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Biodiversity surveys for myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) were carried out in three consecutive years (2009 to 2011) in the cold arid Patagonian Steppe, Argentina. The surveys, the first to cover such an extensive area in South America, form part of the Myxotropic project funded by the Spanish Government. Specimens were collected in 174 localities in four d...
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... The Mycotrophic project is projected to extend through 2025. Overall, the Myxotropic project has yielded the largest assemblage of records and specimens of myxomycetes available for any single region of the world [41][42][43][44][45][46]. In addition, other products of the project have included a series of papers on the taxonomy of species of myxomycetes collected during the fieldwork, especially the special ecological group of succulenticolous ("cactus loving") myxomycetes associated with succulent plants in xeric habitats [47][48][49]. ...
Evidence from molecular studies indicates that myxomycetes (also called myxogastrids or plasmodial slime molds) have a long evolutionary history, and the oldest known fossil is from the mid-Cretaceous. However, they were not “discovered” until 1654, when a brief description and a woodcut depicting what is almost certainly the common species Lycogala epidendrum was published. First thought to be fungi, myxomycetes were not universally recognized as completely distinct until well into the twentieth century. Biodiversity surveys for the group being carried out over several years are relatively recent, with what is apparently the first example being carried out in the 1930s. Beginning in the 1980s, a series of such surveys yielded large bodies of data on the occurrence and distribution of myxomycetes in terrestrial ecosystems. The most notable of these were the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) project carried out in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Project (PBI) carried out in localities throughout the world, and the Myxotropic project being carried out throughout the Neotropics. The datasets available from both past and ongoing surveys now allow global and biogeographical patterns of myxomycetes to be assessed for the first time.
... Kazakhstan, on dung of herbivore (Schnittler 2001). Argentina, on cow dung (Lado et al. 2014). ...
... Argentina, on dung of herbivore (Lado et al. 2014). ...
... Oman, on dung of herbivore (Schnittler et al. 2015). Argentina, on dung of herbivore (Lado et al. 2014). Barrasa 1977). ...
We define copromycodiversity as all the morphological, physiological, functional, and ecological diversity of an assemblage of dung-inhabiting fungi, also known as coprophilous fungi. These fungi are represented by species of the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota in the sensu stricto of the Kingdom. Traditionally, other groups of organisms, such as some species of protists from the phylum Amoebozoa (Myxomycetes) can also be found associated with these substrates, being studied together with fungi, here in sensu lato. This fungal group is responsible for the maintenance of supporting ecosystem services, essential for life as we know it, acting in the cycling of matter and energy via dung decomposition. Despite this, there are still few studies involving these organisms. In this thesis, we seek to contribute to expanding scientific knowledge about dung-inhabiting fungi (sensu lato), whether in terms of their biology, ecology, or taxonomy. We begin by promoting a synthesis of knowledge as well as a scientometric analysis of the first studies in Brazil and in the world, in addition to an updated list of species and their geographic distribution, adding new occurrences. We compile data on the occurrence and applications of the genus Chaetomium, a fimicolous fungal genus, which means that its species are found associated with both dung and decaying plant debris, as well as developed a proposal for a life cycle for dung-inhabiting fungi, contemplating both the coprophilous and fimicolous cycles. We show how differences in the type of digestive tract of the animal that originated the dung can influence the taxonomic diversity and ecological profiles of species of fungi that inhabit this substrate. Furthermore, we evaluated, in a microcosm experiment, the durability, decomposition rate, and nutritional composition of cattle and equine dung as suitable substrates for the development of coprophilous organisms. Finally, we present the experience report on how we are using social media to communicate fungal biology to the public, developing media strategies to publicize different aspects of our research with dung-inhabiting fungi as well as other fungal groups to the general community. It is expected that the data presented here can contribute to the expansion of knowledge about these fungi, reducing the gap in knowledge about biology, ecology, distribution, and productivity, especially in Brazil. In addition, we hope to encourage the training of human resources as well as the development of additional studies that will contribute to an increasingly better understanding of copromycodiversity.
... Their occurrences, separated by large distances and geographical gaps, are not unique within Myxomycetes, and there are several examples in the literature. Arcyria afroalpina Rammeloo (1981: 229) was described in Mount Karisimbi, Rwanda, but it was also reported as exceedingly frequent in arid and semiarid biomes in the Neotropics, including Chile (Lado et al. 2013), Argentina (Lado et al. 2011(Lado et al. , 2014, and Peru (Rojas et al. 2011, Lado et al. 2016. Dictydiaethalium dictyosporum Nann. ...
The Myxomycetes comprise a remarkably diverse group of organisms within Amoebozoa, with over 1000 species currently recognized. These organisms, at the end of their life cycles produce fruiting bodies which are the basis for their systematics. Despite being a biodiversity hotspot, the tropical Andes has a myxobiota that remains barely explored so far. In this study, we report the occurrence of three species inhabiting the highlands of the Peruvian Andes between 3000–5000 m.a.s.l. Arcyodes incarnata and Trichia mirabilis are reported for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere and the Neotropics, respectively, while Metatrichia floripara represents the third record in the world, previously only known from Rwanda and Brazil. Fruiting bodies of T. mirabilis were detected as already developed in the field, while the previous reports only included moist chamber culture-derived specimens. These results notably enlarge the geographical distribution of these species and highlight the interest of the tropical Andes, which remains a challenging region to explore and determine its whole myxobiota.
... The species has been previously recorded on Pinus, Quercus and Nothofagus (Keller and Braun 1977;Lado and Moreno 1980;Castillo et al. 2009;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2010;Lado et al. 2014;Yatsiuk et al. 2017). ...
... The species has been recorded on Betula, Stereum, Pinus, Fagus, Quercus, Acer, Yucca, Larix, Abies, Acacia, Jumellia and Fraxinus (Lado and Moreno 1980;Ing 1982;Portela and Lado 1989;Ing and Ivancevic 2000;Oran and Ergül 2004;Stojanowska and Panek 2004;Oltra 2006;Castillo et al. 2009;Estrada-Torres et al. 2009;Ergül and Akgül 2011;Lawrynowicz et al. 2011;Lado et al. 2014;Thomas 2016). Figure 2C Aggregated sporocarps, 0.9-1.5 mm tall; thin, cylindrical stipes, with broader base, reaching half or more of the total height, shiny black, forming a columella that reaches almost the top of the sporotheca; subglobose or ovoid sporotheca; peridium fugacious; lax capillitium with large loops, reddish brown, with many free and short tips; globose spores, 7-11 µm in diameter; finely verrucose. ...
... The species has been recorded on Nothofagus, Fagus, Populus and Fraxinus (Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2010;Dudka and Leontyev 2011;Lado et al. 2014;Thomas 2016). Figure 3C Irregularly shaped aethalia; 1-3 cm x 1-8 cm x 1-5 cm in size, grayish white, covered with lime scales that give the appearance of a disintegrating sponge; membranous pseudocapillitium, translucent, calcareous, thick and branched; globose spores, 11-14 µm in diameter, echinulate, dark brown under transmitted light; beige plasmodia. ...
Most of the species of myxomycetes from Mexico are well documented, but their patchy geographical and temporal distribution responds to the individual efforts carried out in different areas of the territory over time. As such, even for well-studied areas, new projects can substantially increase biodiversity-based information. The present study constitutes an update of the myxomycete catalog of the state of Veracruz, carried out from an intensive study in a section of Abies religiosa at the Cofre de Perote National Park. The methodology consisted in field collections, complemented with a laboratory isolation process using diverse substrates from different locations. The study was carried out in two years (2018-2019) and in two seasons (dry and rainy). A total of 30 taxa were identified, out of which, 21 species were not previously known for the state of Veracruz, increasing the number of myxomycetes known in such state to 168 species, making it one of the most diverse states in Mexico, with approximately 45% of the known species in the country.
... However, this ornamentation is at the resolution limit of light microscopy, and it is usually described vaguely as warted, spinulose, or reticulate (Martin and Alexopoulos 1969). Thus, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become an indispensable tool to illustrate these elements in multiple taxonomic studies (e.g., Lado et al. 2014;Lizárraga et al. 1999;Novozhilov et al. 2008). In the order Trichiales, Rammeloo (1974) proposed a standardized terminology for the spore ornamental elements as seen with SEM, chiefly based on palynology terms, in the only comparative study conducted so far. ...
Spores are the dispersal and reproductive units in Myxomycetes, and their ornamentation, usually at the light microscopy resolution limit, is taxonomically meaningful. Here, we analyze with scanning and transmission electron microscopy the spore ultrastructural features in Trichiales, one of the most morphologically diverse orders. In Trichiales, the spore wall consists of two layers, an outer one, including the ornamentation, and an inner layer subdivided into two sections. The diversity of ornamental elements includes verrucae, bacula, pila, muri, and cristae, the two latter creating reticulate patterns. Each of these elements defines a broadly recognized ornamentation type except cristae, from which we differentiate for the first time the cristate reticulate and patched subtypes. Besides, our results point out a previous incorrect classification of the spores of the species Trichia decipiens and T. scabra. Advances in Trichiales phylogeny showed that the capillitium ornamental elements, such as the spirals, do not reflect phylogenetic relationships among the species. The same seems to apply to some of spore ornamentation types, e.g., baculate. Consequently, we may consider the need to combine multiple characters, like the spore and capillitium ornamentation, so that Trichiales systematics better reflect the still cryptic phylogenetic affinities.
... Distribution:-Taiwan (Chung & Liu 1998), Britain and Ireland (Ing 1999), New Zealand (Stephenson 2003), Bolivia, Belgium, Canada, Chili, Ecuador, Germany, Portugal USA, Venezuela (Buyck 1988), Argentina (Lado et al. 2014), Crimea, Ukraine (Moreno et al. 2017). ...
... Specimen examined:-Adana Ceyhan, on rotting woods, moist chamber technique, 37° 02'17" N, 35°48'19"E, 24 m, 24.02.2021, Baba 8.Distribution:-North America(Lado 1994), France, Spain, Italy(Compagno et al. 2012), Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Panama and Peru(Lado et al. 2013, 2014, Estrada-Torres et al. 2009). ...
Myxomycetes samples were obtained from Adana and Hatay provinces of Turkey. As a result of field and laboratory studies five myxomycetes species are reported as new records. Three of the new records (Arcyria cerradensis, Craterium aureonucleatum and Diderma spumarioides) were found as natural sporophore in the area. The other two species (Cribraria spinispora and Perichaena quadrata) were grown in the laboratory by moist chamber culture method. Short descriptions, habitats, localities, collection dates, fungarium numbers and images of the taxa are given. This work has contributed to Myxobiota of Turkey.
... Four ribotypes (R3, R5, R11 and R18) were found at both eastern and western sides of the Andean chain (Argentina and Chile) and some of them were recorded from distant localities, e.g.: ribotype R3 and R18 occurred at localities more than 800 km away from each other. Taking into account high genetic diversity of the Andean populations of D. nivicola in respect of two independently inherited markers (SSU and EF1A), sexual reproduction strategy might have led to formation of evolutionarily independent lineages that can cooccur at small local scale (specimens from the clades A and B were found at the same locality Southern South America was found to be a territory with a high myxomycete species-richness (Estrada-Torres et al. 2013;Lado et al. 2014;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2010). Similarly, the studies of nivicolous species of the austral Andes indicate high species diversity and high rate of endemicity (Ronikier and Lado 2013Lado , 2015Ronikier et al. 2013Ronikier et al. , 2020. ...
Soil protists play a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems and often show immense taxonomic diversity. However, for many groups, distribution patterns remain largely unknown. We investigated range-wide intraspecific diversity of a specialized airborne protist (Didymium nivicola Meyl.) that occupies a narrow ecological niche associated with long-lasting snow cover. We sampled 122 collections covering all areas where the species was recorded worldwide. We obtained 105 and 41 sequences of small ribosomal subunit rDNA (SSU) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1A), respectively. While the species is very diverse in the austral Andes, Southern Hemisphere (SH; 17 SSU ribotypes and 12 EF1A genotypes identified), its populations are genetically uniform across three continents of the Northern Hemisphere (NH; single ribotype, single genotype). Our results indicate the austral Andes as a possible diversification centre for D. nivicola where populations seem to reproduce sexually. Two main parts of the range display highly contrasting genetic patterns, thus biogeographical history and dynamics. Current distribution of D. nivicola in the NH is likely a result of a dispersal event from the SH and subsequent long-distance dispersal (LDD) that might be associated with a shift to asexual mode of reproduction.
... Physarum album can be distinguished by its delicate sporocarps, lower number of capillitial nodes, and the stellate dehiscence. Moreno & al. (2013b) and Lado & al. (2014) Remarks- Martin & Alexopoulos (1969) indicated that Physarum roseum is closely related to P. pulcherrimum Berk. & Ravenel., which produces violet instead of pinkish sporocarps (see macro-and micrographs of P. pulcherrimum in Moreno & al. (2014) for color comparison). ...
... SEM study, which confirmed this ornamentation, also revealed small holes in the walls, described as the simple reticulate with perforated muri type by Rammeloo (1974). Remarks-Trichia scabra was cited as occurring in Argentina for the first time by Grosso (1981) and later by Lado & al. (2014), who conducted a SEM study of the spore ornamentation, defining it as "reticulum made up of non-pitted narrow muri, " and the elaters "decorated with 3-4 spiny bands. " In contrast, our specimen shows the reticulated spores with holes on the walls and smooth elaters. ...
Sixty-two collections conserved in the herbaria BAFC and LIL are revised herein. Of the 31 different myxomycete species represented, seven are new records for Argentina. These are Arcyria affinis , Badhamia gigantospora , Cribraria purpurea , Fuligo intermedia , Physarum carneum , Physarum javanicum , and Physarum penetrale . The LM and SEM micrographs included illustrate the most representative characters of each species.
... Ecology and distribution: Cosmopolitan. Reported in the SH from Australia (Martin and Alexopoulos 1969), New Zealand (Rawson 1937;Mitchell 1992;Stephenson 2003), and South America in Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay (McHugh 2009;Lado et al. 2013Lado et al. , 2014. The species is not nivicolous (e.g., Poulain et al. 2011), occurring in winter months in Europe as a cold-period myxomycete (Chachuła et al. 2017). ...
... µm in total range, 15.3 ± 0.7 µm on average ± SD (S = 30). It is quite similar to the collections reported and illustrated by Lado et al. (2014: fig. 3F) as Perichaena vermicularis from non-nivicolous localities in Argentina. ...
... 3F) as Perichaena vermicularis from non-nivicolous localities in Argentina. Perichaena vermicularis is a common and worldwide distributed species, occurring in various habitats and substrates, and it is also common and morphologically variable in the SH (Lado et al. 2007(Lado et al. , 2011(Lado et al. , 2014(Lado et al. , 2016Lado and Wrigley de Basanta 2008). Before the taxonomic position of our single collection is resolved, detailed morphological and phylogenetic revision of South American specimens of P. vermicularis should be undertaken. ...
Nivicolous myxomycetes are a group of amoebozoan protists dependent on long-lasting snow cover worldwide. Recent fine-scale analysis of species diversity from the austral Andes revealed high intraspecific variability of most taxa, suggesting independent evolutionary processes and significant differences in species compositions between the Northern (NH) and Southern (SH) Hemispheres. The present study is the second part of this analysis based on representatives of Trichiales. A total of 173 South American collections were studied based on morphological and molecular data, and 15 taxa have been identified. Two of them, Hemitrichia crassifila and Perichaena patagonica, are proposed as new species confirmed by a phylogeny of Trichiales. However, their affinity to the genera in which they are proposed are not confirmed due to polyphyletic character of all genera of Trichiales. Four species, Dianema subretisporum, Trichia contorta var. karstenii, T. nivicola, and T. sordida, are reported for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere. One species, T. alpina, is new for Argentina. Additionally, we provide the first record of Perichaena megaspora from Chile. Specimen frequency and species diversity of Trichiales found at nivicolous localities in the austral Andes are unexpectedly high, exceeding those of Stemonitidales, the most numerous group in the Northern Hemisphere, where Trichiales play a marginal role. By contrast, Trichiales appear the main component of nivicolous assemblages in the Andes. Results of the present work, together with the earlier analysis of Stemonitidales, indicate that the Andes constitute an exceptionally important evolutionary hot spot for nivicolous myxomycetes characterized by an outstanding species diversity.
... & Schnittler (Novozhilov & Schnittler 2001), P, pachyderma D.W. Mitch. & al. (Mitchell & al. 2011), and Perichaena nigra D. Wrigley & al. (Lado & al. 2014). ...
Perichaena acetabulifera is described as a new species of myxomycete that
fruited profusely in moist chamber cultures on bark samples collected from Populus deltoides
and Ulmus pumila growing in urban areas of Juarez City, Chihuahua, Mexico. Photographs of
its diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features are provided.
