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Trichasterina styracis (from Anauld 1918). a, b Thyriothecium on the host surface. c Thyriothecia on the host surface with the central fissures. d Appressoria. e Setae. f Hypha. h Vertical section of ascomata. i Ascospores
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The order Asterinales comprises a single family, Asterinaceae. In this study, types or specimens of 41 genera of Asterinaceae are re-examined and re-described and illustrated by micrographs. Seventeen genera, namely Asterina (type genus), Asterinella, Asterotexis, Batistinula, Cirsosia, Echidnodella, Halbania, Lembosia, Meliolaster, Parasterinopsis...
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... Respiration rates and the temperature of the infected areas may increase due to the lesions and the black color. Photosynthetic activity may be reduced (Hosagoudar et al., 1997;Hongsanan et al., 2014). Heavy infections caused by Meliolales result in a "dirty" appearance of the hosts, thus, reducing their economic value as ornamental plants (Hosagoudar et al., 1997). ...
Hyperparasitism on plant-parasitic fungi is a widespread but rarely studied phenomenon. Here, for the first time, we compile in a checklist information provided by peer-reviewed literature for fungi growing on colonies of black mildews (Meliolales, Ascomycota), a species-rich group of tropical and subtropical plant-parasitic microfungi. The checklist contains information on 189 species of contact-biotrophic microfungi in 82 genera. They belong to seven morphological groups: dematiaceous hyphomycetes, moniliaceous hyphomycetes, pycnidioid, perithecioid, catathecioid, and apothecioid fungi. By the fact that species accumulation curves do not reach saturation for any tropical country, it is evident that the knowledge of the diversity of hyperparasitic fungi on Meliolales is incomplete. A network analysis of records of hyperparasitic fungi, their host fungi and host plants shows that genera of hyperparasitic fungi are generalists concerning genera of Meliolales. However, most species of hyperparasitic fungi are restricted to meliolalean hosts. In addition to hyperparasitic fungi, diverse further microorganisms use meliolalean colonies as ecological niche. Systematic positions of most species are unknown because DNA sequence data are lacking for species of fungi hyperparasitic on Meliolales. We discuss the specific challenges of obtaining DNA sequence data from hyperparasitic fungi. In order to better understand the diversity, evolution and biology of hyperparasitic fungi, it is necessary to increase sampling efforts and to undertake further morphological, molecular, and ecological studies.
... Species of this order have a network of superficial mycelium on host plants, with single-celled appressoria, and thyriothecia opening by star-like or slit-like openings . Hongsanan et al. (2014) the available sequence data are not sufficient to resolve the classification in this order. There are eight families (Asterinaceae, Asterotexaceae, Hemigraphaceae, Lembosiaceae, Melaspileellaceae, Morenoinaceae, Neobuelliellaceae, and Stictographaceae) currently accepted in Asterinales (Hongsanan et al. 2014. ...
... Hongsanan et al. (2014) the available sequence data are not sufficient to resolve the classification in this order. There are eight families (Asterinaceae, Asterotexaceae, Hemigraphaceae, Lembosiaceae, Melaspileellaceae, Morenoinaceae, Neobuelliellaceae, and Stictographaceae) currently accepted in Asterinales (Hongsanan et al. 2014. Species of this family are characterized by ascomata with upper walls comprising radiating cells with star-like or longitudinal splits and dark brown hyphae with appressoria (Hongsanan et al. 2014. ...
... There are eight families (Asterinaceae, Asterotexaceae, Hemigraphaceae, Lembosiaceae, Melaspileellaceae, Morenoinaceae, Neobuelliellaceae, and Stictographaceae) currently accepted in Asterinales (Hongsanan et al. 2014. Species of this family are characterized by ascomata with upper walls comprising radiating cells with star-like or longitudinal splits and dark brown hyphae with appressoria (Hongsanan et al. 2014. Currently, there are 19 genera listed in Asterinaceae (Dai et al. 2018;Guatimosim et al. 2015;Hongsanan et al. 2020). ...
Asterinales is an important epifoliar order which generally lacks of DNA-based sequence data. There are many genera in Asterinales lacking molecular data and the exact taxonomic placement of those genera is undetermined. In this study, we introduce Brunneofissuraceae fam. nov. and Cirsosia mangiferae sp. nov. and Asterina neomangiferae nom. nov. based on morpho-molecular evidences. All fungal specimens were collected during September (2020) from Chiang Mai, Thailand. The phylogenetic analysis based on 28s (LSU) and 5.8s (ITS) sequence data confirmed the placements of Asterolibertia, Brunneofissura, and Cirsosia in Asterinales. We provide the first molecular data for Asterolibertia (current name is Asterina) and Cirsosia. Comparative morphologies and phylogenetic analyses are provided for each taxon using illustrations and well-supported phylogenetic analyses.
... Hofmann y Piepenbring (2011), mencionan que los hongos pertenecientes a la familia Asterinaceae crecen en los tallos u hojas verdes de las plantas. Las esporas obtenidas de las lesiones al ser observadas en microscopio óptico, muestran similitud en su estructura, presentando la pared del ascomato superficial pigmentada de un marrón oscuro, además de triotecio (Figura 2), estas características son similares a Asterinales (Hongsanan et al. 2014). De las esporas se obtuvieron los micelios (50 cepas en total), los cuales presentaron estructuras filamentosas, algodonosas de forma aérea, con pigmentación negruzca en medio PDA (Figura 3), de acuerdo a Meena et al. (2017) estas características son similares a la familia Asterinaceae, que posiblemente pudiera ser A. mexicana. ...
Aislamiento e identificación del fitopatógeno causal de viruela o "negrilla" en Agave salmiana de municipios del estado de Hidalgo, México Isolation and identification of the causal phytopathogen of smallpox or "negrilla" in Agave salmiana from municipalities of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico RESUMEN Antecedentes: La viruela o negrilla es una enfermedad presente en las hojas de Agave spp., manifestándose con man-chas foliares de color negro parecido al hollín. Se ha reportado que el daño es causado por Asterina mexicana, sin embargo , se desconoce si es el único hongo que causa dicha enfermedad. Objetivo: Identificar por métodos microbiológicos y moleculares el agente causal de viruela o negrilla en plantas de Agave salmiana de diferentes municipios del estado de Hidalgo, México. Métodos: Se utilizaron métodos microbiológicos y moleculares para la identificación de hongos causantes de viruela o negrilla en plantas de Agave salmiana. Resultados y conclusiones: Dentro del análisis, las cepas que se aislaron de las lesiones en hojas de A. salmiana mos-traron características macroscópicas y microscópicas correspondientes al género Curvularia y la identificación molecular comprobó la presencia de Curvularia lunata. De lo anterior se deduce que la enfermedad de viruela o negrilla presente en A. salmiana no necesariamente puede ser causada por A. mexicana, siendo el primer reporte donde se aísla C. lunata de un hospedero atípico como agave. ABSTRACT Background: Smallpox or "negrilla" is a disease present in the leaves of Agave spp., manifesting itself with black leaf spots similar to soot. It has been reported that the damage is caused by Asterina mexicana, however, it is unknown if it is the only fungus that causes this disease.
... Hofmann (2010) described the anatomy of thyriothecia based on Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae (Fig. 2). A thyriothecium comprises an upper, thick, darkly pigmented scutellum , Hongsanan et al. 2014. The cells of the scutellum are pseudoparenchymatous and arranged in radiating rows, branching dichotomously at the margin (Hofmann 2010). ...
... Asci usually develop below the scutellum and when asci are mature ascospores are released from the scutellum opening (Hofmann 2010). The thyriothecia of Asterinaceae are superficial, black, dimidiate, with radial hyphae and opening by breaking of lateral cells in contact with the central star-shaped or irregular fissures in the scutellum (Hongsanan et al. 2014). Species of Lembosiaceae differ from Asterinaceae in their elongate thyriothecia opening by longitudinal or X-or Y-shaped slits (Rahayu & Parbery 1991, Hofmann 2010. ...
... Pseudoparaphyses are absent in Zeloasperisporiaceae (Hongsanan et al. 2015a). Members of the Meliolaceae have a hamathecium with evanescent paraphyses (Hongsanan et al. 2014). ...
... Another widely used term is 'fungal epiphyte' or better 'epiphytic fungi'. Such fungi are defined as nutritional guilds on surfaces of living plant parts and include saprotrophic, lichenised, and fungus-and plant-parasitic fungi Reynolds, 2005, 2002) which can often be obligately parasitic (Ariyawansa et al., 2015;Hongsanan et al., 2014;Wu et al., 2011). The term 'phylloplane fungi' is a general term for fungal organisms that live on the leaves of plants. ...
... In tropical and subtropical crops such as carambola, citrus, durian, durum wheat, guava, mango, and tomato, infestation by SM leads to economic losses through negative post-harvesting effects Fernandez and Knox, 2012;Siriphanich, 2011;Swirski et al., 1997aSwirski et al., , 1997bWarren and Sargent, 2011). The SM-establishing fungal orders are clearly distinguished from Asterinales (Dothideomycetes) and Meliolales (Sordariomycetes), which also form black web-like colonies on leaves, but cause damage to host plant tissues by invading cells for nutrition (Ariyawansa et al., 2015;Hongsanan et al., 2014). ...
Sooty mould communities are darkly pigmented planar mycelial mats consisting of several fun-gal species that colonise surfaces of a variety of host plants without penetrating the tissue. Most of the research on sooty mould (SM) biomes has been conducted in the tropics and subtropics. However, the comparison with communities from the temperate and alpine regions has been lacking. Therefore, in this PhD project, SM mycobiomes from temperate and alpine regions were compared with those from a tropical region. They are mainly formed by the Dothideomycetes. In subtropical and tropical regions there is also a high proportion of Sordari-omycetes. At the order level, the Capnodiales predominate, with Pleosporales, Dothideales and Tremellales also regularly occurring with somewhat lower relative abundance. At family and ge-nus level, the spectrum is much more diverse. Diversity among sites varies significantly when sites also differ in terms of their geographic location, climatic conditions and, above all, in their host plant species. The SM mycobiomes of the investigated habitats are composed of regularly occurring, characteristic species or OTUs as well as of associated, facultative or sporadically occurring taxa. A close correlation between honeydew and SM incidence has been postulated in the liter-ature. Since SM mycobiomes also occur on plants without this nutritional source, the influence of different nutrition sources (leaching products from plant tissues, plant secretions from glands, and honeydew) on diversity was investigated in this PhD project for the first time. If only leach-ing substances are available as a nutritional source, ubiquitous fungi predominate, whereas plant secretion products lead to more specific fungi communities on leaves. Composition in SM my-cobiomes from two tropical sites differs significantly between host plants with the presence of sap-feeding insect (SFI) and those without, although the groups overlap considerably. On leaves of evergreen plants with ubiquitous dominant fungi within a site, they do not differ significantly between current and previous year's leaves when the nutrient source does not change. However, they differ significantly when the nutritional source changes between young and old perennial leaves during leaf senescence. Contrary to the previously postulated host independence, a signif-icant correlation was found between the taxonomic affiliation at genus, family and order level of the host plant and the composition of the SM community. Succession within an SM mycobiome with increasing leaf age had not been studied be-fore this project. A study on host plants with annual and perennial leaves exposed to the same conditions during the growing season, but with only the perennial group overwintered in a green-house, allowed investigation of succession stages. The predominant fungi in the initial colonisa-tion communities differed in both groups. SM biofilms on host plants with ubiquitous fungi, separated from the spore pool of plants in the field during winter by hibernation in the glass-house, differed significantly in the composition of SM biofilms on young perennial leaves from the approximately equally old leaves of deciduous plants in the field. The spore pool in winter or at the beginning of leaf sprouting has an important influence on the initial colonisation of fresh leaves. It was also observed on an alpine plant species in its natural habitat that the diversity differs significantly between leaves of different ages. The relative amount of darkly pigmented fungi in the core SM mycobiome is considera-bly higher in colder sites than in warmer locations. This result supports for the first time the the-ory of thermal melanism in SM mycobiomes. Moreover, epiphytic SM fungi are darkly pigment-ed in a higher proportion than endophytic fungi of the same host plant (Rhododendron ferrugi-neum). Among the fungi of the SM mycobiome, there are those that are facultatively pigmented, and others whose pigmentation is not variable on different culture media, having either unpig-mented or permanently pigmented hyphae or spores. In this project, the diversity of the SM mycobiome was compared with the endophytic mycobiome of one host plant for the first time. Both mycobiomes differ in terms of composition and how they are affected by various factors such as leaf age and geographic location. While the SM biofilms are more affected by leaf senescence and differ significantly between current year’s and those of the previous year, the endophytic fungi are markedly shaped by the altitudinal and the geographical region. The key factors leading to infestation of plants with SM biofilms in the temperate region were identified for the first time in this project, and a predictive model was developed. Prolonged infestation with SFIs (≥ 4 observation dates), horizontal leaf position and sunken leaf veins have the strongest effect and lead to a 3.7-fold higher risk of SM occurrence.
... The surface mycelia of Echinodes species form small, dark swellings in the stomatal cavities. These swellings then develop hyaline, unbranched hyphae to form coralloid haustoria in mesophyll cells (Hansford 1946;Hongsanan et al. 2014). Some Asterina species have few appressoria at the main external hyphae and are connected with the internal hyaline hyphae. ...
Fungi have evolved diverse strategies to acquire nutrients as endophytes, saprobes, symbionts, or pathogens. Appressoria have been intensively studied due to their importance in attaching and breaching the host surface. These specialized infection structures have evolved into various morpho-types: proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria, and compound appressoria. In this review, we discuss the differences in the formation, differentiation, and function of appressoria among fungi with diverse life strategies. Using DNA sequence information, LSU, 5.8S, SSU and rpb2 gene fragments, we reconstructed the ancestral states for appressorial types in the main phyla of fungi and fungus-like organisms and found that the hyaline appressoria was the most ancestral form. Our analysis estimated proto-appressoria diversification during the Mesozoic period (92–239 million years ago), however, its origin remains inconclusive. Our data suggest that these hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria, with evidence of adaptive radiation.
... Barr Hawksworth and Eriksson (1986). Asterinales members are epifoliar fungi, which have superficial mycelium forming a network on host plants, 1-celled appressoria, with a star-like opening to the thyriothecium (Hosagoudar 2012;Hongsanan et al. 2014a;Ertz et al. 2016). This order was revised by Hongsanan et al. (2014a), but its classification is still unclear due to insufficient sequence data Hyphae superficial, straight, dark brown, irregular, easily removed from the host, appressoria not observed. ...
... Asterinales members are epifoliar fungi, which have superficial mycelium forming a network on host plants, 1-celled appressoria, with a star-like opening to the thyriothecium (Hosagoudar 2012;Hongsanan et al. 2014a;Ertz et al. 2016). This order was revised by Hongsanan et al. (2014a), but its classification is still unclear due to insufficient sequence data Hyphae superficial, straight, dark brown, irregular, easily removed from the host, appressoria not observed. Sexual morph: Undetermined. ...
... Material examined: Taiwan Notes: The asexual morphs of Asterinales are coelomycetous (pycnothyrial) or hyphomycetous and most of sexual-asexual connections have been established based on joint development on the same substrate (Hosagoudar 2012;Hongsanan et al. 2014a). Oblongohyalosporaceae is described herein as a new family in Asterinales, to accommodate Oblongohyalospora. ...
This article provides descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the leaf litter of Celtis formosana, Ficus ampelas, F. septica, Macaranga tanarius and Morus australis collected from Taiwan. These host species are native to the island and Celtis formosana is an endemic tree species. The study revealed 95 species, consisting of two new families (Cylindrohyalosporaceae and Oblongohyalosporaceae), three new genera (Cylindrohyalospora, Neodictyosporium and Oblongohyalospora), 41 new species and 54 new host records. The newly described species are Acrocalymma ampeli (Acrocalymmaceae), Arthrinium mori (Apiosporaceae), Arxiella celtidis (Muyocopronaceae), Bertiella fici (Melanommataceae), Cercophora fici (Lasiosphaeriaceae), Colletotrichum celtidis, C. fici, C. fici-septicae (Glomerellaceae), Conidiocarpus fici-septicae (Capnodiaceae), Coniella fici (Schizoparmaceae), Cylindrohyalospora fici (Cylindrohyalosporaceae), Diaporthe celtidis, D. fici-septicae (Diaporthaceae), Diaporthosporella macarangae (Diaporthosporellaceae), Diplodia fici-septicae (Botryosphaeriaceae), Discosia celtidis, D. fici (Sporocadaceae), Leptodiscella sexualis (Muyocopronaceae), Leptospora macarangae (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Memnoniella alishanensis, M. celtidis, M. mori (Stachybotryaceae), Micropeltis fici, M. ficina (Micropeltidaceae), Microthyrium fici-septicae (Microthyriaceae), Muyocopron celtidis, M. ficinum, Mycoleptodiscus alishanensis (Muyocopronaceae), Neoanthostomella fici (Xylariales genera incertae sedis), Neodictyosporium macarangae (Sordariales genera incertae sedis), Neofusicoccum moracearum (Botryosphaeriaceae), Neophyllachora fici (Phyllachoraceae), Nigrospora macarangae (Apiosporaceae), Oblongohyalospora macarangae (Oblongohyalosporaceae), Ophioceras ficinum (Ophioceraceae), Parawiesneriomyces chiayiensis (Wiesneriomycetaceae), Periconia alishanica, P. celtidis (Periconiaceae), Pseudocercospora fici-septicae (Mycosphaerellaceae), Pseudoneottiospora cannabacearum (Chaetosphaeriaceae) and Pseudopithomyces mori (Didymosphaeriaceae). The new host records are Alternaria burnsii, A. pseudoeichhorniae (Pleosporaceae), Arthrinium hydei, A. malaysianum, A. paraphaeospermum, A. rasikravindrae, A. sacchari (Apiosporaceae), Bartalinia robillardoides (Sporocadaceae), Beltrania rhombica (Beltraniaceae), Cladosporium tenuissimum (Cladosporiaceae), Coniella quercicola (Schizoparmaceae), Dematiocladium celtidicola (Nectriaceae), Diaporthe limonicola, D. millettiae, D. pseudophoenicicola (Diaporthaceae), Dictyocheirospora garethjonesii (Dictyosporiaceae), Dimorphiseta acuta (Stachybotryaceae), Dinemasporium parastrigosum (Chaetosphaeriaceae), Discosia querci (Sporocadaceae), Fitzroyomyces cyperacearum (Stictidaceae), Gilmaniella bambusae (Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), Hermatomyces biconisporus (Hermatomycetaceae), Lasiodiplodia thailandica, L. theobromae (Botryosphaeriaceae), Memnoniella echinata (Stachybotryaceae), Muyocopron dipterocarpi, M. lithocarpi (Muyocopronaceae), Neopestalotiopsis asiatica, N. phangngaensis (Sporocadaceae), Ophioceras chiangdaoense (Ophioceraceae), Periconia byssoides (Periconiaceae), Pestalotiopsis dracaenea, P. formosana, P. neolitseae, P. papuana, P. parva, P. portugallica, P. trachycarpicola (Sporocadaceae), Phragmocapnias betle (Capnodiaceae), Phyllosticta capitalensis (Phyllostictaceae), Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis (Sporocadaceae), Pseudopithomyces chartarum, P. sacchari (Didymosphaeriaceae), Pseudorobillarda phragmitis (Pseudorobillardaceae), Robillarda roystoneae (Sporocadaceae), Sirastachys castanedae, S. pandanicola (Stachybotryaceae), Spegazzinia musae (Didymosphaeriaceae), Stachybotrys aloeticola, S. microspora (Stachybotryaceae), Strigula multiformis (Strigulaceae), Torula fici (Torulaceae), Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Wiesneriomycetaceae) and Yunnanomyces pandanicola (Sympoventuriaceae). The taxonomic placement of most taxa discussed in this study is based on morphological observation of specimens, coupled with multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of sequence data. In addition, this study provides a host-fungus database for future studies and increases knowledge of fungal diversity, as well as new fungal discoveries from the island.
... Fungi belonging to the order Asterinales are worldwide distributed and associated with a broad range of plant families, including from native to important cultivated plant species (Hosagoudar, 2012;Hongsanan et al., 2014). They are biotrophs, being parasites on living leaves, stems and fruits, but, do not cause severe damage to the plants, although they penetrate host cells using the superficial appressoria, and can absorb nutrient through the haustoria (von Arx and Müller, 1975;Hofmann, 2010;Hosagoudar, 2012;Hongsanan et al., 2016). ...
... Currently, Asterinales stricto sensu is composed of the Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae families (Giraldo et al., 2017;Phookamsak et al., 2019;Johnston and Park, 2019;Le Renard et al., 2020). Since the first descriptions of Asterinales by Léveillé in 1845 these fungi are treated as being biotrophic (Bezerra, 2004;Hofmann and Piepenbring, 2008;Hofmann et al., 2010;Hofmann and Piepenbring, 2011;Hosagoudar, 2012;Hongsanan et al., 2014;Guatimosim et al., 2015). Until now, all attempts to isolate members of Asterinales have failed by trying to isolate individual ascospores through dilution technique or transferring the entire ascomata to the medium (Hofmann, 2010;Chomnunti et al., 2011;Hongsanan et al., 2014). ...
... Since the first descriptions of Asterinales by Léveillé in 1845 these fungi are treated as being biotrophic (Bezerra, 2004;Hofmann and Piepenbring, 2008;Hofmann et al., 2010;Hofmann and Piepenbring, 2011;Hosagoudar, 2012;Hongsanan et al., 2014;Guatimosim et al., 2015). Until now, all attempts to isolate members of Asterinales have failed by trying to isolate individual ascospores through dilution technique or transferring the entire ascomata to the medium (Hofmann, 2010;Chomnunti et al., 2011;Hongsanan et al., 2014). ...
Although asterinaceous fungi have been studied for many years, all previous attempts to isolate, cultivate, and propagate these fungi in vitro have failed. This paper provides the first reports of in vitro isolation of representative strains of species belonging to four fungi from different genera belonging to Asterinales. To confirm if the sequences of DNA obtained from the mycelia are the same obtained in the direct extraction, a phylogenetic analysis of nuc LSU rDNA was performed. This paper reports for the first time the success of in vitro culturing of asterinaceous fungi using the ascospores ejection technique, opening perspectives of studies of genetics, physiology, among other aspects of the biology for this very understudied group of fungi.
... Asterinaceous fungi among one of them are ectophytic obligate biotrophs forming thin to dense black colonies by infecting leaves and soft, tender parts of the plants (Hosagoudar 2012. These fungi are host specific, represented by 41 genera (Hongsanan et al. 2014), accommodated in two families, namely Asterinaceae and Lembosiaceae (Hosagoudar 2012). ...
Black mildews belong to a wide range of leaf inhabiting fungal genera, which causes severe damage to the living leaves, affect photosynthetic efficiency, cause physiological imbalances, and reduces the plants’ aesthetic value. During a survey of foliicolous fungi in Vagamon hills of Kerala state’s Western Ghats region, an endemic medicinal plant Xanthophyllum arnottianum was found infected with an undescribed species of black mildew causing fungal genus Echidnodella. Their mycelia are non-appressoriate and devoid of hypostroma. Thyriothecia are oval, ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped, elongated producing eight uniseptate brown coloured ascospores in each bitunicate asci. Echidnodella was distinguished from the allied genus Echidnodes in the absence of paraphyses and from the genera Lembosia and Morenoella in the lack of appressoria (haustoria). This new species, Echidnodella vagamonensis is described and illustrated in detail to provide the consolidated account of the species known on this host genus.
... Prillieuxinan winteriana pertence à família Asterinaceae (Asterinales, Ascomycota), com inúmeras espécies polífagas e cosmopolitas (16). No Brasil, destacam-se trabalhos de Batista e colaboradores com esta família (33). ...
... Para realização dos testes de inoculação foram utilizadas folhas naturalmente infectadas coletadas aleatoriamente da copa de gravioleiras em área no município de Ilhéus, Bahia (14º75'54,23 S, 39º23 '11,35 W Para as análises em microscopia de luz, foram feitas raspagens e cortes manuais das estruturas fúngicas e do tecido hospedeiro e montadas em lâmina de vidro utilizando-se lactofenol + azul de algodão (22). Para observação das colônias íntegras, utilizou-se a técnica de Callan & Carris (6), substituindo o acetato de celulose por esmalte de unha incolor de secagem rápida (Risqué Technology), seguindo-se de montagem em álcool polivinílico + ácido lático + glicerol (PVLG) (16). Para as análises micrométricas foram medidos 30 picnotírios e 30 picnotiriósporos de cada espécime. ...
... Na análise da superfície foliar observaram-se as colônias superficiais de P. winteriana, com picnotírios maduros, radiados com fendas estelares por onde os picnotiriósporos são liberados. A ausência de hifopódios é uma das características do gênero Prillieuxina (Figuras 5E-F) (14,16). ...
RESUMO Em áreas de plantio de gravioleira (Annona muricata) em seis municípios no estado da Bahia, observou-se o morfo assexual do fungo Prillieuxina winteriana, que causa manchas foliares e queda prematura de folhas, sendo um importante patógeno para a cultura, sendo realizadas coletas de folhas infectadas para estudo além do exame de espécimes do fungo depositados no Herbário URM. A aplicação dos Postulados de Koch possibilitou a confirmação da patogenicidade dos espécimes coletados in loco de P. winteriana a A. muricata, sendo os testes conduzidos em casa de vegetação e campo, onde o tempo decorrido desde a infecção das folhas até a formação de estruturas reprodutivas foi de aproximadamente quatro meses. A caracterização morfológica e histopatológica foi feita com o auxílio de microscópios ótico e eletrônico. Testes histoquímicos nas folhas infetadas mostraram haver acúmulo de proteínas, de compostos fenólicos e de alcaloides nos tecidos.
