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Trichoderma viridescens. a-e: Sexual morph. a-c. Dry stromata; d, e. asci (e. in cottonblue/lactic acid).-f-r: Asexual morph and cultures at 25 °C except i (20 °C). f-h. Cultures after 14 d (f. on CMD; g. on PDA; h. on SNA); i, m-r. conidiophores; j. conidiation pustule (9 d); k, l. conidia; j-r. all from CMD after 7 d except j (a, d, e: WU 31624; b: WU 31623; c: WU 31625; f-g, j-r: extype CBS 132573 = S452; i: lectotype).-Scale bars: a, b = 0.2 mm; c = 0.3 mm; d, e, n, r = 10 µm; j = 0.5 mm; k = 7 µm; l = 5 µm; m, o-q = 20 µm.
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Trichoderma viridescens is recognised as a species complex. Multigene analyses based on the translation elongation factor 1-alpha encoding gene (tef1), a part of the rpb2 gene, encoding the second largest RNA polymerase subunit and the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase (acl1) reveals 13 phylogenetic species with little or no phenotypic differenti...
Citations
... In contrast, cal and chi18-5 are rarely used due to their missing adequate sequence data or low sequence variability Bissett et al. 2015;Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2015;Zhu and Zhuang 2015;Qin and Zhuang 2016). Furthermore, the large subunit of ATP citrate lyase (acl1) was recently introduced for taxonomic research of the genus, which turns out to be efficient (Jaklitsch et al. 2013). Currently, the combination of multi-loci phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics have been extensively used for species delineation of Trichoderma. ...
Species of Trichoderma are widely distributed around the world. In this study, two new species in Trichoderma , named as T. albidum and T. variegatum , were introduced and illustrated. These species were isolated from diseased tubers of Gastrodia elata in China and identified based on morphological characteristics and multi-gene sequence analyses of three loci that is the internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-α encoding gene ( tef1-α ) and the gene encoding the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit ( rpb2 ). Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were discussed. According to results of the phylogenetic analyses, T. albidum belonged to the Harzianum clade and T. variegatum are grouped with species of the Spirale clade. The expansion of two clades provided research foundations for the prevention and control of tuber diseases in G. elata .
... Genomic DNA of Trichoderma isolate was extracted from 20 mg mycelia powder using an OMEGA DNA Kit (OMEGA DNA Kit, America). We collected data from two bar-coding regions (tef1 and ITS), which have been shown to have high correlations for Trichoderma species [17]. The amplification of tef1 was amplified using EF1-728F and tef1rev [18], whereas ITS region was performed using primer pairs ITS1F and ITS4B [19]. ...
Trichoderma is a genus of common filamentous fungi that display a various range of lifestyles and interactions with other fungi. The interaction of Trichoderma with Morchella sextelata was explored in this study. Trichoderma sp. T-002 was isolated from a wild fruiting body of Morchella sextelata M-001 and identified as a closely related species of Trichoderma songyi based on morphological chracteristics and phylogenetic analysis of translation elongation factor1-alpha and inter transcribed spacer of rDNA. Further, we focussed on the influence of dry mycelia of T-002 on the growth and synthesis of extracellular enzymes of M-001. Among different treatments, M-001 showed the highest growth of mycelia with an optimal supplement of 0.33 g/100 mL of T-002. Activities of extracellular enzymes of M-001 were enhanced significantly by the optimal supplement treatment. Overall, T-002, a unique Trichoderma species, had a positive effect on mycelial growth and synthesis of extracellular enzymes of M-001.
... Along the processing stages, the highest number of isolates were, as expected, recovered from the rejected chestnuts (P10), for Judia (63) and Longal (87) varieties. The maximum percentage of fungal frequency was detected during this stage for P. thomii (28.6%), T. viridescens (22.9%), the causal agent of black rot C. batschiana (21.4%), and B. tulipae (17.1%). ...
... Nine functional groups were associated with the species identified ( Figure 8; Table S2) [58][59][60][61][62][63]. Overall, Saprobiotic, Saprobiotic-Plant pathogen, and Plant pathogen were the most representative guilds in all processing stages of the three varieties ( Figure 8a). ...
Sweet chestnut fruits are popular fruits commercialized as fresh or processed ready-to-eat products. The major post-harvest problems associated with stored chestnut fruits are fungal rots, which cause major losses in fruit quality. The aims of this work were to determine the incidence, abundance and diversity of rots and fungi in three chestnut varieties (Longal, Judia and Martaínha) of Portugal, collected from an industrial plant, and to identify the stages of storage and processing where fungi and rots are more significant. Thirty-three chestnut samples from the three varieties were collected from different stages of industrial processing. Nuts were internally and externally inspected for damage, infestation and infection, and internal fungi were isolated and molecularly identified. The variety Martaínha was identified as the least susceptible to fungal growth, while Longal was the most susceptible. A high diversity of fungi was detected and identified. The dominant fungi were Mucor racemosus, Penicillium spp. (the causal agents of green rots), Ciboria batschiana (black rot) and Botrytis cinerea (gray rot). Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi, the causal agent of brown rot, was also frequently detected. Sterilization with hydrothermal bath was effective in the elimination or reduction of most of the rot-causing fungi. These results could serve as a baseline for better monitoring fungal development and chestnut decay, and to develop effective management measures to control post-harvest chestnut rots.
... No existen estudios previos que avalen el potencial como biocontrol de T. viridarium, especie perteneciente al complejo de T. viredescens (Jaklitsch et al., 2013), a excepción de una investigación reciente en la que demostraron el antagonismo de esta especie frente a Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Ruiz-Gómez and Miguel-Rojas, 2021), por lo que se abre la puerta a investigar y desarrollar nuevos productos de control biológico basados en T. viridarium. ...
Las enfermedades de madera (EMVs) son uno de los grupos más destructivos de enfermedades fúngicas que afectan a la viña (Vitis vinifera) en todo el mundo. En Galicia, la especie más frecuentemente detectada en los viñedos es Neofusicoccum parvum, una de las más virulentas de EMVs y que se aisló en trabajos previos en un 62% de las muestras analizadas. La viticultura gallega proporciona vinos de excelente calidad, entre ellos varios registrados como Denominación de Origen Protegida, siendo un cultivo de gran relevancia económica en la región. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de cepas autóctonas de Trichoderma spp. aisladas de viña como agentes de control biológico frente a Neofusicoccum parvum. Se muestrearon viñedos en la zona sur de la provincia de Pontevedra y el noroeste de la provincia de Ourense, de los que se aislaron cepas de Trichoderma, que se agruparon en función de sus características culturales y morfológicas, confirmando su identidad por técnicas moleculares y seleccionando los aislados más relevantes por su frecuencia de aparición, velocidad de crecimiento y/o capacidad inhibitoria frente a otros hongos. Se evaluó el antagonismo de las cepas seleccionadas, correspondientes a varias especies de Trichoderma, frente a un aislado de N. parvum, con elevada capacidad virulenta obtenido de viñas afectadas, mediante cultivos duales y co-inoculaciones en sarmientos de viña. La mayoría de los aislados evaluados mostraron una capacidad antagónica similar en los ensayos in vitro, mientras que la cepa FU-T22 presentó una mayor capacidad antagónica in vitro e in vivo entre todas las estudiadas, reduciendo significativamente (en un 81%) las necrosis vasculares internas producidas por N. parvum.
... In the identification process of the new species, we made full reference to this protocol and there were sufficient differences in sequence similarity between the newly-identified species and the reference species, as well as significant differences in morphological characteristics. According to Jaklitsch et al. (2013), the morphology of T. viridialbum, T. viridarium and T. sempervirentis (meeting the sp∃!(rpb2 99 ≅tef1 97 ) standard) shows a high degree of similarity and should still be identified as T. viridescens. This also fully verified that the identification protocol developed by Cai and Druzhinina (2021) is helpful to ensure the accuracy of Trichoderma species identification, which is worth promoting and applying, especially for the identification of Trichoderma species. ...
Trichoderma isolates were collected from moist soils near a water source in different areas of China. ITS sequences were submitted to MIST (Multiloci Identification System for Trichoderma ) and meets the Trichoderma [ITS 76 ] standard. Combined analyses of phylogenetic analyses of both phylograms ( tef1 -α and rpb2 ) and morphological characteristics, revealed five new species of Trichoderma , namely Trichoderma hailarense , T. macrofasciculatum , T. nordicum , T. shangrilaense and T. vadicola . Phylogenetic analyses showed T. macrofasciculatum and T. shangrilaense belong to the Polysporum clade, T. hailarense , while T. nordicum and T. vadicola belong to the Viride clade. Each new taxon formed a distinct clade in phylogenetic analysis and have unique sequences of tef1 -α and rpb2 that meet the Trichoderma new species standard. The conidiation of T. macrofasciculatum typically appeared in white pustules in concentric rings on PDA or MEA and its conidia had one or few distinctly verrucose. Conidiophores of T. shangrilaense are short and rarely branched, phialides usually curved and irregularly disposed. The aerial mycelium of T. hailarense and T. vadicola formed strands to floccose mat, conidiation tardy and scattered in tufts, conidiophores repeatedly rebranching in dendriform structure. The phialides of T. nordicum lageniform are curved on PDA and its conidia are globose to obovoidal and large.
... Genomic DNA was extracted using a modified CTAB extraction protocol (Rogers & Bendich 1994). Tef-1 gene was used for this study which has been shown to have high resolution for Trichoderma species (Jaklitsch et al. 2013). The amplification of tef-1 was performed using primers, EF1-728F (Carbone & Kohn 1999) and TEF-1rev (Samuels et al. 2002). ...
Trichoderma is an important genus of family Hypocreaceae, which contain nearly 375 known species. In current study, a new species Trichoderma dumbbelliforme collected from virgin forest soil of Nagaland and confirmed based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Morphologically, T. dumbbelliforme sp. nov. distinguished from other species of Trichoderma by producing nodules on sterile part of the conidiophores and pyriform to dumbbell shaped conidia with the size of 4.0–6.0×2.5–3.0µm and having two big guttulae at each end. Furthermore, the fungus was confirmed by molecular characterization using Translation elongation factor 1-α (tef-1) gene sequencing. The phylogenetic relationship was established for generated sequence and many related ex-type sequences downloaded from NCBI GenBank by maximum-parsimony analysis. Tef-1 sequence data clarified the phylogenetic affinity to clade-1 of Trichoderma as per new authoritative guide line on molecular identification of Trichoderma. Phylogenetically, this new species of Trichoderma closely related to T. crassum, T. spirale, T. sulawesense, T. longisporum, T. virens, T. gelatinosum and T. gliocladium species. Therefore, the morphological comparisons were done with closely related species viz., T. crassum and T. spirale which lead to the conclusion that the collected taxon is new to science.
... Debido a su amplio número de especies conocidas y alta diversidad genética, Trichoderma es un género que debe ser estudiado a nivel molecular, ya que su identificación con parámetros morfológicos es actualmente considerada insuficiente (Jaklitsch, et al., 2013). Según estudios realizados, se afirma que se ha logrado distinguir alrededor de 228 especies del género Trichoderma (Azarmi, et al., 2011), sin embargo, nuevas especies continúan siendo identificadas en la actualidad. ...
Trichoderma sp. es un género de hongo que está siendo utilizado ampliamente como una alternativa sostenible para el control de enfermedades de plantas y promotor de crecimiento en cultivos de importancia agrícola. Tiene una gran diversidad genética, por lo que el presente estudio pretende identificar y describir morfológica y molecularmente especies provenientes de diferentes fuentes tan diversas como suelo agrícola, tomate triturado, cultivo de plátano, pastos entre otros. En el estudio se encontró 17 aislados de hongos con características en sus colonias similares a Trichoderma spp., los cuales después de observar sus características morfológicas se identificaron presuntivamente como pertenecientes a este género. La caracterización de su conidióforo, fiálides y conidias, demostró que dichos aislados correspondían al género Trichoderma spp. Posteriormente se demostró que los 17 aislados pertenecían al género Trichoderma sp mediante secuenciación, utilizando los cebadores ITS1 (5 TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G 3) ADNr, encontrándose 7 especies diferentes del hongo en el estudio, las cuales fueron: T. harzianum, T. viride, T. asperellum, T. asperelloide, T. songyi, T. virens y T. breve. De estas especies T. asperellum y T. harzianum, son de vital importancia por ser previamente identificadas como efectivos agentes de control biológico de enfermedades y promotores de crecimiento de plantas y se abre una nueva puerta de investigación con T. breve y T. songyi, ya que muy poco se conoce sobre la aplicación biotecnológica de éstas.
... × (2.2-)2.5-3.0(-3.5) μm than T. asymmetricum [60]. Conidiophores penicillium-like, mostly asymmetrically arranged, below terminal branches also paired or in whorls of 2-3, not only primary branches, mostly 1-3 times at irregular intervals along the central axis, straight or slightly bent, orientating towards the conidiophore terminus. ...
... μm), and the conidia of T. paraviridescens [(3.3-)3.7-4.3(-4.7) μm] are longer than those of T. inconspicuum [60]. Morphologically, T. inconspicuum is somewhat similar to T. viridialbum in having globose to subglobose conidia, but no pustules were observed in T. inconspicuum [60]. ...
... μm] are longer than those of T. inconspicuum [60]. Morphologically, T. inconspicuum is somewhat similar to T. viridialbum in having globose to subglobose conidia, but no pustules were observed in T. inconspicuum [60]. Conidiophores commonly straight, sometimes curved, emerging in right angles or oriented towards to the conidiophore axis, typically with 1-2 branched levels, side branches simple. ...
During the investigation of endophytic fungi diversity in aquatic plants and the fungal diversity in soil in southwest China, we obtained 208 isolates belonging to Trichoderma, including 28 isolates as endophytes from aquatic plants and 180 isolates as saprobes from soil, respectively. Finally, 23 new species of Trichoderma are recognized by further studies. Their phylogenetic positions are determined by sequence analyses of the combined partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and gene encoding of the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit (rpb2). The results revealed that the 23 new species are distributed in nine known clades. The morphology and culture characteristics are observed, described and illustrated in detail. Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were compared and discussed. These include: Trichoderma achlamydosporum, T. amoenum, T. anaharzianum, T. anisohamatum, T. aquatica, T. asiaticum, T. asymmetricum, T. inaequilaterale, T. inconspicuum, T. insigne, T. obovatum, T. paraviride, T. pluripenicillatum, T. propepolypori, T. pseudoasiaticum, T. pseudoasperelloides, T. scorpioideum, T. simile, T. subazureum, T. subuliforme, T. supraverticillatum, T. tibetica, and T. uncinatum.
... We only identified this species according to the ITS region, so there might be new species within the species complex. The second most dominant taxon in Xinjiang was T. paraviridescens, which belongs to the T. viridescens complex that contains 13 species (Jaklitsch et al. 2013). In contrast, Wu et al. found that T. viridescens had the smallest communities in the soils of northwestern China (Wu et al. 2017), indicating that T. viridescens may only be distributed in Xinjiang, especially in Altay. ...
... T. pararogersonii was first reported from China in this paper. Previously, this species was only reported by Jaklitsch et al. to be distributed in Mediterranean Europe (Jaklitsch et al. 2013), here we expanded its distribution range. There is no report of its ITS sequence, so we identified it by analyzing the sequences of tef and rpb2, which had similarities of 100% with the reported sequence of T. pararogersonii from GenBank. ...
Trichoderma spp., a cosmopolitan fungal genus, has remarkable economic value in industry and agriculture. The resources of Trichoderma spp. in the grassland and forest ecosystems of northern Xinjiang were explored in this study. A total of 634 soil samples was collected, and 312 strains assigned to 23 species of Trichoderma spp. were identified. T. harzianum was the dominant species with 28.2% from all isolates. The principal components analysis indicated that ecosystem was the most dominant impact factor among longitude, latitude, altitude and ecosystems for the species diversities of Trichoderma spp. with the decreasing trend from the north to the south of northern Xinjiang (e.g., from Altay, followed by Yili, Changji, Bayingolin and finally Urumqi). Overall, Trichoderma spp. were more frequently encountered in forest ecosystems (coniferous forest and coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest) than in grassland ecosystems (desert steppe and temperate steppe). Frequency of Trichoderma spp. was significantly decreased along with increased altitude and only a few strains were isolated from altitudes above 3000 m. The results provided essential information on Trichoderma occurrence and distribution, which should benefit the application of Trichoderma in agriculture.
... Eleven sequences were placed in the Viride clade: SFC20180510-M09, SFC20170919-M07, SFC20180619-M22, SFC20171120-M04, SFC20180619-M24, SFC20160907-M21, SFC20160907-M22, SFC20180619-M20, SFC20190312-M11, SFC20161110-M06, and SFC20161110-M05 [46][47][48]. Among them, SFC20160907-M22 was grouped with T. gamsii (bootstrap value: 100%). ...
Microorganisms are regarded as a sustainable source of biologically active molecules. Among them, Trichoderma spp. have been an attractive source of biological compounds. However, the study of marine-derived Trichoderma has developed slowly because of the difficulty in isolating the fungi. In our study, 30 strains of marine-derived Trichoderma were identified through the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) sequences, and their biological activities, such as antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH assays, antifungal activity against Asteromyces cruciatus and Lindra thalassiae, and tyrosinase inhibition activity, were investigated. As a result, the 30 marine Trichoderma species were classified into 21 taxa, including three new species candidates. Three strains of T. asperellum showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity and antifungal activity. T. bissettii SFC20170821-M05 and T. guizhouense SFC20180619-M23 showed notable DPPH radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition activity, respectively. This study showed the potential of marine-derived Trichoderma as a source of bioactive compounds.
