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Triatoma spp. A, B, T. bassolsae; C, T. brailovskyi; D, E, F T. dimidiata (3B courtesy of E. Barrera-Vargas and 3C courtesy of C. Dale).
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The Triatoma phyllosoma species group includes 17 species of kissing bugs, most of them implicated in the transmission of Chagas disease in the Americas. The species of this group are T.). The validity of some species of the group was uncertain, because of both cryptic species and hybrid occurrence. Species exhibiting these particularities were for...
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... hybrids of T. bassolsae and T. pallidipennis keep more morphological cohesion with one of their parents (cryptic hybrids). So, phenotypical cohesion of T. bassolsae is stronger within itself than between this species and T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, and T. phyllosoma. For these reasons, we re-establish the species status for T. bassolsae. (Fig. 3C) Triatoma brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo & Pelaez, 1984: 39;Carcavallo et al., 2000: 70;Galvão et al., 2003: 9;Schofield & Galvão, 2009: 92;Monteiro et al., 2018: 284. Diagnosis. Male body length 22.0 mm. Very large, swollen eyes. Synthlipsis two-thirds narrower than eye. Postocular region two-thirds shorter than eye length. Pronotum ...
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... dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) (Fig. 3D, E, F) Reduvius dimidiatus Latreille in Humboldt & Bonpland, 1811: 223. Conorhinus dimidiatus;Stål, 1859: 110;Champion, 1899: 206. Conorhinus maculipennis Stål, 1859Champion, 1899: 207;Hoffmann, 1928: 12. Triatoma dimidiata;Neiva, 1914: 36;Mazza, 1944: 62;Usinger, 1944: 53;Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979: 222;Carcavallo et al., 2000: ...
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... (for comprehensive revisions see Dorn et al. 2007Dorn et al. , 2016, where synonyms reflect chromatic and morphometric variation associated with particular areas. Triatoma capitata comprises large specimens with slender head and very small central spot on corium, from the southernmost area of the distribution of T. dimidiata (Colombia, Fig. 3D). Triatoma maculipennis comprises small specimens with short and wide head, and large central spot on corium, from Mexico, the northernmost area of the distribution of T. dimidiata ( Fig. 3F; Usinger 1941;Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; see also figures 36-39 from Rodrigues et al. 2020). Usinger described the "dimidiata group" including T. ...
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... comprises large specimens with slender head and very small central spot on corium, from the southernmost area of the distribution of T. dimidiata (Colombia, Fig. 3D). Triatoma maculipennis comprises small specimens with short and wide head, and large central spot on corium, from Mexico, the northernmost area of the distribution of T. dimidiata ( Fig. 3F; Usinger 1941;Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979; see also figures 36-39 from Rodrigues et al. 2020). Usinger described the "dimidiata group" including T. hegneri, T. dimidiata, T. capitata, and T. maculipennis, and gave subspecies status to the two latter species (Usinger 1941(Usinger , 1944. Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) synonymized T. dimidiata ...
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... from different localities of Mexico that have some of the diagnostic characters of T. mopan. For instance, the adjacent spot of abdominal spiracles (Fig. 1E) can be well developed to completely vanished in T. dimidiata. Also, some few specimens of T. dimidiata from Veracruz state have pale yellow hemelytra, with membrane as pale as corium (Fig. 3E). Although coloration of these specimens of T. dimidiata seems a consequence of preservation methods, it would be worth keeping in mind the coincidence to avoid misclassifications. Considering the original description of T. mopan and the morphological variation of examined specimens of T. dimidiata, we believe that the more distinctive ...
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... angles acute ( Fig. 5C-E) Pronotum with red or yellowish markings in form of narrow band on collar on anterolateral angles and sides of pronotum, and on humeri and some portions along hind border of pronotum (Fig. 6D) Synthlipsis two-thirds narrower than eye; postocular region two-thirds shorter than eye length; very large eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 3C) Size less than 23 mm; pronotum without lateral tubercles; fore femora relatively stout, about six times as long as wide; base of hemelytra only slightly lighter than remainder; connexival segments dorsally and ventrally almost entirely dark, with barely visible reddish markings in shape of incomplete narrow band along hind border of ...
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... (Fig. 4A, B) Venter largely light yellow, except dark pygophore (Fig. 7B); connections between each segment of labium with a light yellow annulus, conspicuously contrasting with surrounding tegument (Fig. 1B) Head and thorax appearing glabrous dorsally; first antennal segment rarely attaining but not projecting beyond level of apex of clypeus (Fig. 3D); spongy fossulae present on fore and mid tibiae of males (Fig. 2E) Posterior lobe of pronotum extensively orange-yellow; corium never yellowish white, instead, corium mainly dark brown to black, with one large subtriangular basal and one irregularly shaped subapical mark orange-red (Fig. 6B) . . . . . . . T. picturata -Posterior lobe ...
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... one irregularly shaped subapical mark orange-red (Fig. 6B) . . . . . . . T. picturata -Posterior lobe of pronotum uniformly piceous or black without markings, at most humeral area faintly lighter; corium extensively yellowish white, dark brown, or dark brown with one large subtriangular basal and one irregularly shaped subapical mark orange-red (Figs. 3A, 5F Corium with long, delicate, suberect hairs about 0.3 mm or longer (Fig. 2C) Corium extensively yellowish white, narrowly orange at base and black at apex; basal half of clavus dark, apical half yellowish white (Fig. 5F) Hemelytra short, not extending beyond urotergite VI; clavus with basal half dark and apical half smoky brown; corium ...
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... basal half of clavus dark, apical half yellowish white (Fig. 5F) Hemelytra short, not extending beyond urotergite VI; clavus with basal half dark and apical half smoky brown; corium uniformly dark or base of corium only slightly lighter than remainder and small yellow or orange-red mark subapically; pronotum with erect setae about 0.5 mm long (Fig. 3A) Hemelytra long, extending or almost extending to apex of abdomen; clavus uniformely dark; corium with large yellow or orange-red markings basally and subapically; pronotum with stiff setae from very short (± 0.1 mm) and adpressed to longer (up to 0.3 mm) and semierect (Fig. 5A) Corium entirely piceous; connexivum along outer margin ...
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... small light colored spot at junction of intersegmental suture with outer border (Fig. 4D) Dark markings of connexival segments larger than orange-yellow markings; clavus smoky brown apically; venter dark brown to black (Fig. 4A, B) Dark markings of connexival segments smaller than orange-yellow markings; clavus yellow to orange yellow apically (Fig. 3D); venter uniformly light yellow, except dark pygophore, if extensively dark brown to black, then coloration of margin of venter adjacent to connexival suture yellow to orange yellow ( Fig. 2A) Venter largely light yellow, except dark pygophore (Fig. 7B); connections between each segment of the labium with a light yellow annulus, ...
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... adjacent to connexival suture (Figs. 2A, 7A, C); connections between each segment of the labium concolorous with labium, or at most slightly lighter than surrounding tegument (Fig. 2A) . Membrane of hemelytra almost as pale as corium; pygophore almost round, as long as wide (Fig. 7C); postocular portion of head with sides subparallel (Fig. 1A) (Figs. 3D), rarely almost as pale as corium (Fig. 3B); pygophore ovoid, longer than wide (Figs. 2A, 7A); postocular portion of head rounded laterally (Fig. 3D-F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T. dimidiata ...
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... 7A, C); connections between each segment of the labium concolorous with labium, or at most slightly lighter than surrounding tegument (Fig. 2A) . Membrane of hemelytra almost as pale as corium; pygophore almost round, as long as wide (Fig. 7C); postocular portion of head with sides subparallel (Fig. 1A) (Figs. 3D), rarely almost as pale as corium (Fig. 3B); pygophore ovoid, longer than wide (Figs. 2A, 7A); postocular portion of head rounded laterally (Fig. 3D-F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T. dimidiata ...
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... than surrounding tegument (Fig. 2A) . Membrane of hemelytra almost as pale as corium; pygophore almost round, as long as wide (Fig. 7C); postocular portion of head with sides subparallel (Fig. 1A) (Figs. 3D), rarely almost as pale as corium (Fig. 3B); pygophore ovoid, longer than wide (Figs. 2A, 7A); postocular portion of head rounded laterally (Fig. 3D-F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T. dimidiata ...
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... Además, alentamos a que nos enviaran fotos de insectos que los ciudadanos encontraran oportunistamente para identificarlos. [15][16][17] Los reportes recibidos de Triatoma dimidiata con patrón maculipennis fueron agrupados como T. dimidiata sensu lato. 18 Durante el 2023 le pedimos a las personas que reportaron triatominos de los estados de Coahuila, Nuevo León, y Tamaulipas (Noreste de México) que los conservaran en congelación en doble bolsa de plástico, o bolsa y contenedor sólido. ...
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... Most species of the T. phyllosoma species group are distributed in the lowlands of the west of Mexico, including the Mexican Pacific coast. In this area, Jalisco stands out among other states because of its large richness of species of the T. phyllosoma species group, high rates of natural infection of T. cruzi in these triatomines and prevalence of Chagas disease in humans [20,21]. Seven species of the T. phyllosoma species group are recorded in Jalisco: T. brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo and Peláez, 1984, T. dimidiata, T. mazzottii Usinger 1941, T. longipennis Usinger 1939, T. pallidipennis (Stål, 1872), T. phyllosoma (Burmeister, 1835), and T. picturata Usinger, 1939 [18][19][20][22][23][24][25][26]. ...
... In this area, Jalisco stands out among other states because of its large richness of species of the T. phyllosoma species group, high rates of natural infection of T. cruzi in these triatomines and prevalence of Chagas disease in humans [20,21]. Seven species of the T. phyllosoma species group are recorded in Jalisco: T. brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo and Peláez, 1984, T. dimidiata, T. mazzottii Usinger 1941, T. longipennis Usinger 1939, T. pallidipennis (Stål, 1872), T. phyllosoma (Burmeister, 1835), and T. picturata Usinger, 1939 [18][19][20][22][23][24][25][26]. However, records of T. mazzottii in Jalisco are controversial [19,22]. ...
... Most species of the T. phyllosoma species group are distributed in the lowlands of the west of Mexico, including the Mexican Pacific coast. In this area, Jalisco stands out among other states because of its large richness of species of the T. phyllosoma species group, high rates of natural infection of T. cruzi in these triatomines and prevalence of Chagas disease in humans [20,21]. Seven species of the T. phyllosoma species group are recorded in Jalisco: T. brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo and Peláez, 1984, T. dimidiata, T. mazzottii Usinger 1941, T. longipennis Usinger 1939, T. pallidipennis (Stål, 1872), T. phyllosoma (Burmeister, 1835), and T. picturata Usinger, 1939 [18-20, 22-26]. ...
Thirty-four species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) are recorded in Mexico, Triatoma Laporte, 1832 the most speciose genus in this country. Here, we describe Triatoma yelapensis sp. nov. from the Pacific coast of Jalisco (Mexico). The most similar species to T. yelapensis sp. nov. is T. recurva (Stål, 1868), but they differ in head longitude, the proportion of labial segments, coloration pattern of corium and connexivum, spiracles location, and male genitalia. To provide statistical support for the morphological distinctiveness of the new species, we performed a geometric morphometric analysis of T. yelapensis sp. nov., T. dimidiata s.s. (Latreille, 1811), T. gerstaeckeri (Stål, 1859), and T. recurva (Stål, 1868), considering head morphology. We also provide an updated key of the genus Triatoma for species recorded in Mexico.
... Recently, Rengifo-Correa et al. [23] proposed an identification key for the T. phyllosoma species group (involving species of the T. phyllosoma and T. dimidiata subcomplexes) and suggested that T. bassolsae, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma and T. picturata should be considered species. However, there is no consensus among researchers between the specific status of these species, since they appear in articles as species [23], subspecies [24,25] and even subgenera [26,27]. ...
... Recently, Rengifo-Correa et al. [23] proposed an identification key for the T. phyllosoma species group (involving species of the T. phyllosoma and T. dimidiata subcomplexes) and suggested that T. bassolsae, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma and T. picturata should be considered species. However, there is no consensus among researchers between the specific status of these species, since they appear in articles as species [23], subspecies [24,25] and even subgenera [26,27]. Thus, we revisited genetic, taxonomic and evolutionary data that allowed us to assess and discuss the specific status of these six species of the T. phyllosoma subcomplex. ...
... On the other hand, Marcilla et al. [48], Martínez et al. [39], Martinez-Ibarra et al. [10] and Bargues et al. [49] performed molecular studies and observed very low interspecific variations, suggesting that classifying the species as subspecies would be more appropriate. However, Renfigo-Correa et al. [23,50], based on the phenetics and cohesion species concept considered T. bassolsae, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma and T. picturata as valid species. These concepts suggest, respectively, that "a species is a set of organisms that are phenotypically similar and that look different from other sets of or-ganisms [51]" and "a species is an evolutionary lineage that serves as the arena of action of basic micro-evolutionary forces, such as gene flow-when applicable-genetic drift and natural selection [52]". ...
Triatoma bassolsae, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma and T. picturata are species that have great epidemiological importance in the transmission of Chagas disease in Mexico. However, there is no consensus regarding the specific status of these species, since they appear in various articles as species, subspecies and even subgenera. Thus, we revisited genetic, taxonomic and evolutionary data that allowed us to assess and discuss the specific status of these six species of the T. phyllosoma subcomplex. Phylogenetic studies were performed with nuclear (18S, 28S, ITS-2) and mitochondrial (16S, cytb, COI, COII, 12S) markers deposited in GenBank. In addition, data from experimental crosses were pooled and the genetic distance to the cytb gene was calculated. The phylogenetic reconstruction enabled us to rescue the six species as independent lineages. Post-zygotic reproductive isolation barriers (sterility and/or hybrid collapse) were observed for some experimental crosses. Although the other experimental crosses did not allow us to characterize reproductive barriers, these species showed high genetic distances in relation to the cytb gene (ranging from 4.6% to 14.9%). Thus, based on the revisited literature data, we confirmed the specific status of these six species of the T. phyllosoma subcomplex based on the phylogenetic and biological concepts of the species.
... In a review by Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979), the subspecies were raised to a specific rank; however, the author did not provide logical explanations for this. Nevertheless, Rengifo-Correa et al. (2021) implement the cohesion species concept, validating the species status of T. bassolsae, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma, and T. picturata. ...
Due to its public health importance, as vectors of Chagas disease, the subfamily Triatominae, has received the attention of taxonomists. Knowing how to correctly identify these insects is of paramount importance for the surveillance and control of these vectors. Over many years, more than 40 triatomine subspecies were proposed. Infraspecific taxa are accepted as real entities in nature and recognized as biologically significant. Infraspecific diversity and population subdivision are frequently confused with the underlying mechanisms that lead to the formation of new species and species-level diversity. The distinction between infraspecific and interspecific divergence processes has received far less attention than species delimitation. In this work, new literature data on subspecies included in the subfamily Triatominae are presented. Data were compiled about Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma breyeri, Triatoma circummaculata, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma incrassata, Triatoma infestans, Triatoma phyllosoma, Triatoma protracta, Triatoma recurva, Triatoma rubida, Triatoma sanguisuga, Triatoma vitticeps, Panstrongylus megistus, Paratriatoma hirsuta, and Paratriatoma lecticularia subspecies. Although several of these subspecies have been synonymized, herein, we emphasize that some subspecies may be valid. Therefore, further studies are needed on the taxonomy, evolution, phylogeny, biogeography, ecology, physiology, and behavior of species to reinforce, or to invalidate the infraspecific status in the subfamily.
... The most recent example of how deeper knowledge of T. dimidiata s.l. taxonomy is necessary, is the great effort by Rengifo-Correa et al. (2021). In this study, the authors performed a morphological review and published a long overdue diagnostic key to the species of the T. phyllosoma species group. ...
... (2) the first antennal segment does not reach the apex of the clypeus on the neotype, (3) comparison of the images [ fig. 3D-F of Rengifo-Correa et al. (2021)] shows disparities in the shape and coloration of the anterolateral angles; shape, color, and rugosity of the pronotum; and shape, color, and location of the wing spots, in relation to the neotype. ...
The taxonomic status of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) is, by far, the most discussed within Triatominae. Molecular studies have recovered at least three independently evolving lineages in T. dimidiata across its range. The original description of T. dimidiata (as Reduvius dimidiatus ) included few taxonomic characters, and no types were assigned. To define and describe the cryptic diversity within T. dimidiata sensu lato (s.l.), a neotype must be designated. For this purpose, all 199 specimens identified as T. dimidiata from the collections of the Smithsonian Institution – National Museum of Natural History and the American Museum of Natural History, ranging from Peru to Mexico, were studied. Only one specimen (from Tumbes, Peru) matched the combination of characters as listed in the original description, and it is herein formally designated as the neotype for T. dimidiata . The neotype is morphologically described and DNA sequences of its whole mitochondrial genome and the nuclear second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS2), commonly used in triatomine molecular systematics studies, are presented and compared to other publicly available sequences of T. dimidiata s.l. in GenBank. Our results suggest that T. dimidiata sensu stricto (s.s.) is somewhat rare and, therefore, unlikely to serve as a major vector of Chagas disease.
