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Between 2015 and 2019 field work was carried out in campsites in Belgium and the Netherlands. These proved to harbor an extraordinary rich flora, consisting of (mostly) alien species and (very) rare native species that probably also were introduced, at least for the most part. These species were all introduced inadvertently by tourists, their seeds...
Citations
... This is surprising as many unintentionally introduced plants are transported through agricultural and farming activities, as contaminants of crop seed and forage (Kowarik and von der Lippe 2007). Therefore, the different temporal trends between agricultural and unintentional introductions suggest that unintentionally introduced plants have increasingly relied Effect of introduction pathways on the invasion success of non-native plants along environmental… can contaminate gardening flower mixtures and container-grown ornamentals (Conn et al. 2008;Cossu et al. 2020;Ni and Hulme 2021); seeds can also be transported on tourist's clothing and luggage, or onto containers carrying commodities (Ansong and Pickering 2014;Harrower et al. 2018;Verloove et al. 2020;Lucardi et al. 2020). Notably, urban areas tend to concentrate gardening activities, tourism, and traded commodities (Llurdés et al. 2009;Early et al. 2016;Riera et al. 2021). ...
Our understanding on the role of introduction pathways on plant invasions is incomplete because their interaction with other factors remains poorly studied. We contributed to filling this knowledge gap, by analysing temporal trends in pathway importance, pathway-specific differences in the invaded niche, and the effect of pathways on invasion success. We used the non-native flora of Catalonia (NE Spain) as a study system. The contribution of pathways to the non-native flora interacted with time: from before 1500 to the present, gardening replaced agriculture as the main donor of new plants, while the contribution of unintentional introductions fluctuated without a consistent trend. Among neophytes (plants introduced after 1500), introduction pathways influenced differences mainly in habitat type, and secondarily in elevation: natural habitats and high elevation promoted invasion by gardening plants over unintentionally introduced ones. These nuances were unrelated to interactions between environmental variables. Among neophytes, invasion success was unrelated to pathways and interactions between pathways and traits, but was positively related to minimum residence time: older introductions achieved greater area of occupancy, habitat range, and invaded climatic niche breadth. Our results suggest that non-native plants diversified their niches over time (1500-present), a process that resulted in similar area of occupancy and niche breadth across plants with different introduction pathways. This was accompanied by pathway-specific nuances in the type of invaded environmental conditions.
... • An additional ephemeral (?) alien was recently observed, Paronychia argentea Lam. It was found, among others, in two campsites (Antwerpen-Linkeroever, De Panne), since 2017 (Verloove et al. 2020a). ...
... • G. murale (L.) All.: although a very recent newcomer in the Flora area, this thermophilous species has established itself in few years' time. It is locally naturalized now, especially in urban habitats and in campsites (Verloove et al. 2020a). It was added to the key and a full account is presented. ...
... It should be noted that the treatment in NF roughly agrees with that of FG and thus still is in line with current-day concepts. • An additional alien species of Parentucellia Viv. has recently been detected in some campsites: P. latifolia (L.) Caruel (Verloove et al. 2020a). It was already known from the southern border of the Somme estuary, just outside the Flora area (Digitale2). ...
Following the publication of the seventh edition of the Nouvelle Flore, in 2023, this contribution provides an overview of nomenclatural and taxonomic changes compared to the previous edition of the Flora, which was published in 2012.
... It is now naturalized locally, especially in Mar. and Boul., and in urban agglomerations (Fl., Brab., etc.) (wn. be, SI-Flore, Digitale2; see also Saintenoy-Simon 2016, Verloove et al. 2020a). ...
... • Poa infirma Kunth: this thermophilous species was only recently detected in the Flora area where it probably passed unnoticed for some time. It was first found in camp sites (Verloove & al. 2020a), subsequently also in other suitable habitats, especially in Mar. and Fl. where it is at most R (wn.be, wn.nl; FZ). ...
... In addition, it is well-established at several campsites, especially in Mar. (Verloove et al. 2020a). In this district, it is also known since at least the 1950s from lawns in a cemetery in De Panne and it is also established as a lawn weed since 2008 in the Botanic Garden in Meise (Ronse 2011). ...
During the past decade, numerous chorological data on the flora of vascular plants in Belgium and the neighboring areas have been gathered and published. This contribution gives an overview of altered distribution data in the seventh as compared with the sixth edition of the Nouvelle Flore de la Belgique which was published in 2012.
The dispersal and recording of neophytic plants in Schleswig-Holstein is briefly described, including the historical context. Records of 86 alien vascular plant taxa are commented.
New for the flora of Schleswig-Holstein are Allium triquetrum, Aronia floribunda, Calystegia scanica, Capsella praecox, Cardamine corymbosa, Cerastium maureri, Fatsia japonica, Geranium aequale, Geranium nodosum, Hyacinthoides italica, Iris foetidissima, Lamium orvala, Malus angustifolia, Pentanema conyzae, Polypodium cambricum, Prunus laurocerasus, Silphium perfoliatum, Sisymbrium strictissimum, Spiraea bumalda, Sulla coronaria, Symphytum ibericum, Thymus pannonicus, ×Triticosecale rimpaui, Verbena hastata and Vicia melanops.
Some other species can be reconfirmed after decades: Calendula arvensis, Carduus tenuiflorus, Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia, Fumaria capreolata, Fumaria muralis, Geranium rotundifolium, Rorippa armoracioides, Silene baccifera as well as Solanum rostratum. Furthermore are listed 48 taxa of garden escapees, which have been observed in Schleswig-Holstein for the first time. Taking into account the historical connections with Denmark for some cultural relic species, in particular in the Duchy of Schleswig a causal relationship with the danish occurrences can be seen. The spread of neophytes is described using selected examples, followed by a numerical
overwiev of the number of neophytic and native species.
The first occurrence of Sporobolus indicus in Hungary is reported. The neotropical S. indicus is one of the oldest introduced neophytes to Europe. From the middle of the 19th century until the last decade of the 20th century, apart from a few occasional occurrences, it expanded only in the Mediterranean area. However, the number of observations has dramatically increased in the past two decades, even outside the Mediterranean region. Its recent rapid spreading is evident along roads, in lawns, trampled tourist places (e.g., campsites). Tourism certainly contributes to the very successful recent spreading of the species. Still, global warming, the increasingly mild winters in continental Europe, can certainly enhance the establishment and further dispersal of this cold sensitive species.
