease results in severe pre-harvest and post-harvest losses. More than half of the world’s post-harvest losses of peach can be attributed to brown rot disease. Despite the widespread adoption of management strategies such as pruning, removing fruit mummies, eliminating wild plums, chemical control remains an effective strategy for managing brown rot disease. However, environmental and human health impacts of chemical control and fungicides resistance consequences, these management tactics tend to be re-evaluated. The aim of this review is to comprehensively sum up the available information on the taxonomy, distribution, epidemiology, symptomology, molecular and morphological characterization of brown rot disease, and to date management approaches. However, fast paced current research on brown rot disease of peach management should be carefully updated for the full-proof control of the fungi. Nevertheless, more research and review of the information regarding various aspects of diseases management exclusively biocontrol agents are needed to exploit their actual potential, which is the salient objective of this review. This review will open new avenues giving future prospects and research agenda to the scientists working on this serious pathosystem of peach.
