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Trunk, fruit and seeds of various Sindora species. A. Trunk of Sindora wallichii Benth., showing the smooth bark and the slightly raised rings around the girth. B. Fallen leaflets, seeds and pods of Sindora wallichii. C. Seed and the spineless pod of Sindora coriacea (Baker) Prain. D. Seeds of Sindora velutina Baker, showing the squarish and bright yellow aril. E. Pods of Sindora velutina. F. Pods and seeds of Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq. (cultivated at Singapore Botanic Gardens). A from Choo et al. SING2019-655, B from Choo et al. SING2019-943, C from Choo et al. SING2019-840, D & E from Choo et al. SING2019-944. (Photos: L.M. Choo).
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Sindora Miq. is a genus of large legume trees found mainly in tropical and
subtropical forests from southern China, continental Southeast Asia, and West and Central Malesia. A revision of Sindora in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore is presented with updated descriptions and distributions. The data are derived from a comprehensive study of herbariu...
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... was described from a flowering specimen from Malacca by Bentham in 1865. In the protologue, Bentham had already questioned if Echinocalyx was the same as Sindora, although he was not able to confirm it because the flowers of Sindora were not described in Miquel's protologue of the genus. However, two years later in 1867, Bentham (1867) (1949)). (Fig. 1C & ...
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Citations
... The forest tree, Sindora siamensis, commonly known as 'Makha-Tae', belongs to the family Leguminosae (Pham et al. 2015). S. siamensis is primarily found in tropical and subtropical forests spanning from southern China to central Malaysia, and it is widely distributed in numberous forest regions of Thailand (Chiwapreecha et al. 2015;Choo and Ngo 2020). The use of S. siamensis in the furniture industry is a significant advantage, and the extraction of natural compounds, such as diterpene and other chemical compounds, from leaves and barks is utilised in medicine (Aoki et al. 2007;Chiwapreecha et al. 2015;Rattanapotanan 2019). ...
The effect of drought stress on leaf physiology was studied in 10-month-old plants of Sindora siamensis. Plants were either placed in an open greenhouse (unhardening; UH) or in an open field (open field hardening; H) for 45 days. Both the UH and H plants stopped receiving water (D) until the initial drought injury and then rewatered (R) until complete recovery. Results showed necrosis in the leaves of UH + D, while H + D showed wilting at Day 7 after drought. A greater degree of necrosis was found in UH + D + R but made complete recovery in H + D + R at Day 4 after rewatering. Drought stress resulted in decreased leaf area in H, and reduced leaf and stem water status, PSII efficiency, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in both UH and H. It also resulted in an increase in water use efficiency in both UH and H. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents in UH were markedly increased due to drought stress. These results suggest that unhardened young plants of Sindora exposed to drought exhibited enhanced stomata behaviour by minimising open stomata and transpiration, resulting in high efficiency of water usage. However, there was still membrane damage from lipid peroxidation, which caused necrosis. Open field hardened plants exposed to drought demonstrated reduced open stomata and transpiration, thereby preserving leaf and soil water status and enhancing water use efficiency. This may be a reduction in lipid peroxidation though an oxidative scavenging mechanism that causes a slight alteration in membrane stability and a slight necrosis.
... Sindora Miq. is a genus of legume trees (Fabaceae) of 18 or 19 species that are found in Southeast Asia, including 15 in Malesia from Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Java, the Philippines, Sulawesi and possibly the Maluku Islands (Hou, 1996). Choo & Ngo (2020) revised Sindora in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, recognising five species in this region, namely Sindora coriacea (Baker) Prain, Sindora echinocalyx Prain, Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq., Sindora velutina Baker and Sindora wallichii Benth. ...
... In Peninsular Malaysia, Sindora siamensis is assessed as presumed nationally extinct, while the other four species are assessed as Least Concern. In Singapore, the four native species are assessed as nationally Critically Endangered (Choo & Ngo, 2020). In addition to the Sindora trees found in the forest habitats of Singapore, several Sindora trees were preserved as remnant trees in landscapes converted from forests or were planted later in managed landscapes. ...
... Corner (1988) noted that this tree was probably Sindora wallichii, although its true identity could not be confirmed. With the recent taxonomic revision of Sindora in Singapore (Choo & Ngo, 2020), we considered it timely to survey the historical landscapes at SBG, FCP and CVE for mature Sindora trees that could have been either remnant trees from former forest or trees planted by British botanists and administrators in charge of these landscapes. We have included Sindora trees that are currently found in these landscapes, as well as those for which there are records, but which no longer stand. ...
Sindora Miq. is a noteworthy genus in Singapore, with records of its existence, both natural and cultivated, dating back to the colonial period. Among which was the iconic‘Changi Tree’, an approximately 76 m tall tree at Changi that was felled in 1942 during WorldWar II. With the recent revision of the genus in Singapore, it was timely to survey the key historical landscapes at the Singapore Botanic Gardens (SBG), Fort Canning Park (FCP) and Changi Village Estate (CVE) for Sindora trees that are currently found or were once present in these locations. This was done through a site survey of the three areas, a study of herbarium specimens, literature and pictorial records relating to these areas, and the carbon dating of selected trees to ascertain their ages. At least 26 mature Sindora trees were recorded from this study, with at least 23 from SBG, one from FCP and two from CVE. Eighteen of these trees have been lost over time, leaving a total of eight trees consisting of an individual of Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq. and five of Sindora wallichii Benth. from SBG, one Sindora siamensis from FCP and one Sindora × changiensis L.M.Choo et al. from CVE. The latter is a hybrid of Sindora coriacea (Baker) Prain and S. echinocalyx Prain, recently elucidated using molecular tools. The identity of the ‘Changi Tree’ could not be fully verified, but it was likely to have been a Sindora echinocalyx based on a herbarium specimen collected from Changi. This study highlights the conservation value of trees in historical landscapes in Singapore, their importance in contributing to the genetic diversity of species in Singapore outside of nature reserves, and their role as a living legacy of Singapore’s rich botanical and horticultural history.
... ex Miq., Sindora velutina Baker, Sindora wallichii Benth. (Choo and Ngo 2020). Of these, four species, Sindora coriacea, S. echinocalyx, S. velutina and S. wallichii are present in both Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia, while S. siamensis is found only in northern Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, and is only present as a cultivated tree in Singapore. ...
... S. coriacea and S. wallichii are relatively more abundant than S. velutina and S. echinocalyx, which are comparatively rarer in the wild in Singapore. S. velutina is found only in the primary rainforest at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, while S. echinocalyx may be more associated with hillsides and coastal areas (Choo and Ngo 2020). Recent field observations of mature Sindora trees in Singapore revealed a particular 27 m-tall mature tree from Changi at the north-eastern coast of the island, which could not be satisfactorily identified to species using the taxonomic key in Choo and Ngo (2020). ...
... S. velutina is found only in the primary rainforest at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, while S. echinocalyx may be more associated with hillsides and coastal areas (Choo and Ngo 2020). Recent field observations of mature Sindora trees in Singapore revealed a particular 27 m-tall mature tree from Changi at the north-eastern coast of the island, which could not be satisfactorily identified to species using the taxonomic key in Choo and Ngo (2020). ...
Sindora × changiensis L.M.Choo, Loo, W.F.Ang & K.Er is a new hybrid from the subfamily Detarioideae in Fabaceae. This is the first reported instance of natural hybridisation in Sindora. Based on population genetics analyses using ddRAD and morphological observations, this taxon represents a fertile hybrid between Sindora coriacea and Sindora echinocalyx. This new hybrid is so far only known to occur naturally from Changi at the northeastern coast of Singapore. It has pods that are sparsely spiny. This is intermediate between the smooth, non-spiny pods of S. coriacea, and the densely spiny pods of S. echinocalyx. The calyx is smooth and unarmed, resembling S. coriacea. Last but not least, the ovary is entirely pubescent, different from S. coriacea and S. echinocalyx. The ovary of S. coriacea has a glabrous patch in the middle , while that of S. echinocalyx has minute spines protruding from the dense pubescence. A taxonomic description and an updated key to the Sindora of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia are also provided.
... The new records have included native plants ( De Kok, 2015;Leong-Škorničková & Boyce, 2015;Niissalo et al., 2016;Niissalo & Leong-Škorničková, 2017;J. Chen et al., 2018;Chong et al., 2018;Ho et al., 2018;Khoo et al., 2018;Lim et al., 2018a;L.M.J. Chen et al., 2019a;Van Welzen et al., 2020); introduced plants (Niissalo et al., 2016;L.M.J. Chen et al., 2018aL.M.J. Chen et al., , 2018bL.M.J. Chen et al., , 2019aL.M.J. Chen et al., , 2019b; species new to science (Niissalo et al., 2014;Leong-Škorničková & Boyce, 2015;Seah & Wong, 2018aWong, 2018;Wong & Lua, 2018;Wong & Mahyuni, 2018;Niissalo et al., 2020); and rediscoveries of species that had been considered nationally extinct Chong et al., 2018;Ho et al., 2018;Lim et al., 2018aLim et al., , 2018bRodda & Lai, 2018;Choo & Ngo, 2020). However, there have recently been only a few discoveries of native plant genera that were not previously recorded in Singapore, namely Plectocomiopsis Becc. ...
As part of a project to sample tissue from all native vascular plants in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, we collected material from four species that have not been previously recorded in Singapore. Of these, Nervilia singaporensis Niissalo has already been described as a new species, native to Singapore. Two species, Lepidogyne longifolia (Blume) Blume (Orchidaceae) and Ptyssiglottis kunthiana (Wall. ex Nees) B.Hansen (Acanthaceae), which are reported here, belong to genera that have not previously been recorded in Singapore. Based on their collection history in the region and their habitat in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, we consider them native to Singapore. The fourth new record, Plectocomiopsis cf. corneri Furtado (Arecaceae), also reported here, is a new species record for Singapore, but based on the collection history of the species and its only known locality in Singapore, we consider it introduced. The nomenclature and history of these species are discussed and we designate lectotypes for several names that are relevant to these species: Neottia longifolia Blume, Lepidogyne sceptrum Schltr., Polytrema aequale Ridl., Polytrema aequale Ridl. var. minor Ridl. and Polytrema vulgare C.B.Clarke. We also designate a neotype for Lepidogyne minor Schltr.
